2009 flu pandemic in Africa

The 2009 flu pandemic hit Africa two months later than other continents with the first case reported in Egypt on 2 June 2009. As of December 1, 30 countries in Africa had reported cases and 7 countries in Africa had reported a total of 108 deaths.

Symptoms of H1N1 swine flu are like regular flu symptoms and include fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, body aches, headache, chills, and fatigue. Many people with swine flu have had diarrhea and vomiting. But these symptoms can also be caused by many other conditions. That means that you and your doctor can't know, just based on your symptoms, if you've got swine flu. Health care professionals may offer a rapid flu test, although a negative result doesn't mean you don't have the flu. The accuracy of the test depends on the quality of the manufacturer’s test, the sample collection method, and how much virus a person is shedding at the time of testing.

Like seasonal flu, pandemic swine flu can cause neurologic symptoms in children. These events are rare, but, as cases associated with seasonal flu have shown, they can be very severe and often fatal. Symptoms include seizures or changes in mental status (confusion or sudden cognitive or behavioral changes). It's not clear why these symptoms occur, although they may be caused by Reye's syndrome. Reye's syndrome usually occurs in children with a viral illness who have taken aspirin -- something that should always be avoided.^[1]

2009 flu pandemic in Africa:   Deaths   Confirmed cases   Suspected cases   No reported cases	No deaths   1+ deaths   5+ deaths   10+ deaths   50+ deaths   100+ deaths
50 000+ confirmed cases   5 000+ confirmed cases   500+ confirmed cases   50+ confirmed cases   5+ confirmed cases   1+ confirmed cases	Community Outbreaks

 Algeria

A first case of swine influenza was detected in Algeria on June 20. This was an Algerian national, resident in Frankfurt and coming from Miami with her two children.

This first case was detected at Houari Boumediene Airport. Many Algerian immigrants and tourists were arriving during this holiday period, increasing the risk of spreading the virus. The woman suffering from flu was immediately transferred to the hospital of El-Kettar’ in Algiers.^[6]

 Benin

As of May 2, 2009 there was one suspected case of swine flu in Benin.^[7]

 Egypt

The Egyptian government increased numbers of medical officers at Cairo Airport and pledged to monitor passengers from Mexico during their stay.^[8]

The government ordered the mass slaughter of all pigs in Egypt on April 29,^[9] even though the pandemic strain was a human-human transmittable, human influenza that has already previously hybridized with avian and swine flu.^[10] The World Organization for Animal Health called the swine killing "scientifically unjustified".^[10]

Egypt commenced the slaughter on 2 May 2009.^[11] On the next day in Cairo, an estimated 300 Coptic Christian residents of the Manshiyat Nasr district set up blockades on the street in attempt to keep government officers from confiscating their pigs,^[12] which led to clashes with the police.^[13] Al-Ahram, a widely circulated Egyptian newspaper, reported that owners of destroyed pigs would receive 1000 Egyptian pounds (approximately US$177.70) per animal in compensation,^[14] but Reuters reported that the issue was still "under discussion", citing an Egyptian cabinet spokesman.^[14]

The first case of the novel H1N1 virus was discovered in Cairo, Egypt on the second of June, in a 12-year-old girl coming from the USA with her mother. Only the girl was infected, and the officials caught the case before she left the airport.

A second and third case were discovered on Sunday 7 June: two students at the American University of Cairo.^[15]

As of June 9, there were 8 confirmed case of swine flu in Egypt.

On June 11, 2 more cases were discovered, along with 2 cases discovered a day earlier, bringing the total number of swine flu cases to 12.^[16]

As of December 3, the confirmed cases were 3558 and the deaths 24. As of January 31, there were 258 confirmed deaths from A/H1N1 influenza in Egypt, and in excess of 15,800 confirmed cases of H1N1.^[17]

 Ethiopia

On June 19, 2009 the Ethiopian government reported two cases of swine flu. They were both in girls who had returned from school in the United States for summer break.

 Ghana

Ghana banned the importation of pork and pork products.^[18]

 Kenya

Kenya health authorities started screening travellers at Jomo Kenyatta and Moi international airports on April 28. Public Health and Sanitation minister Beth Mugo said travellers from Mexico, and those from Texas, California and New York were being screened.^[19]

On June 29, a British medical student beame the first confirmed case of swine flu in Kenya. The student, who was in a group of 33, was in Kenya to attend a series of medical camps in Nyanza province. The whole group was quarantined in their hotel in Kisumu while undergoing treatment.

