1965 in science

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The year 1965 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space exploration

• February 20 – Ranger 8 crashes into the Moon after a successful mission of photographing possible landing sites for the Apollo program astronauts.
• March 23 – NASA launches Gemini 3, the United States' first two-person space flight (crew: Gus Grissom and John Young).
• November 16 – Venera program: The Soviet Union launches the Venera 3 space probe from Baikonur, Kazakhstan toward Venus. (On March 1, 1966, it becomes the first spacecraft to reach the surface of another planet).
• November 26 – At the Hammaguira launch facility in the Sahara Desert, France launches a Diamant-A rocket with its first satellite, Asterix-1 on board, becoming the third country to enter space.
• Discovery of NML Cygni, a red hypergiant and the largest star known, at about 1,650 times the Sun's radius.

Biology

• February 4 – Trofim Lysenko is removed from his post as director of the Institute of Genetics at the Academy of Sciences in the Soviet Union and Lysenkoist theories subjected to criticism.^[1][2]
• Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling name their concept of the molecular clock.^[3][4]
• The Parma wallaby, thought for around 70 years to be extinct, is rediscovered on Kawau Island (near Auckland).
• W. Keble Martin publishes The Concise British Flora in Colour.
• The "brain-eating amoeba" Naegleria fowleri is detected for the first time.

Chemistry

• Kevlar high-strength para-aramid synthetic fiber is developed by Stephanie Kwolek at DuPont.^[5][6]
• Peter Hirsch, Archibald Howie, Robin Nicholson, D. W. Pashley and Michael J. Whelan publish Electron Microscopy of Thin Crystals.

Climatology

• November 5 – US president Lyndon Johnson’s science advisory committee sends him a report entitled Restoring the Quality of Our Environment, the introduction to which states: "Pollutants have altered on a global scale the carbon dioxide content of the air and the lead concentrations in ocean waters and human populations."^[7]

Computer science

• March 22 – Digital Equipment Corporation launch the 12-bit PDP-8, the first successful commercial minicomputer, which will sell more than 50,000 systems, the most of any computer up to this date.^[8]
• April 19 – Gordon Moore describes the exponential growth trend in computing power which will become known as Moore's law.^{[9][10][11][12]}

History of science

• Ralph Lapp publishes The New Priesthood: The Scientific Elite and the Uses of Power in the United States.

Mathematics

• James Ax and Simon B. Kochen make the first proof of the Ax–Kochen theorem.^[13]
• Lotfi Zadeh develops fuzzy logic.^[14]

Physics

• January – Mathematician Roger Penrose publishes a key paper on gravitational collapse and space-time singularities.^[15]

Physiology and medicine

• English paediatrician Harry Angelman first describes Angelman syndrome.^[16]
• English neurologist Victor Dubowitz first describes Dubowitz syndrome.
• Frank Pantridge installs the first portable defibrillator, in a Belfast ambulance.

Psychology

• Konrad Lorenz publishes Evolution and Modification of Behavior.

Technology

• January – Bryan Whitby and S. C. Cummins file a United Kingdom patent application for mobile ice cream producing equipment with the soft serve units powered off the ice cream van's drive mechanism (rather than a separate generator), which becomes a global standard.^[17][18]

Awards

• Nobel Prizes
  • Physics – Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, Richard P. Feynman
  • Chemistry – Robert Burns Woodward
  • Medicine – François Jacob, André Lwoff, Jacques Monod
• Order of Merit: Dorothy Hodgkin

Births

• June 16 – Andrea M. Ghez, American astronomer.
• June 21 – Yang Liwei, Chinese astronaut.
• October 11 – Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain, Spanish physicist.

Deaths

• August 28 – Giulio Racah (born 1909), Israeli physicist.
• September 4 – Albert Schweitzer (born 1875), Alsatian medical missionary.
• September 20 – Arthur Holmes (born 1890), English geologist.
• October 12 – Paul Hermann Müller (born 1899), Swiss chemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1948.
• November 11 – Ronald Hatton (born 1886), English pomologist.

References

1. Cohen, Barry M. (1965). "The descent of Lysenko". The Journal of Heredity. 56 (5): 229–233.
2. Joravsky, David (1970). The Lysenko Affair. Russian Research Center studies, 61. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-53985-0.
3. Zuckerkandl, E.; Pauling, L. (1965). "Evolutionary Divergence and Convergence in Proteins". In Bryson, B.; Vogel, H. Evolving Genes and Proteins. New York: Academic Press. pp. 97–166.
4. Morgan, Gregory J. (1998). "Emile Zuckerkandl, Linus Pauling, and the Molecular Evolutionary Clock, 1959-1965". Journal of the History of Biology. 31: 155–178. doi:10.1023/A:1004394418084. PMID 11620303.
5. Kwolek, Stephanie; Mera, Hiroshi; Takata, Tadahiko (2002). "High-Performance Fibers". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_001.
6. "Wholly Aromatic Carbocyclic Polycarbonamide Fiber". 1974-06-25. Archived from the original on 2012-03-06. Retrieved 2012-03-02. US patent #3819587.
7. "Scientists warned the US president about global warming 50 years ago today". The Guardian. 2015-11-05. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
8. Jones, Douglas W. "The Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-8". Retrieved 2012-05-08.
9. Moore, Gordon E. (19 April 1965). "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits" (PDF). Electronics. 38 (8). Retrieved 2012-01-20.
10. "Excerpts from A Conversation with Gordon Moore: Moore's Law" (PDF). Intel. 2005. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
11. "1965 – "Moore's Law" Predicts the Future of Integrated Circuits". Computer History Museum. 2007. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
12. "Ever more from Moore". The Economist. 18 April 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
13. Ax, James; Kochen, Simon (1965). "Diophantine problems over local fields, I". American Journal of Mathematics. 87: 605–630. doi:10.2307/2373065.
14. Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas You Really Need to Know. London: Quercus. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.
15. Penrose, Roger (January 1965). "Gravitational Collapse and Space-Time Singularities". Physical Review Letters. 14 (3): 57–59. Bibcode:1965PhRvL..14...57P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.14.57.
16. Angelman, Harvey (1965). "'Puppet' Children: A report of three cases". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 7 (6): 681–688. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1965.tb07844.x.
17. "History". Crewe: Whitby Morrison. Retrieved 2012-07-12.
18. Whitby, Stuart; Earnshaw, Alan (1999). Fifty Years of Ice Cream Vehicles, 1949–99. Appleby: Trans-Pennine. ISBN 978-1-903016-08-4.