2S1 Gvozdika

2S1 (SAU-122)
2S1 "Gvozdika" during the Independence Day parade in Kiev, Ukraine
Type	Self-propelled artillery
Place of origin	Soviet Union
Service history
In service	1972–present
Used by	see Operators
Wars	see Combat history
Production history
Designer	Kharkiv Tractor Plant
Designed	1969
Produced	1971–1991
Number built	more than 10,000
Variants	see Variants
Specifications
Weight	16 tonnes (35,273 lbs)
Length	7.26 m (23 ft 10 in)
Width	2.85 m (9 ft 4 in)
Height	2.73 m (8 ft 11 in)
Crew	4

Shell	separate loading, cased charge
Caliber	122 mm
Breech	Horizontal sliding wedge, semi-automatic
Elevation	-3 to +70 degrees
Traverse	360 degrees
Rate of fire	Maximum: 5 rpm Sustained: 1-2 rpm
Muzzle velocity	680 m/s (2,200 ft/s)
Maximum firing range	Conventional: 15.3 km (9.5 mi) Extended: 21.9 km (13.6 mi)

Armor	20 mm (.78 in)
Main armament	2A18 122 mm (4.8 in) howitzer
Engine	YaMZ-238N diesel 220 kW (300 hp)
Suspension	torsion bar
Operational range	500 km (310 mi)
Speed	Road: 60 km/h (37 mph) Off-road: 30 km/h (18 mph) Swim: 4.5 km/h (2.8 mph)

The 2S1 Gvozdika (Russian: 2С1 «Гвоздика», "Carnation") is a Soviet self-propelled howitzer based on the chassis MT-LB APC, mounting the 122 mm 2A18 howitzer. "2S1" is its GRAU designation. An alternative Russian designation is SAU-122 but in the Russian Army it is commonly known as Gvozdika. The 2S1 is fully amphibious with very little preparation, and once afloat is propelled by its tracks. A variety of wider tracks are also available to allow the 2S1 to operate in snow or swamp conditions. It is NBC protected and has infra-red night-vision capability.

Description

The 2S1 has seven road wheels on each side; the running gear can be fitted with different widths of track to match terrain. The interior is separated into a driver's compartment on the left, an engine compartment on the right and a fighting compartment to the rear. Within the fighting compartment the commander sits on the left, the loader on the right and the gunner to the front. The all-welded turret is located above the fighting compartment. The 2S1 utilizes a 122 mm howitzer based on the towed D-30 howitzer. The gun is equipped with a power rammer, a double-baffle muzzle brake and a fume extractor. It is capable of firing HE (high explosive), leaflet, HE/RAP, armor-piercing HE, flechette and chemical rounds.^[1]^[2]

Production history

The first prototype was ready in 1969. The 2S1 entered service with the Soviet Army in the early 1970s and was first seen in public at a Polish Army parade in 1974. The vehicle was deployed in large numbers (72 per tank division, 36 per motorized rifle division). It was designated the M1974 by the U.S. Army and manufactured in Bulgarian, Polish and Russian state factories.

Variants

Former Soviet Union/Russia

2S34 "Hosta" – Modernisation of the 2S1 with the 122 mm 2A31 gun replaced by the 120 mm 2A80. Further improvements include a new fire control system, a battlefield observation system and the ability to fire the Kitolov-2M guided ammunition. One unit, the 21st Mechanized Brigade in Totskoye is currently being equipped with the system.
2S15 "Norov" – A prototype tank destroyer equipped with a radar-based fire control system and a 100 mm gun.^[3]

Poland

The 2S1 Gvozdika (as well as other related vehicles such as the MT-LB and Opal) were produced in Poland by Huta Stalowa Wola under the name 2S1 Goździk.

2S1M Goździk – Version with special amphibious kit that increases the vehicle's amphibious capabilities.
2S1T Goździk – Version with a TOPAZ digital fire control system from WB electronics. The system consists of a FONET-IP digital intercom system, new digital radio, military GPS receiver, military computer and dedicated software. The same system is used on other Polish Armed Forces artillery systems like the AHS Krab, Dana-T and WR-40 Langusta.

Romania

Model 89 – Romanian variant that uses a modified version of the hull of the MLI-84.

Iran

Raad-1 ('thunder') – Iranian variant that is based on the hull of the Boragh APC.

Operators

Map of 2S1 operators in blue with former operators in red

Croatian Army 2S1 Gvozdika

Polish Land Forces 2S1 Gvozdika at artillery range.

An Iraqi M-1974 howitzer lies stranded in the desert after being deserted by Iraqi forces during Operation Desert Storm.

Current operators

Algeria – 145
Angola
Armenia –
Azerbaijan – 81 2S1 and unknown number of UR-77
Bosnia and Herzegovina – 5
Belarus – 246^[4]
Bulgaria – 506
Cuba – 150
Croatia – 9 (to be used alongside 15 Panzerhaubitze 2000 from German Army stock.)
Eritrea – 20^[5]
Ethiopia
Finland – 72 (known as 122 PsH 74)
Georgia 48
India – 110 (to be replaced)
Iran
Iraq
Kazakhstan – 10
Libya
Poland – c. 324 (to be replaced by SMK Rak)
South Ossetia
Serbia – 72
Slovakia – 49
Syria – 400
Russia – 622^[6]
Ukraine – 638^[7]
Uruguay – 6
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen

Former operators

Czech Republic – Phased out in early 2000s (decade)
Czechoslovakia – Passed on to successor states
East Germany – Phased out in 1990 after German reunification
Hungary - Phased out in 2004. Original there were 144 pieces of Gvozdikas.
Romania – 48 reserve status since 2005
Slovenia – 8 reserve status
Soviet Union – Passed on to successor states
Yugoslavia – Passed on to successor states.

