List of demon lords in Dungeons & Dragons

This a list of demon lords in the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game. In the 2nd Edition, the demon lords were known as "Abyssal lords".

Abraxas

Abraxas, known as the Unfathomable, is the demon lord of magic words, arcane secrets, and talismans, in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. Abraxas dwells on the 17th layer of the Abyss, known as Death's Reward. Abraxas was one of many demon lords that were mentioned only by name in a list in the original Monster Manual II (1983).[1] legs. His portfolio is given as forbidden lore, magic, and snakes. As in Armies of the Abyss, Abraxas's realm is called the Pleroma here, and it is said to be a superficially pleasant and beautiful realm whose true appearance is masked by illusions. Abraxas rules from the spiral city of Diovengia, which is filled with demons, libraries, and serpents and guarded by mariliths. Instead of the chaste ascetics of Armies of the Abyss, however, his cultists in this book are drow and keepers of forbidden lore who maintain a notorious library and tattoo their greatest secrets on their bodies.[2]

Adimarchus

Adimarchus is a Demon lord. He is known as the "Demon Prince of Madness", not because he claimed sovereignty over insanity, but primarily for his current state of mind. Adimarchus made his debut in Dungeon #116 (November 2004) in the adventure Asylum, which is the finale of the Shackled City adventure path. Adimarchus' ultimate fate (whether he lives or dies) depends on what happened in the adventure.[3]

Ahazu

Ahazu the Seizer is a demon lord that now functions as a vestige as a result of his self-imposed imprisonment in the Abyssal layer known as the Wells of Darkness. Ahazu was one of many demon lords that were mentioned only by name in a list in the original Monster Manual II (1983).[1]

Ahrimanes

Ahrimanes, known as the Chief of the Cacodaemons, is the demon lord of exiles and wanderers, in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. Ahrimanes is named after Ahriman, the source of evil in the Zoroastrian faith. Ahrimanes dwells on the 452nd layer of the Abyss, known as Ahriman-abad. Ahrimanes was one of many demon lords that were mentioned only by name in a list in the original Monster Manual II (1983).[1]

Aldinach

Aldinach, Lady of Change, is a demon lord, in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. Aldinach was one of many demon lords that were mentioned only by name in a list in the original Monster Manual II (1983).[1] Aldinach is a reclusive demon princess who delights in the perversion of the pure and innocent. She appears as a lithe humanoid woman with her face covered by an alabaster mask, and with polished mahogany skin and long fingers that end in needles. She uses these needles to inject putrid sap into her victims.[4] Aldinach lives on the layer of Pazunia, from the fortress of Aldinach's Egg by the edge of the Grand Abyss.[4]

Alrunes

Alrunes, known as The Soothing Spirit, covers the domains of Protection, sisterhood, and controls the 260th layer: Green Abyss, and was featured in Monster Manual II. Alrunes is female.

Alvarez

Alvarez, known as the Purging Duke, is the demon lord of Torture and Inquisition, in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. Alvarez was first mentioned in Faces of Evil: The Fiends (1997).[5] Alvarez is a master of torture who searches the ranks of the tanar'ri incessantly for signs of the taint of Law. Alvarez is famous for the brutalities he inflicts upon his own troops. Even demons fear his inventive torments.

Alzrius

Alzrius is a demon lord, in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. Alzrius is the Lord of the Flowing Flame, and rules layer 601 of the Abyss, Conflagratum. His physical form is actually a large pillar of flame, and when his armies go on a campaign, the leader of the armies carries a piece of Alzrius's body as a torch. Alzrius was first mentioned in Hellbound: The Blood War (1996).[6]

Anarazel

Anarazel, the Daring Darkness who concerns himself with adventurers dwells on the 79 level, the Emessu Tunnels. He is listed in Monster Manual II.

