Arch of Hadrian (Athens)

For the former arch in Palmyra erroneously referred to as Hadrian's Arch, see Monumental Arch of Palmyra.
Arch of Hadrian
Πύλη (or Αψίδα) του Αδριανού
Location Greece Greece
Region Attica
Coordinates 37°58′13″N 23°43′55″E / 37.970253°N 23.732043°E / 37.970253; 23.732043
Type Arch
Width 13.5m
Height 18m
History
Material Marble
Founded 131 or 132 AD
Periods Classical era
Cultures Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome
Associated with Emperor Hadrian
Site notes
Ownership Public property
Management Minister for Culture
Public access Yes

The Arch of Hadrian (Greek: Αψίδα του Αδριανού Apsida tou Adrianou), most commonly known in Greek as Hadrian's Gate (Πύλη του Αδριανού Pyli tou Adrianou), is a monumental gateway resembling – in some respects – a Roman triumphal arch. It spanned an ancient road from the center of Athens, Greece, to the complex of structures on the eastern side of the city that included the Temple of Olympian Zeus. It has been proposed that the arch was built to celebrate the adventus (arrival) of the Roman Emperor Hadrian and to honor him for his many benefactions to the city, on the occasion of the dedication of the nearby temple complex in 131 or 132 AD.[1] It is not certain who commissioned the arch, although it is probable that the citizens of Athens or another Greek group were responsible for its construction and design. There were two inscriptions on the arch, facing in opposite directions, naming both Theseus and Hadrian as founders of Athens. While it is clear that the inscriptions honor Hadrian, it is uncertain whether they refer to the city as a whole or to the city in two parts: one old and one new. The early idea, however, that the arch marked the line of the ancient city wall, and thus the division between the old and the new regions of the city, has been shown to be false by further excavation. The arch is located 325m southeast of the Acropolis.

Construction and design

Material and design

Restoration drawing of the SE side of the Arch (Stuart and Revett).
Hadrian's Arch in Athens, with the Acropolis seen in the background.
3/4 view
Details of the lower level.
The central projecting pediment of the upper level.

The entire monument is made of Pentelic marble, from Mt. Pentelikon, 18.2 km northeast of the arch. Pentelic marble was used for the Parthenon and many other notable structures in Athens, although its quality can vary significantly. The marble used for the arch is of a lower grade that had more inclusions than that used in the best Athenian buildings. The arch was constructed without cement or mortar from solid marble, using clamps to connect the cut stones. It is 18m high, 13.5m wide, and 2.3m in depth. Its design is fully symmetrical from front to back and side to side.

The single arched passageway of the lower level is 6.5m wide and was supported by pilasters crowned with Corinthian capitals. Similar, but taller, pilasters flank the outer corners of the lower level. The space between the outer pilasters and the arched opening was filled in with squared stones with drafted edges to emphasize the design.[2] On either side of the central passageway was a Corinthian column on a rectangular, raised base projecting from the center of the wall. The lower level was crowned with an Ionic architrave capped with dentils and a projecting geison.

The upper level of the arch (the attic) was composed of a series of Corinthian columns and pilasters dividing the space into three rectangular openings. Each of the outer openings was crowned with an Ionic architrave capped with dentils and a projecting geison, in the manner of the lower level. The central opening, however, was flanked by antae with engaged Corinthian half-columns that supported a projecting triangular pediment, which rested above the dentils, geison, and sima that joined to those of the two wings. At the peak of the pediment, there was a small vegetal acroterion. The central opening of the upper level was originally closed off by a thin screen of stone, c. 7 cm thick.[3] Only the slots for its mounting are now preserved. The design of this central aediculum-like, niche of the upper level is similar to the architecture of the scaenae frons (façade of ancient stage buildings) and highly evocative of the representations of aedicula in wall painting of the 2nd Pompeian style.

Even a casual examination of this arch, with a few of the many preserved Roman triumphal arches [4] in mind, reveals the significant design variation between the two structures. The number of arched passageways of the lower level of Roman triumphal arches was variable as was the presence of a secondary passageway along the long axis of the structure; as a dipylon arch with a single passageway, the lower level of the Arch of Hadrian falls within the gamut of the architectural genre. Roman triumphal arches, however, typically have a massive, solid attic (upper level), often filled with a dedicatory inscription and sculptural decoration. In addition, Roman arches typically supported major stone or bronze statuary, often including a quadriga (four-horse chariot) or similar at top center. As Willers notes, the design of the Arch of Hadrian has a very refined upper level that does not allow the mounting of major decoration on top of the attic.

Sculptural decoration

It has been proposed that there were statues positioned on top of the lower level, on either side of the central, aediculum-like, niche of the upper level, as was common for this architectural form; Theseus and Hadrian are the most commonly advanced candidates for these two statues, based on the inscriptions.[5] Ward-Perkins has proposed that the attic held additional multiple statues, located over the projecting Corinthian columns of the lower level. In stark opposition to these proposals, Willers states that there is no evidence of the type of doweling needed to mount statuary on the top of the lower level and that the stone is far too roughly worked on the upper surface for statues to rest on it.[6] Although Willers has done an excellent study of the lower level of the arch, permission was not granted for close study of the upper level, so his statements concerning the upper level are based on previously published measurements and images. A complete investigation of the monument, perhaps with limited excavation of the foundations as Willers suggests, remains to be done.

