Amphiprion latezonatus

Wide-band Anemonefish
Not evaluated (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Pomacentridae
Subfamily: Amphiprioninae
Genus: Amphiprion
Species: A. latezonatus
Binomial name
Amphiprion latezonatus
Waite, 1900

Amphiprion latezonatus, also known as the wide-band anemonefish, is a species of anemonefish found in subtropical waters off the east coast of Australia.[1]. Like all anemonefishes it forms a symbiotic mutualism with sea anemones and is unaffected by the stinging tentacles of the host anemone. It is a sequential hermaphrodite with a strict sized based dominance hierarchy: the female is largest, the breeding male is second largest, and the male non-breeders get progressively smaller as the hierarchy descends.[2] They exhibit protandry, meaning the breeding male will change to female if the sole breeding female dies, with the largest non-breeder becomes the breeding male.[1]

Description

A. latezonatus grows up to 15 cm, and is dark brown with three white bars and a broad white margin on the caudal fin. As the common name suggests the middle bar is very wide, about twice the average width of other anemonefishes and is shaped like a flat topped pyramid.[1] They have 10 dorsal spines, 2 anal spines, 15-16 dorsal soft rays and 13-14 anal soft rays.[3] They reach a maximum length of 14 cm (5 1⁄2 in).[1]

Color variations

A. latezonatus often has bright blue markings on the upper lip and the edges of the bars. The dorsal fin may be orange or yellow[1]

Similar species

The broad mid-body bar is distinctive and A. latezonatus is unlikely to be confused with any other anemonefish.[1] The closest in appearance are A. polymnus (Saddleback anemonefish) and A. sebae (Sebae anemonefish) however A. latezonatus has a broader mid-band and lacks the characteristic slope of A. polymnus or A. sebae. Historically anemonefish have been identified by morphological features, color pattern in the field, while in a laboratory other features such as scalation of the head, tooth shape and body proportions.[1] These features have been used to group species into complexes and A. latezonatus was considered as part of the saddleback complex with A. polymnus and A. sebae.[4] Genetic analysis has shown that the saddleback complex is not a monophyletic group and that A. latezonatus has a monospecific lineage,[5] and is more closely related to A. percula and Premnas biaculeatus than to the saddleback group.[5][6]

Distribution and Habitat

A. latezonatus is found in subtropical waters of Australia, from southern Queensland to northern New South Wales, Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island.[1]

Host anemones

The relationship between anemonefish and their host sea anemones is not random and instead is highly nested in structure.[7] A. latezonatus is highly specialised with only 1 species anemone host, Heteractis crispa Sebae anemone.[1] A soon to be published article reports A. latezonatus has been found in two additional host sea anemone species.[8]

Conservation status

Anemonefish and their host anemones are found on coral reefs and face similar environmental issues. Like corals, anemone's contain intracellular endosymbionts, zooxanthellae, and can suffer from bleaching due to triggers such as increased water temperature or acidification. Characteristics known to elevate the risk of extinction are small geographic range, small local population and extreme habitat specialisation.[9][10] A. latezonatus is an endemic species, confined to the subtropical east coast of Australia. The finding of A. latezonatus being hosted by two additional sea anemone species [8] may reduce the risk of extinction associated with specialisation.[11] This species was not evaluated in the 2012 release of the IUCN Red List

In aquaria

A. latezonatus has been bred in captivity.[12]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fautin, Daphne G.; Allen, Gerald R. (1997). Field Guide to Anemone Fishes and Their Host Sea Anemones. Western Australian Museum. ISBN 9780730983651. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014.
  2. ↑ Buston PM (May 2004). "Territory inheritance in clownfish". Proc. Biol. Sci. 271 (Suppl 4): S252–4. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0156. PMC 1810038Freely accessible. PMID 15252999.
  3. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2011). "Amphiprion latezonatus" in FishBase. January 2011 version.
  4. ↑ Goemans, B. "Anemonefishes". Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  5. 1 2 Litsios, G.; Sims, C; Wüest, R; Pearman P.B.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Salamin N. (2012). "Mutualism with sea anemones triggered the adaptive radiation of clownfishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology (11): 212. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-212.
  6. ↑ DeAngelis, R. "What we really know about the diversity of Clownfish". Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  7. ↑ Ollerton J; McCollin D; Fautin DG; Allen GR. (2007). "Finding NEMO: nestedness engendered by mutualistic organization in anemonefish and their hosts". Proc R Soc B Biol Sci. (274): 591–598. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3758.
  8. 1 2 Scott, A.; Rushworth, K.J.W.; Dalton, S.J.; Smith, S.D.A. "Subtropical anemonefish Amphiprion latezonatus recorded in two additional host sea anemone species". Marine Biodiversity. doi:10.1007/s12526-015-0390-0.
  9. ↑ Munday P.L. (2004). "Habitat loss, resource specialization, and extinction on coral reefs". Global Change Biology. 10: 1642–1647. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00839.x.
  10. ↑ Hobbs J-P.A.; Frisch A.J.; Ford B.M.; Thums M.; Saenz-Agudelo P.; Furby K.A.; Berumen M.L. (August 2013). "Taxonomic, spatial and temporal patterns of bleaching in anemones inhabited by anemonefishes". PLoS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070966.
  11. ↑ Hobbs J-P.A.; Beger, M.; De Brauwer, M.; Emslie, M.J. (September 2014). "North-eastern range extension of the anemone Stichodactyla haddoni to the Marshall Islands represents a new record of host use by the endemic anemonefish Amphiprion tricinctus". Marine Biodiversity Records. 7 (Suppl 4). doi:10.1017/S1755267214001055.
  12. ↑ Bray, R.D.; Bray, D.J. (2011). "Wideband Anemonefish, Amphiprion latezonatus". Fishes of Australia. Retrieved 20 Sep 2015.

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