Ansitif

Ansitif the Befouler is a demon lord, in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. Ansitif is a demon lord who favored corrupting places of worship.[4] Ansitif is now a vestige who can be called by binders.[7] Ansitif and six tanar'ri allies joined long ago to hunt down the Malgoth, although after their victory they assassinated or imprisoned each other one by one.[4] Ansitif is imprisoned in the Wells of Darkness. He is the former ruler of layer 21, The Sixth Pyre.[4]

Ansitif was one of many demon lords that were mentioned only by name in a list in the original Monster Manual II (1983).[1] Ansitif received further details in third edition in Fiendish Codex I: Hordes of the Abyss (2006).[4] Ansitif was further described in Dragon #357 (2007), in the article "Gazing Into the Abyss."[7]

Ardat

Ardat the Unavowed is a demon lord, in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. Ardat was one of many demon lords that were mentioned only by name in a list in the original Monster Manual II (1983).[1] Ardat appears as a 12-foot tall, three-headed harpy, with raven-black wings and feathers.[8]

Areex

Areex the Forgotten Prince is a demon lord, in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. Areex was one of many demon lords that were mentioned only by name in a list in the original Monster Manual II (1983).[1] Areex is a demon lord who had been forgotten for centuries until a group of gibberlings in the city of Sigil began repeating a message about Areex journeying "beyond the stars" to make a pact.[4]

Arlgolcheir

Arlgolcheir is a demon lord, in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. Arlgolcheir was first mentioned in an article by Ed Greenwood in Dragon #116 (December 1986).[9] Arlgolcheir was said to have been destroyed by Laeral, with the aid of Khelben "Blackstaff" Arunsun and the mage Alduth of Neverwinter.[9] He later appeared as one of the powerful beings trapped in one of the Wells of Darkness.[10]

Arzial

Arzial, known as the Blooded Baron, is a minor demon lord of Subterfuge, master of the Barony of Vulderpayne in the Abyss, in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. Arzial was first mentioned in the adventure "The Ruins of Nol-Daer" in Dungeon #13 (September/October 1988).[11] Arzial is a cambion, born of the demon prince Graz'zt and a presumably human woman. The least accomplished of Graz'zt's many children, Arzial still has a vital role in Graz'zt's schemes.

Aseroth

Aseroth the Winter Warlock is a demon lord, in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. Aseroth was one of many demon lords that were mentioned only by name in a list in the original Monster Manual II (1983).[1] Aseroth is a demon lord who is said to have once been an elemental prince of evil.[12]

Asima

Asima the Unanticipated is a demon lord, in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. Asima was one of many demon lords that were mentioned only by name in a list in the original Monster Manual II (1983).[1] Asima was an obyrith demon lord, a faceless entity who is long dead.[4] Asima is said to have betrayed the obyriths in ages past.[12]

Astaroth

Astaroth was a demon lord who is now a vestige. He was known by the title of Diabolus for his ability to infiltrate the ranks of the devils, and was worshiped by mortals for his prophetic abilities. Astaroth was one of many demon lords that were mentioned only by name in a list in the original Monster Manual II (1983).[1]

Other than Gargauth, who uses his name, there is another being, who is also a vestige, who goes by the name of Astaroth. This Astaroth was a fallen celestial. Green Ronin's Armies of the Abyss has its own non-canonic take on Astaroth the demon prince. He appears as a beautiful angelic human with white feathered wings, golden hair, and rides a dragon and has a viper wrapped around one arm. He is said to rule a layer of the Abyss called the Terminal Archives, which is an infinite library. It is said that the coming of end of the multiverse is signaled by Astaroth burning every book from his library.

Azael

Azael the Ensnared is a demon lord, in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. Azael was one of many demon lords that were mentioned only by name in a list in the original Monster Manual II (1983).[1] Azael was slain by Ma Yuan, although his influence lingers still. Part of this layer known as Azael's Waste retains its desert form, refusing to give way to Yeenoghu's will.[4]

Azazel

Azazel is an outcast Duke of Hell, one of the Rabble of Devilkin, in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. Azazel first appears in Ed Greenwood's article "The Nine Hells Revisited" in Dragon #91 (November 1984).[13] Azazel "the Serpent," is extremely conceited and scornful. Cast out of two successive dukedoms for his unbearable behaviour, Azazel constantly plots to regain his former position. He always wear gaudy jewelry and regal clothing. Azazel is a scaly-skinned humanoid with a serpent's head and large scaled wings.

Azuvidexus

Azuvidexus (d) the Ravenous Maw concerned with Primeval beasts and scaled nightmares controls the domain of N'gharl (formerly layer #230). Originally covered by the Wizards of the Coast website: The Crawling Jungle and Dragon #357 "Demonomicon of Iggwilv", page 29. The current Azuvidexus is an awakened tyrannosaur who had absorbed the original's evil and intellect.