There was a panic in Nairobi as mobile text messages circulated warning people to stay away from Sarit centre, a popular commercial establishment where another suspected case had been diagnosed. The patient's test results however came back negative for the H1N1 virus.^[20][21][22]

 Libya

On 6 July 2009, Libya had its first confirmed case of swine flu.

 Morocco

Morocco confirmed the first case of novel human swine flu (A/H1N1-2009) on 12 June, in an 18-year-old university student returning from Canada.^[23]

 Namibia

Outbreak evolution in Namibia

  Deaths

  Confirmed cases

Namibia confirmed its first two cases of swine flu on July 20.

Both cases involved young adults who had been traveling in other countries: a 13-year-old boy from Rehoboth who returned from a rugby trip with 20 other students in South Africa and a young student returning from Europe. The latter was taken by ambulance to hospital directly from the international airport in Windhoek as she showed severe signs of flu.^[24]

 Nigeria

Nigerian Health Minister Babatunde Osotimehin announced that the country was stockpiling antiviral treatments, informing the public and increasing surveillance.^[8]

The first A/H1N1 death was confirmed in Nigeria on 5 January 2010, with the victim being a 38-year-old woman from Lagos who was infected in the US.

 Tunisia

Tunisia confirmed the two first cases of swine flu (A/H1N1-2009) on June 22. Both cases were returning from the United States, and recovered quickly.^[25]

 South Africa

Outbreak evolution in South Africa

  Deaths

  Confirmed cases

On April 29, South Africa reported two possible cases of swine flu from two women who had recently travelled in Mexico.^[26] On June 18, the first case was confirmed. Later, on 29 June the South African National Department of Health confirmed 7 cases of swine influenza in the country.^[27]

The first death in South Africa was confirmed on 3 August. The victim was a student at the University of Stellenbosch. A few days later the second confirmed death was announced: a male in Durban, Mount Edgecombe^[28]

The H1N1 virus was a concern for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, which took place in June 2010.^[29][30]

Sudan

The first case of swine flu in Sudan was confirmed in mid July 2009. At the end of November the first case was confirmed in Southern Sudan.^[31]

As of December 28, 2009 there were five deaths and over 150 confirmed cases of swine flu in Sudan.^[32]

 Zambia

An emergency task force was set up by the Zambian government.^[8]

Timeline

2009	A(H1N1) Outbreak and Pandemic Milestones in Africa
2 June	First case confirmed in Egypt.
12 June	First case confirmed in Morocco.
18 June	First case confirmed in South Africa.
19 June	First case confirmed in Ethiopia.
20 June	First case confirmed in Algeria.
22 June	First case confirmed in Tunisia.
24 June	First case confirmed in the Cape Verde Islands.
	First case confirmed in Côte d'Ivoire.
29 June	First case confirmed in Kenya.
	First case confirmed in Mauritius.
30 June	Community outbreaks confirmed in Egypt.
2 July	First case confirmed in Uganda.
6 July	First case confirmed in Libya.
8 July	First case confirmed in Seychelles.
9 July	First case confirmed in Tanzania.
10 July	First case confirmed in Botswana.
	First case confirmed in Reunion.
	First case confirmed in Zimbabwe.
16 July	First case confirmed in Sudan.
	Community outbreaks confirmed in Morocco.
19 July	First death confirmed in Egypt, thus Africa.
20 July	First case confirmed in Namibia.
25 July	Community outbreaks confirmed in South Africa.
28 July	First case confirmed in Zambia.
29 July	First case confirmed in Swaziland.
30 July	First case confirmed in Gabon.
1 August	First case confirmed in Mayotte.
3 August	First death confirmed in South Africa.
6 August	First case confirmed in Ghana.
9 August	Community outbreaks confirmed in Algeria.
10 August	First death confirmed in Mauritius.
14 August	First case confirmed in Cameroon.
	First case confirmed in Madagascar.
15 August	First case confirmed in Democratic Republic of the Congo.
17 August	First case confirmed in Mozambique.
26 August	First case confirmed in Angola.
31 August	First case confirmed in Djibouti.
1 September	First case confirmed in Lesotho.
	First death confirmed in Reunion.
7 September	First death confirmed in Namibia.
8 September	First death confirmed in Madagascar.
10 September	First case confirmed in Malawi.
14 September	First death confirmed in Mozambique.
6 October	First death confirmed in Tanzania.
12 October	First case confirmed in Rwanda.
	First case confirmed in São Tomé and Príncipe.
15 October	First death confirmed in Mayotte.
18 October	First death confirmed in Sudan.
25 October	First death confirmed in São Tomé and Príncipe.
29 October	First case confirmed in the Republic of the Congo.
	First case confirmed in Nigeria.
1 November	Mass vaccinations in Morocco begins
3 November	Mass vaccinations in Egypt begins
11 November	First case confirmed in Burundi.
13 November	First case confirmed in Somalia.
16 November	First death confirmed in Tunisia.
	First death confirmed in Morocco.
27 November	First death confirmed in Algeria.
30 November	First death confirmed in Libya.
2010	A(H1N1) Outbreak and Pandemic Milestones in Africa
5 January	First death confirmed in Nigeria.
11 January	First case confirmed in Mali.
29 January	First case confirmed in Chad.
3 February	First case confirmed in Mauritania.
9 February	First case confirmed in Senegal.
25 February	First case confirmed in Niger.
12 April	First case confirmed in Guinea.