Combat history

Afghanistan – Soviet war in Afghanistan
Chechnya (Russia) – Second Chechen War (1999 to 2000)
Iraq – First Gulf War, Second Gulf War
Yugoslavia – Yugoslav Wars, Kosovo War
Georgia – 2008 South Ossetia war
Libya – 2011 Libyan civil war
Syria – Syrian civil war
Ukraine – War in Donbass

References

↑ Marat Kenzhetaev (1998). "Self Propelled Artillery and Mortars". www.armscontrol.ru. MIPT Center for Arms Control, Energy and Environmental Studies. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
↑ "2S1 M-1974 122-mm Self-Propelled Howitzer". GlobalSecurity.org. 2008-11-09.
↑ http://alternathistory.org.ua/2s15-norov
↑ Belarus Army Equipment
↑ Deagel.com
↑ Eugene Yanko, Copyright 1997 – [email protected]. "2s1 Gvozdika Self-Propelled Howitzer | Russian Arms, Military Technology, Analysis of Russia's Military Forces". Warfare.ru. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
↑ Ground Forces Equipment – Ukraine

Trewhitt, Philip (1999). Armored Fighting Vehicles. New York, NY: Amber Books. p. 124. ISBN 0-7607-1260-3.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2S1 Gvozdika.

Russian, Ukrainian, and former Soviet armoured fighting vehicles after World War II

Tanks

T-10 T-54/T-55 T-55AGM PT-76 T-62 T-64 T-72 T-80 T-84 T-90 T-14 Armata

Armoured personnel carriers

Tracked	BTR-50 MT-LB BTR-D GT-MU Kurganets-25

Wheeled	BTR-3 BTR-4 BTR-7 BTR-40 BTR-60 BTR-70 BTR-80 BTR-90 BPM-97 BTR-94 BTR-152 SBA-60K2 Bulat BTR Bumerang BTR Krymsk

Infantry fighting vehicles

BMP-1 BMP-2 BMP-3 BMD-1 BMD-2 BMD-3 BMD-4 BTR-T ATOM BMPV-64 (ru:БМПВ-64/uk:БМПВ-64) BMPT T-15 Armata Kurganets-25

Self-propelled artillery

Guns	1K17 Szhatie 2S1 Gvozdika 2S3 Akatsiya 2S4 Tyulpan 2S5 Giatsint 2S7 Pion 2S9 Nona 2S19 Msta 2S23 Nona-SVK 2S25 2S27 Msta-K 2S30 Iset 2S31 Vena 2S33 Msta-SM 2S35 Koalitsiya-SV ASU-57 ASU-85 A-222 Bereg

MRLs	BM-14 BM-21 Grad BM-24 BM-25 BM-27 Uragan TOS-1 BM-30 Smerch 9A52-4 Tornado

Missiles	2K1 Mars (FROG-2) 2K6 Luna (FROG-3/5) 9K52 Luna-M (FROG-7) 9K79 Tochka (SS-21 Scarab) R-400 Oka (SS-23 Spider) Iskander (SS-26 Stone) K-300P Bastion-P

Armored cars and other

BRDM BRDM-2 Dozor-B GAZ Tiger GAZ 46 GAZ Vodnik VPK-3927 Volk T-98 Kombat Typhoon

Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapons

Guns	BTR-40A BTR-152A BTR-152D ZSU-57-2 ZSU-23-4 2S6 Tunguska Pantsir-S1

Missiles	2K11 Krug (SA-4 Ganef) 2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful) 9K22 Tunguska (SA-19 Grison) 9K31 Strela-1 (SA-9 Gaskin) 9K33 Osa (SA-8 Gecko) 9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher) 9K37 Buk (SA-11 Gadfly) 9K330 Tor (SA-15 Gauntlet) S-300 (SA-10 Grumble) Pantsir-S1 (SA-22 Greyhound)

Polish armoured fighting vehicles after World War II

Main battle tanks	Leopard 2 A4/A5 PT-91 Twardy T-72M1 T-55AM Merida T-55 T-54 T-34-85

Light tanks	PT-76 T-70

Infantry fighting vehicles	KBWP Rosomak BWP-2 BWP-1

Armoured personnel carriers	KTO Rosomak KTO Ryś SPG Kalina Opal MT-LB OT-62 TOPAS OT-64 SKOT

Armored cars	AMZ Dzik BRDM-2M96/M96i/M96ik/M97/M98 BRDM-2

MRAPs	Cougar H MaxxPro MaxxPro Dash M-ATV

Four-wheel drive vehicles	Honker HMMWV Mercedes G Land Rover Defender UAZ-469

Self-propelled guns	Krab Dana wz. 77 2S1 Goździk 2S7 Pion ASU-85 ASU-57

Rocket artillery	WR-40 Langusta RM-70/85 BM-21 Grad BM-24 BM-14

Self-propelled anti-aircraft guns	PZA Loara ZSU-23-4MP Biała Hibneryt ZSU-23-4 ZSU-57-2

Self-propelled surface-to-air missile systems	Poprad 9K33M3 Osa-P 2K12M Kub-M S-125 Newa SC S-200 Wega C 2K11M Krug-M 9K31 Strela-1 9K35 Strela-10

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