Baltazo

Baltazo the Seeping Sovereign is a demon lord, in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. Baltazo was one of many demon lords that were mentioned only by name in a list in the original Monster Manual II (1983).[1] Baltazo is a minor demon lord, a retired general noted for several Blood War victories. He appears as an extremely corpulent human male with an elongated face and deep green skin that constantly fizzles and pops, spilling sickly fluids upon his poorly-fitting uniform with dozens of medals and ribbons.[4]

Baphomet

Baphomet (/bæˈfoʊmɛt/ ba-FOE-met or /ˈbæfəmɛt/ BAF-ə-met[14]) is a demon lord who rules a layer of the Abyss called the Endless Maze. He is the Prince of Beasts and the Demon Lord of Minotaurs. Baphomet first appears in module The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth (1982),[15] and then appears in the first edition Monster Manual II (1983),[16] under the demon entry. Baphomet has the appearance of a 12' tall humanoid with a bull's head, a bovine tail, and broad, stubby hands and feet. His body is covered with coarse black hair. His horns curve downward and outward. He wields a giant bardiche. Baphomet can spit out gouts of unholy water.

Barbu

Barbu (f),The Unwelcome, is concerned with discord and ruined peace and is listed in Monster Manual II.

Bayemon

Bayemon, Of the Unhealing Wound is concerned with the afflicted is listed in Monster Manual II. Bayemon is said to have escaped from the Wells of Darkness. According to the "Demonomicon", Kostchtchie is in possession of Bayemon's still living severed head in his glacial fortress.

Bechard

Bechard the Rotting Husk is a demon lord, in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. Bechard was one of many demon lords that were mentioned only by name in a list in the original Monster Manual II (1983).[1] Bechard was once the obyrith demon lord of tempests, until treachery at the hands of the tanar'ri severed his connection to his Abyssal layer and drained the life from his pallid husk. He now resembles an enormous knotty beached whale, constantly baking in the layer's scorching sun, except for when the coastal outcropping on which he rests is battered with hurricanes and acid rain.[4]

Cabiri

Cabiri the Watching Master is a demon lord, in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. Cabiri was one of many demon lords that were mentioned only by name in a list in the original Monster Manual II (1983).[1] Cabiri is an obyrith demon lord, a many-eyed tyrant and one of the oldest obyriths in existence.[4] Cabiri is now a vestige who can be called by binders.[7]

Charun

Charun, The Hammerer, concerned with Massacres is listed in Monster Manual II.

Chernovog

Chernovog, The Green God, concerned with Evil Druids, Vengeful Nature, Warlocks, evil fey The Verdant Chasm; is on an unknown layer. Covered in Expedition to Castle Ravenloft.

Codricuhn

Codricuhn, The Blood Storm or Prince of the Eight Seas, concerned with Destruction, storms Coagulus. He wanders the Abyss. He was covered in Dungeon #168.

Cyndshyra

Cyndshyra (d), Of the Seven Torments was covered in Dragon #357, page 67. Allied with Ansitif to destroy the Malgoth.

Dagon

Dagon is an obyrith demon lord, also called Prince of the Depths. His realm is the 89th layer of the Abyss, and is known as Shadowsea. As one of the oldest demon lords in existence, Dagon is said to possess vast and forbidden knowledge.[17] Dagon is first mentioned in the first edition Advanced Dungeons & Dragons sourcebook Monster Manual II, where it is said in passing that he rules a liquid layer dominated by marine dretch, hezrou, kraken, and horrible fish-monsters.[18]

Demogorgon

Dwiergus

Dwiergus is a demon lord, in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. Dwiergus was first mentioned in the article "Demonomicon of Iggwilv: Baphomet" in Dragon #341 (March 2006), by James Jacobs.[19] Said to be even more ancient than Pale Night, Dwiergus, the Chrysalis Prince, has control over the shaping of demonic races. His layer of the Abyss, Fleshforges, is catalogued as the 558th.

Eblis

Eblis, Of the Unbended Knee, concerned with Refusal to surrender is on the 1st layer: Pazunia. Covered in Monster Manual II. Not to be confused with the Eblis creatures.