References

1. "Swine Flu Symptoms - What Is Swine Flu - H1N1 Influenza A - Swine Flu Treatment". WebMD.
2. "Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in the African Region: Update 63" (PDF). WHO AFRO. 2009-11-04. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
3. "ECDC Daily Update - Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 - 06 November 2009" (PDF). 2009-11-06. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
4. "Latest situation in the Region". WHO EMRO. 2009-09-19. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
5. اليوم السابع | وفاة 4 حالات جديدة بأنفلونزا الخنازير
6. "Ennahar Online - First case of swine flu identified in Algeria". ennaharonline.com.
7. Swine flue confirmed in Benin, The Times, May 2, 2009. Accessed 2009-08-03. Archived 2009-09-08.
8. The world response to flu crisis, BBC News, 2009-04-28. Retrieved on 2009-04-30.
9. Egypt orders pig cull, ABC News, 2009-04-30. Retrieved on 2009-04-30. Archived 2009-09-08.
10. "OIE position on safety of international trade of pigs and products of pig origin". World Organization for Animal Health. April 28, 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-09-08. Retrieved 2009-04-30.
11. "Iraq culls three wild pigs at Baghdad zoo". Google. 2009-04-03. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
12. "Egypt: swine destruction threatens coptic-run industry". Compass Direct News. 2009-05-05. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
13. "Clashes erupt over Egypt pig cull". BBC News. 2009-05-03. Archived from the original on 5 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
14. Stewart, Phil (2009-04-29). "UN agency slams Egypt order to cull all pigs". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
15. "Egypt detects first H1N1 flu case: WHO official". Reuters. 2 June 2009. Archived from the original on 5 June 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
16. "Toddler latest swine flu case in Egypt". Archived from the original on 16 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
17. "A/H1N1 flu death toll reaches 258 in Egypt". xinhuanet.com.
18. Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (2009-04-28). "Ghana bans importation of pork and pork products". Ghana Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 2009-09-08. Retrieved 2009-04-30.
19. "Kenya mounts swine flu alert". nation.co.ke. 28 April 2009.
20. "Kenya confirms first swine flu case". wikinews.org.
21. http://swineflu.ushahidi.com/reports/view/764
22. https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jlzMvITjfWhY0IePXScfbIeaoToA
23. Reuters, "Morocco confirms first H1N1 flu case -ministry", 12 June 2009 (accessed 14 June 2009)
24. SABC. "SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.". sabcnews.com.
25. Associated Press, "Grippe A/H1N1: deux premiers cas en Tunisie", 22 June 2009 (accessed 22 June 2009)
26. 2 suspected swine flu cases in SA, News24, April 29, 2009
27. Seven Confirmed Cases of Swine Flu in SA, Mail & Guardian, June 29, 2009. Accessed 2009-08-03. Archived 2009-09-08.
28. "Cape Times". Archived from the original on 2009-09-08. Retrieved 2009-08-03.
29. "iafrica.com Winter raises H1N1 fears". iAfrica.com.
30. "FINISHED: World Cup 2010: Swine Flu Threat In Mind - Goal.com". Goal.com.
31. "WHO confirms first case of swine influenza in South Sudan". sudantribune.com.
32. "Sudan confirms five swine flu deaths". sudantribune.com.