Inscriptions and location

Two inscriptions are carved on the architrave of the arch’s lower level, one centered over the arched opening on either side. On the northwest side (towards the Acropolis), the inscription was:

The inscription on the southeast side (facing the Olympeion) reads:

The SE inscription

Adams has proposed that the inscriptions, rather than dividing Athens into an old city of Theseus and a new city of Hadrian (Hadrianopolis), claim the entire city as a refoundation by the emperor.[12] In this view, the inscriptions should be read: this is Athens, once the city of Theseus; this is the city of Hadrian, and not of Theseus. One option claims a part and the other the whole of Athens for the emperor. Adams has also challenged the idea that the arch was on the line of the Themistocleian wall, and this position has now been generally accepted. A gate of the Themistocleian wall has been excavated c. 140m east of the arch, which has settled the question. Stuart and Revett, who did the earliest and only complete architectural study of the arch in 1751-53 CE, were perplexed by the fact that the arch is not aligned with the Temple of Olympian Zeus, despite the fact that it is only c. 20m from the peribolos wall (boundary wall) of that complex.[13] Excavations in the intervening time have shown that the arch is aligned with an ancient road that was roughly on the same course as modern Lysikrates street. The arch faces the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates 207m to the northwest along this street.

Preservation

The arch during the 50s
The Arch of Hadrian looking southeast on Lysicrates street.

At the time that it was recorded architecturally by Stuart and Revett in the mid-18th century, the base of the arch was buried in earth only to the level of around three feet. Given that it was thus never protected by being buried during its nearly nineteen centuries of existence, the arch entered the modern era in extraordinary condition. Although the columns of the lower level are missing, the arch is preserved to its full height and towers over modern Amalias Avenue. In recent decades, atmospheric pollution has damaged the monument. There is extensive discoloration of the stone and degradation of the inscriptions.[14]

Patronage

Patronage of the arch has been attributed to either the Athenian state or to the Panhellenes, a newly formed association of all the Greek cities, based in Athens. Early scholarship held that the Athenians were responsible for its creation, on the argument that the quality of material and execution did not equal the other known buildings of Hadrian in Athens, and on the assumption that an emperor who loved Athens so much could not have been so arrogant as to put such an inscription on a structure of his own making.[15] Two arches of the same scale and design were constructed at the sanctuary of Demeter and Kore at Eleusis later in the 2nd century CE and dedicated to an emperor (perhaps Marcus Aurelius) by the Panhellenes. These arches flanked the propylon into the sanctuary and stood at the ends of roads to Megara and to a harbor respectively.[16] The southeastern arch had an inscription that read:

The use of the same design to honor two emperors within the space of a few decades and a few kilometers has prompted the idea that the Panhellenes were responsible for the arches in both locations.[16]

References

  1. ↑ It was a major honor for the emperor to visit any city, and such an honor demanded that appropriate respect be shown.
  2. ↑ The technique of drafted edges refers to the cutting in of a decorative band around the visible edges of a stone.
  3. ↑ Graindor states that the screen of the central opening of the attic was removed for aesthetic reason on the instructions of Queen Amalia, for whom the avenue running past the arch. Hill states that all three openings were closed, but this view has not prevailed.
  4. ↑ e.g. the Arch of Trajan at Benevento or the Arch of Constantine in Rome.
  5. ↑ Graindor; Travlos.
  6. ↑ Willers hypothesizes that the screen in the center opening of the upper level may have been intended for painted decoration, or that the decorative program of the arch may simply not have been completed.
  7. ↑ IG II² 5185.
  8. ↑ Cited in the entry for IG II² 5185: a scholium to a text of the Panathenaicos by Aristides that reads: Ο Αδριανος ελθων και μειζονα ποιησας τον περιβολον ενθα μεν ην προ του τειχος το ταλαιον εγραψε - τουτο ο Θησευς εκτισε και ουκ Αδριανος – ενθα δε αυτον εκτισεν, - τουτο Αδριανος και ου Θησευς ωικοδομησεν.
  9. ↑ Graindor says that the arch marks the perimeter of the city of Theseus. Travlos agrees.
  10. ↑ It was a known practice for Greek inscriptions to be on the side of a boundary marker that they referred to, as Vanderpool discusses. The biographer Plutarch, in his Life of Theseus (25.3), discusses such a monument between the Peloponnesus and Attica.
  11. ↑ The proposition that this area was an entirely new creation of Hadrian has been contested.
  12. ↑ Adams takes issue with the interpretation of the preposition ΠΡΙΝ until recently accepted, and he offers the alternate sense of once (but no longer).
  13. ↑ Stuart and Revett.
  14. ↑ The center of the SE inscription is effectively illegible; the NW inscription is in much better condition, although the stone (white marble) has become nearly black.
  15. ↑ Graindor. Travlos agrees that it was the Athenians. The simple Philhellenism of the emperor Hadrian has been a commonplace in scholarly discussions. Willers, however, has discussed the pragmatic politics of Hadrian's interest in Greek cities and culture.
  16. 1 2 Willers.

Notes

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arch of Hadrian (Athens).

Coordinates: 37°58′13″N 23°43′55″E / 37.970253°N 23.732040°E / 37.970253; 23.732040

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 8/2/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.