Ebulon

Ebulon is a former general of Graz'zt. He is imprisoned on layer 73: Wells of Darkness and is listed in Fiendish Codex I: Hordes of the Abyss.

Eldanoth

Eldanoth, known as the Bloodless Scion, is the demon lord of Crime, in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. Eldanoth was first mentioned in Faces of Evil: The Fiends (1997).[5] Eldanoth looks like a smiling tiefling with snakes for fingers. He often leaves his body in his copper fortress while he astral projects himself into the Prime Material Plane, where he recruits new followers.

Eltab

Eltab is a demon lord. Eltab is known as the Lord of the Hidden Layer. He is particularly active in the game’s Forgotten Realms campaign setting. Eltab was first mentioned in Dreams of the Red Wizards.[20] Eltab appears as a 15-foot tall humanoid with the head of a canine-like creature. His head sports numerous antlers and horns and his body is covered with bony dark red plates. He has slitted yellow glowing eyes.

Ereshkigal

Ereshkigal is a female demon lord mentioned in Monster Manual II.

Felex'ja

Felex'ja (d), The Tiger King, concerned with Tigers, felines, stalking predators. Covered in Dragon #357, page 67. Allied with Ansitif to destroy the Malgoth, but was assassinated by other demon lords soon after.

Fraz-Urb'luu

Fraz-Urb'luu is a demon lord, sometimes known as the "Prince of Deception." In Gary Gygax's Gord novels, Fraz-Urb'luu is alternately called Var-Az-Hloo. Fraz-Urb'luu first appears in module The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth (1982),[15] and then appears in the first edition Monster Manual II (1983),[16] under the demon entry. Fraz-Urb'luu is a large beast over eighteen feet in height, despite his hunched posture. His muscular gorilla-like body is covered with short coarse hair of pale blue. His feet are broad and splayed, and his hands are large but the fingers relatively stubby and tipped with long, jagged talons. Fraz-Urb'luu is one of the most hated of the Abyssal lords, as several demon lords are still smarting from the memory of their past "audiences" with the Prince of Deception.

Gorion

Gorion is a demon lord mentioned in Dragon #139.

Graz'zt

Main article: Graz'zt

Graz'zt is a demon lord in the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game, and one of the most powerful demons in the Abyss. Graz'zt, one of the earliest and most famous demons created for Dungeons and Dragons,[21] was named as one of the greatest villains in D&D history by the final print issue of Dragon.[22]

Gresil

Gresil, Custodian of Records, is the demon lord of Abyssal lore, in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. Gresil was one of many demon lords that were mentioned only by name in a list in the original Monster Manual II (1983).[1] Gresil has millions of texts in his great library, and it is said that the artifact Kuroth's Quill can be destroyed by using it to transcribe all of these texts.[23][24]

Haagenti

Haagenti is the demon lord of Alchemy and Artifice, in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. Haagenti was first mentioned in the article "Demonomicon of Iggwilv: Zuggtmoy" in Dragon #337 (November 2005), by James Jacobs.[25] Haagenti's layer of the Abyss is catalogued as the 548th, known as Garavond. Garavond is a metallic orb within a lightless, airless void. The orb is Haagenti's fortress, laboratory, and palace, and it crawls with retrievers, clockwork horrors, golems, and more exotic constructs. When he wills it, Haagenti can fill the void around his fortress with magma, lightning, or any other element he chooses.

Ilsidahur

Ilsidahur is a demon lord. Called the Howling King, he claims rulership over the simian demons known as bar-lguras, and is served by nalfeshnees as well. Ilsidahur made his debut in Dungeon #10, in the adventure "The Shrine of Ilsidahur" (March/April 1988). The adventure took place in an abandoned temple located in the Amedio Jungle in the World of Greyhawk campaign setting.[26] Ilsidahur appears as a 12-foot-tall (3.7 m) ape with a long prehensile tail and bronze ram-like horns. He particularly prizes objects made of bronze. It is assumed his layer of the Guttering Grove is a jungle realm filled with bar-lguras, nalfeshnees and other simian monsters.

Ixinix

Ixinix (d), the Lord of Blackwater allied with Ansitif to destroy the Malgoth. He is covered in Dragon #357, page 67.

