Anthracobunidae

Anthracobunidae
Temporal range: Early Eocene–Middle Eocene
Cranial elements of anthracobunids
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Perissodactyla[1]
Family: †Anthracobunidae
Wells and Gingerich, 1983
Genera[1][note 1]
Parsimony analyses consensus tree for phylogeny of anthracobunids from cladistic study by Cooper et al. (2014),[1] showing them (near the bottom) placed within Perissodactyla next to Desmostylia.

Anthracobunidae is an extinct family of stem perissodactyls that lived in the early to middle Eocene period. They were originally considered to be a paraphyletic family of primitive proboscideans[3] possibly ancestral to the Moeritheriidae and the desmostylians. The family has also thought to be ancestral to the Sirenia.[4]

They superficially resemble the Moeritheriidae in both size and cheek tooth morphology, but lack their characteristic tusks. They were relatively small, ranging in size from 1 to 2 m in length. They are known only from fragmentary remains (mainly teeth) from Eocene deposits of the northwestern part of the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. Recently excavated fossils with well-preserved jaws and teeth demonstrate that these animals were actually perissodactyls.[1][5] The anthracobunids were probably amphibious and lived in marshy environments. Analyses of stable isotopes and long bone geometry suggest most anthracobunids fed on terrestrial vegetation, but lived near water.[1] The same cladistic analysis that prompted their new placement also transfers the semiaquatic marine desmostylians, another putative non-African afrotherian group, to Perissodactyla close to anthracobunids.[1]

Notes

  1. ↑ Ishatherium, Hsanotherium, Indobune and Nakusia, formerly assigned to Anthracobunidae,[2] have been removed by the authors of a 2014 cladistic analysis, while most specimens formerly referred to Pilgrimella and Lammidhania have been transferred to Anthracobune.[1]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cooper, L. N.; Seiffert, E. R.; Clementz, M.; Madar, S. I.; Bajpai, S.; Hussain, S. T.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (2014-10-08). "Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls". PLoS ONE. 9 (10): e109232. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109232. PMID 25295875.
  2. ↑ Anthracobunidae in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved July 2013.
  3. ↑ Gheerbrant, E; D. Donming; P. Tassy (2005). "Paenungulata (Sirenia, Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, and Relatives)". In Kenneth D. Rose, J. David Archibald (eds.). The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origins and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 84–105. ISBN 080188022X.
  4. ↑ Wells, N.A.; Gingerich, P.D. (1983). "Review of Eocene Anthracobunidae (Mammalia, Proboscidea) with a new genus and species, Jozaria palustris, from the Kuldana Formation of Kohat (Pakistan)" (PDF). Contrib. Mus. Pal. Univ. Michigan. 26 (7): 117–139. OCLC 742731409.
  5. ↑ Qiu, L. (2014-10-08). "Ancient "Oddball" Mammal Reshuffles Family Tree?". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2014-10-11. Retrieved 2014-10-11.
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