Apis cerana japonica
| Japanese Honeybee | |
|---|---|
 | |
| The hive of A. c. japonica being scouted by a yellow hornet. | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Suborder: | Apocrita |
| Superfamily: | Apoidea |
| Family: | Apidae |
| Subfamily: | Apinae |
| Tribe: | Apini |
| Genus: | Apis |
| Species: | A. cerana |
| Subspecies: | A. c. japonica |
| Trinomial name | |
| Apis cerana japonica Fabricius | |
Apis cerana japonica is a subspecies of the Eastern honeybee native to Japan. It is commonly known as the Japanese honeybee (ニホンミツバチ Nihon mitsubachi). This subspecies was determined, through an analysis of mitochondrial DNA, to have originally come from the Korean peninsula.[1] They have been observed moving into urban areas in the absence of natural predators.[2]
A.c. japonica is very resistant to the mite Varroa jacobsoni, which is commonly found among A. cerana.[3]
3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid is a signalling chemical emitted by the orchid Cymbidium floribundum and recognized by Japanese honeybees.[4]
Native honey bees
Beekeepers in Japan attempted to introduce European honey bees (Apis mellifera) for the sake of their high productivity. However, European honeybees have no innate defense against Japanese giant hornets, which can rapidly destroy their colonies.[5]
Although a handful of Asian giant hornets can easily defeat the uncoordinated defenses of a honey bee colony, the Japanese honey bee (Apis cerana japonica) has an effective strategy.[5]
As a hornet enters the hive, a mob of hundreds of honey bees surrounds it in a ball, completely covering it and preventing it from reacting effectively. The bees violently vibrate their flight muscles in much the same way as they do to heat the hive in cold conditions. This raises the temperature in the ball to the critical temperature of 46 °C (115 °F). In addition, the exertions of the honey bees raise the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the ball. At that concentration of CO2, the honey bees can tolerate up to 50 °C (122 °F), but the hornet cannot survive the combination of a temperature of 46 °C (115 °F) and high carbon dioxide level.[6][7] Some bees do die along with the intruder, much as happens when they attack other intruders with their stings, but by killing the hornet scout they prevent it from summoning reinforcements that would wipe out the entire colony.[8]
Although it is a commonly accepted theory that the Japanese giant hornet may be allowed to enter the Japanese honey bee hive, recent studies suggest that the Japanese honey bee and large hornets actually have a predator-prey “I see you” (ISY) relationship. The ISY relationship is supported by the observation that Japanese honeybee wingbeats become louder and increase in intensity as a bee-hawking wasp (such as Vespa velutina, Vespa simillima xanthoptera, or Vespa mandarinia) moves closer to the entrance of the hive and that in most cases the hornet may retreat when it hears the sound. If the hornet moves closer to the hive the Japanese honey bees move their wings faster to intensify the warning to the wasp. If the wasp enters the nest the bees will increase their wing movement, form a ball, and raise their body temperature.[9]
References
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apis cerana japonica. |
- ↑ Takahashi, Jun'ichi; Yoshida, Tadaharu (2003). "The origin of Japanese honeybee Apis cerana japonica inferred from mitochondrial DNA.". Honeybee Science (in Japanese). Japan. 24 (2): 71–76. ISSN 0388-2217. Archived from the original on 19 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ↑ Sugawara, Michio (2000). "Feral colonies of Japanese honeybees, Apis cerana japonica and their life history. 2. Natural nests and swarming.". Honeybee Science (in Japanese). Japan. 21 (1): 35–39. ISSN 0388-2217. Archived from the original on 19 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ↑ Takenaka, Tetsuo; Takenaka, Yoko (1995-08-21). "Royal Jelly from Apis cerana japonica and Apis mellifera" (PDF). Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. Japan: Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry. 60 (3): 518–520. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ↑ Sugahara, M; Izutsu, K; Nishimura, Y; Sakamoto, F (2013). "Oriental orchid (Cymbidium floribundum) attracts the Japanese honeybee (Apis cerana japonica) with a mixture of 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid and 10-hydroxy- (E)-2-decenoic acid". Zoological Science. 30 (2): 99–104. doi:10.2108/zsj.30.99. PMID 23387843.
- 1 2 Piper, Ross (2007), Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals, Greenwood Press
- ↑ "Heat and carbon dioxide generated by honeybees jointly act to kill hornets". Naturwissenschaften. September 2009. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
- ↑ "Honeybee mobs overpower hornets". BBC News. July 3, 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
- ↑ "Defensive Adaptations: Heat Tolerance As A Weapon". Bio.davidson.edu. Retrieved 2013-03-18.
- ↑ Tan Ken, et al (2011), An ‘I see you’ prey–predator signal between the Asian honeybee, Apis cerana, and the hornet, Vespa velutina , Animal Behavior.