Juiblex

Juiblex, also called The Faceless Lord, is the demon lord of Slimes and Oozes. Juiblex's lair is on the 222nd layer of the Abyss, which he shares with Zuggtmoy, the Demoness Lady of Fungi. In Gary Gygax's Gord novels, Juiblex is alternately called Szhublox. His appearance is grotesque, revolting and inhuman. Juiblex first appeared in the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Monster Manual in 1977. In first edition, Juiblex rules his own layer of the Abyss, the 528th layer, which is an infinite sea of slimes and oozes feeding off each other's putrid forms.[27]

J'zzalshrak

J'zzalshrak is a demon lord in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. J'zzalshrak was first mentioned in the adventure "Bzallin's Blacksphere" in Dungeon #64 (September/October 1996).[28] J'zzalshrak is a beetle-like tanar'ri. She is also known as the Errant General, and her portfolio is Blood War campaigns.

Kardum

Kardum, Lord of the Balors, concerned with Balors, fire, lived on the 21st layer: The Sixth Pyre. Was introduced in Fiendish Codex I; based on Marduk by Gary Gygax.

Kostchtchie

Kostchtchie is a demon lord. He made his first appearance in the first edition module The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth.[29] Kostchtchie appears as a bandy-legged, yellow-skinned and hairless brute (other than his eyebrows) who carries a magic hammer with which he squashes his victims. In the game's first edition, Kostchtchie was a mere seven feet tall. In third edition, he is now more than 20 feet tall. Kostchtchie resides on the 23rd layer of the Abyss, called the Iron Wastes, a realm of mighty glaciers and plunging temperatures. Kostchtchie appeared under the "demon" heading in the Tome of Horrors (2002) from Necromancer Games.[30]

Lupercio

Lupercio is a demon lord, known as the Baron of Sloth. Lupercio was first mentioned in the 1997 Advanced Dungeons & Dragons book Faces of Evil: The Fiends.[31] Lupercio is the son of Pale Night and an unknown father, making him the brother or half-brother of Graz'zt, Rhyxali, Zivorgian, and Vucarik.

Lynkhab

Lynkhab is a demon lord. She is the Lady of Desire and Depression. She is also called the Lady of Regrets and is a patroness of the self-destructive and suicidal. She was a contender for the title of "Queen of Succubi," which is currently held by Malcanthet.

Obox-ob

Obox-ob is depicted as a giant, platter-shaped centipede, with three scorpion-like tails each tipped with a humanoid head with a purple razor-edged tongue. Obox-ob is first mentioned by name only in a list of demon lords, in the first edition Advanced Dungeons & Dragons sourcebook Monster Manual II.[32] According to the official story, Obox-ob is the surviving aspect of the Prince of Demons following its murder by the Queen of Chaos. It commands the 663rd layer of the Abyss, a vermin-infested wasteland known as Zionyn. Unlike many of the infamous demon princes in the setting, Obox-ob is an obyrith, a type of demon far older than the setting's standard tanar'ri.[33]

Prince of Demons

Prince of Demons is a title contested by the greatest demon lords of the Abyss, in the Dungeons and Dragons fantasy roleplaying game. At the moment, the title belongs to Demogorgon, a mighty tanar'ri known for his unsurpassed physical prowess and his innovations and experimentations, which have released inventive new horrors upon the multiverse. Though in the chaotic and unorganized Abyss there are no official titles, no other demon lord has simply been able to prove themselves his better yet.

Socothbenoth

Socothbenoth is the demon lord of Incest, Sexual Taboos, and Perversions, in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. Socothbenoth was one of many demon lords that was mentioned only by name in a list in the original Monster Manual II (1983).[34] According to the apocryphal text Armies of the Abyss, Socothbenoth resembles a handsome human male with long brown hair and the long ears of an ass. He has a long, snakelike tongue and his chest is pierced by six large barbells.

