Ammonium bituminosulfonate

"Black ointment" redirects here. It is not to be confused with black salve.
A tube of medicinal ammonium bituminosulfonate (ichthyol)

Ammonium bituminosulfonate or ammonium bituminosulphonate (synonyms of ichthammol, CAS#8029-68-3 brand name: Ichthyol) is a product of natural origin obtained in the first step by dry distillation of sulfur-rich oil shale (bituminous schists). By sulfonation of the resulting oil (or purified fractions thereof) and subsequent neutralization with ammonia, Ichthammol results as viscous, water-soluble substance with characteristic bitumen-like odor. It is used in medicine as a treatment for different skin diseases, including eczema and psoriasis (see below). Ointments containing 10% or 20% Ichthammol are most common. They are sometimes called "black ointments" or "drawing salves". Ichthammol's dermatological action was promoted by German physician Paul Gerson Unna.[1]

Composition

From elemental analysis, its composition was calculated to be C28H36S5O6(NH4)2.[2] However, as a product of natural origin, it is a mixture of many different compounds.[3]

Chemically, it is a sulfonated shale oil that is incompatible with acids, alkali carbonates or hydrates and alkaloidal salts. It is a thick reddish brown liquid, possessing a bituminous odor and taste. It is soluble in water and miscible with glycerin, but is nearly insoluble in strong alcohol or concentrated ether. It contains a large percentage of organically combined sulfur.

Differentiation from Chinese Materials

Materials made in China (Pinyin transcription: yushizhi and yushizhi ruangao) and offered outside China as Ichthammol or Ammonium Bituminosulfonate are not in line with the definition given for this substance in the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) or European Pharmacopoeia (Ph.Eur). Also, there is no conformity with the definition as connected to CAS# 8029-68-3. The Chinese material is derived from vegetable oils (e.g. soybean oil) instead of bituminous schists as required.[4] As a result, its chemical basis is totally different from the one of Ichthammol USP/Ph.Eur./CAS# 8029-68-3. The characteristic bitumen-like odor (originating from the bituminous source material) is missing with Chinese material and thereby the original qualities according to common standards can be identified without doubt.

Usage

Human

Bituminosulfonates are classified as local therapeutic agents with very good tolerability.[5] Pharmacologically, Ichthammol has anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, and fungicidal properties.[6] It is used to treat eczema, psoriasis, Acne rosacea and acne,[7][8] and it decreases microorganisms in the area surrounding a skin condition. It is commonly used in 10% or 20% concentrate ointment, applied topically.

In otology, a mixture of glycerol and ichthammol (G & I) is used for the topical treatment of ear infections.[9] It is effective against Gram-positive organisms. The anti-inflammatory action is explained by its influence on the formation, secretion, and effect of inflammation mediators.[10][11]

Ichthammol is recommended by dermatologists and available in pharmacies for compounding medications. Different sources of information exist for exemplary formulations (creams, shake lotions, suppositories, etc.).[12][13][14] According to the "list of preferred Specials" by the British Association of Dermatologists (BAD) Ichthammol can be used in Dermatology prescribing to treat acutely inflamed atopic eczema, among others.[15] A corresponding recommendation exists for bituminosulfonates in Germany. According to “guideline atopic eczema” bituminosulfonates can be considered for treatment of atopic eczema based on general clinic experience.[16]

Veterinary

The European Medicines Agency published a summary report on ichthyol-substances (synonym: bituminosulfonates) during the course of the European Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) procedure[17] in veterinary medicine. The Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) decided that due to good tolerance and safety, there is no need to establish an MRL for ichthyol-substances. As a result, ichthyol-substances can be applied topically in all mammalian food-producing species without restriction.

References

  1. ↑ Paul Gerson Unna: About Ichthyol. In: Monatshefte für praktische Dermatologie, Band XXV, 1897 (in German).
  2. ↑ E. Baumann, C. Schotten: Über das Ichthyol. In: Monatshefte für praktische Dermatologie, Band II, S. 257, 1883 (in German).
  3. ↑ Scheibler H (1915). "Über die chemischen Bestandteile der schwefelreichen, bituminösen Teeröle (Ichthyolöle)". Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft. 48 (2): 1815–26. doi:10.1002/cber.19150480276.
  4. ↑ Chinese Medical Encyclopedia as given under www.wiki8.com/yushizhi_24599 with reference to People's Republic of China Pharmacopoeia, 2010 edition.
  5. ↑ Schmid-Wendtner MH. Bituminosulfonate. In: Korting HC, Sterry W: Therapeutische Verfahren in der Dermatologie - Dermatika und Kosmetika. Berlin, Wien: Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag, 2001: p. 165-71
  6. ↑ Gayko G, Cholcha W, Kietzmann M (October 2000). "Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antimycotic effects of dark sulfonated shale oil (ichthammol)". Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr. 113 (10): 368–73. PMID 11084753.
  7. ↑ Boyd, Alan S. (July 2010). "Ichthammol revisited". International Journal of Dermatology. 49 (7). doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04551.x.
  8. ↑ Warnecke J, Wendt A (February 1998). "Anti-inflammatory action of pale sulfonated shale oil (ICHTHYOL pale) in UVB erythema test". Inflamm. Res. 47 (2): 75–8. doi:10.1007/s000110050282. PMID 9535545.
  9. ↑ Masood A, Moumoulidis I, Ray S, Chawla O, Panesar J (August 2008). "A randomised controlled trial comparing Triadcortyl with 10% glycerine-ichthammol in the initial treatment of severe acute otitis externa". Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 265 (8): 881–5. doi:10.1007/s00405-007-0463-1. PMID 17922130.
  10. ↑ Czarnetzki, BM (December 1986). "Inhibitory effects of shale oils (Ichthyols) on the secretion of chemotactic leukotrienes from human leukocytes and on leukocyte migration". J. Invest. Derm. 87 (6): 694–7. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12456630. PMID 2878051.
  11. ↑ Schewe C, Schewe T, Rohde E, Diezel W, Czarnetzki BM (1994). "Inhibitory effects of sulfonated shale oils (ammonium bituminosulphonates, Ichthyols) on enzymes of polyenoic fatty acid metabolism". Arch. Dermatol. Res. 286 (3-4): 137–41. doi:10.1007/bf00374208. PMID 7911653.
  12. ↑ Altmeyer P., Therapielexikon Dermatologie und Allerlogie, Springer, Berlin, 2nd edition, 2005, p. 1024; p. 1040; p. 1051
  13. ↑ Langley, C.A. and Belcher, D., Pharmaceutical Compounding and Dispensing, Pharmaceutical Press, London, UK, 2nd edition, 2012, p. 143
  14. ↑ Staubach P; Metz, M (October 2013). "Magistral formulations and pruritus therapy – What is established, what is confirmed, what is new?". Journal of the German Society of Dermatology (JDDG). 11 (8): 1049–55. doi:10.1111/ddg.12230.
  15. ↑ Buckley DA, Root T and Bath S, Specials Recommended by the British Association of Dermatologists for Skin Disease, Clinical Standards Unit of the British Association of Dermatologists, London, UK, 2014, p. 9 (www.bad.org.uk/specials accessed October 2nd, 2015)
  16. ↑ Werfel T, et al. (January 2016). "Leitlinie Neurodermitis [atopisches Ekzem; atopische Dermatitis]". Journal of the German Society of Dermatology (JDDG). 14 (1): e1–e75. doi:10.1111/ddg.12884.
  17. ↑ "Veterinary MRL: Report on ICHTHYOL-substances" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. September 2004. Archived from the original (pdf) on 2006-07-18.

External sources

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