Soneillon

Soneillon the Youthful Crone was one of many demon lords that were mentioned only by name in a list in the original Monster Manual II (1983).[1]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Gygax, Gary. Monster Manual II (TSR, 1983)
  2. ↑ Jacobs, James. Lords of Chaos. Bellevue, WA: Paizo Publishing, 2010
  3. ↑ Perkins, Christopher. "Asylum." Dungeon #116 (Paizo Publishing, 2004)
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Jacobs, James, Erik Mona, and Ed Stark. Fiendish Codex I: Hordes of the Abyss (Wizards of the Coast, 2006)
  5. 1 2 McComb, Colin, and Monte Cook. Faces of Evil: The Fiends. Renton, WA: Wizards of the Coast, 1997
  6. ↑ McComb, Colin, and Monte Cook.
  7. 1 2 3
  8. ↑ Jacobs, James. "Demonomicon of Iggwilv: Apocrypha." Dragon #359. Bellevue, WA: Paizo Publishing, 2007
  9. 1 2 Greenwood, Ed. "Rogue Stones and Gemjumping", Dragon #116, page 55. TSR, December 1986
  10. ↑ Boyd, Eric L. "Wells of Darkness." Dungeon #148. Bellevue, WA: Paizo Publishing, July 2007
  11. ↑ McCleskey, HL. "The Ruins of Nol-Daer." Dungeon #13. Lake Geneva, WI: TSR, 1988
  12. 1 2 Mearls, Mike, Brian R. James, and Steve Townshend. Demonomicon. Renton, WA: Wizards of the Coast, 2010
  13. ↑ Greenwood, Ed. "The Nine Hells Revisited." Dragon #91 (TSR, November 1984)
  14. ↑ Mentzer, Frank. "Ay pronunseeAY shun gyd" Dragon #93 (TSR, 1985)
  15. 1 2 Gygax, Gary. The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth (TSR, 1982)
  16. 1 2 Gygax, Gary. Monster Manual II (TSR, 1983)
  17. ↑ Jacobs, James. "The Demonomicon of Iggwilv: Dagon." Dragon #349 (Paizo Publishing, 2006).
  18. ↑ Gygax, Gary. Monster Manual II (TSR, 1983)
  19. ↑ Jacobs, James. "Demonomicon of Iggwilv: Baphomet." Dragon #341. Bellevue, WA: Paizo Publishing, 2006
  20. ↑ Perrin, Steve. Dreams of the Red Wizards (TSR, 1988)
  21. ↑ Jacobs, James. "The Demonomicon of Iggwilv: Graz'zt" Dragon #360 (Paizo Publishing, 2007)
  22. ↑ Bulmahn, Jason; Jacobs, James; Mike McArtor; Mona, Erik; Schneider, F. Wesley; Todd Stewart; Jeremy Walker (September 2007). "1d20 Villains: D&D's Most Wanted; Preferably Dead". Dragon. Pazio. 32(4) (359): 54–69.
  23. ↑ Grohe, Allan T., and Erik Mona. "Artifacts of Oerth: Instruments of the Gods." Living Greyhawk Journal #10. Bellevue, WA: Paizo Publishing, 2002
  24. ↑ Grohe, Allan T., and Erik Mona. "Artifacts of Oerth: Instruments of the Gods." Dragon #294. Bellevue, WA: Paizo Publishing, 2002
  25. ↑ Jacobs, James. "Demonomicon of Iggwilv: Zuggtmoy." Dragon #337. Bellevue, WA: Paizo Publishing, 2005
  26. ↑ Nephew, John. "The Shrine of Ilsidahur." Dungeon #10 (TSR, 1988)
  27. ↑ Gygax, Gary. Monster Manual (TSR, 1977)
  28. ↑ Perkins, Christopher. "Bzallin's Blacksphere." Dungeon #64. Lake Geneva, WI: TSR, September/October 1997
  29. ↑ Gygax, Gary. The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth (TSR, 1982)
  30. ↑ Green, Scott; Peterson, Clark (2002). Tome of Horrors. Necromancer Games. pp. 81–82. ISBN 1-58846-112-2.
  31. ↑ McComb, Colin, and Monte Cook. Faces of Evil: The Fiends. Renton, WA: Wizards of the Coast, 1997
  32. ↑ Gygax, Gary. Monster Manual II (TSR, 1983)
  33. ↑ Jacobs, James, Erik Mona, and Ed Stark. Fiendish Codex I: Hordes of the Abyss. Renton, WA: Wizards of the Coast, 2006
  34. ↑ Gygax, Gary. Monster Manual II (TSR, 1983)
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