Overlay plan

In telecommunications, an overlay numbering plan is the practice of introducing a new area code by assigning it to the same geographic area of an already existing area code. This results in areas within which telephone numbers exist in multiple area codes. Overlaying area codes is predominantly practiced in the territories belonging to the North American Numbering Plan (NANP).

Methodology

Prior to the introduction of overlay plans, new area codes were introduced by dividing an existing numbering plan area (NPA) into multiple regions. One of these regions, usually the historically more established or developed one, retains the existing area code, requiring no numbering changes in that area, but making available in that area the central office codes of the other regions, and thus enlarging the number pool. However, all subscribers in the newly assigned area are required to update telephone number references, such as on letter heads, business cards, and in directories. For example, the original area code for the entire state of Washington was 206; today 206 applies to only the city of Seattle and the immediate vicinity. This practice became known as a split plan.

In an overlay numbering plan, the change of the area code for numbers in parts of the existing numbering plan area is avoided by assigning additional area codes to the entire region of an existing code. The first use of this solution was in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, where area code 917 was added to the original 212.

In several cases, overlay plans were implemented on a special case basis to implement specialised dialing plans. In some areas, a party in one area code could dial an office prefix which was local, but in a different area code, with only 7 digits. If they were calling a distant office prefix in the same area code, they would either have to dial 1 and the number or 1+area code+number.

This practice was implemented on a large scale in Washington, D.C. and its suburbs in Maryland and Virginia. Until 1991, the entire region was a single local calling area, and it was possible for anyone living in the metro area to dial a number in D.C. or the Maryland and Virginia suburbs with only seven digits. This setup was possible because the entire Washington metropolitan area is a single local access and transport area (LATA). Every number in Maryland's area code 301 and northern Virginia's 703 was given a "hidden" phone number consisting of the same number in the D.C.'s area code 202, essentially making area code 202 an overlay for the entire region. This meant a Virginia number, such as 703-931-xxxx, could also have been dialed as 202-931-xxxx, while a Maryland number, such as 301-585-xxxx, could also be dialed as 202-585-xxxx. However, this meant that a central office code could only be duplicated in areas a safe distance from the metro area such as southwestern Virginia or the Eastern Shore of Maryland. By 1991 the use of 202 as a de facto overlay was discontinued due to growing demand for numbers, and callers in the area dialing an out-of-area-code number had to dial the full 10 digit number.

A similar scheme was employed in Canada's capital, Ottawa. It shares the same calling area as Hull, its twin city in Quebec, even though Ottawa was in area code 613 and Hull was in area code 819. Until 2006, it was possible to place a call between Ottawa and Hull with only seven digits. This continued even after Hull was merged into the larger city of Gatineau in 2002. This was implemented in a way that the same number could not be duplicated anywhere in eastern Ontario or western Quebec, even in areas a safe distance from the Ottawa area. However, Canada's inefficient number allocation system (see below) and the proliferation of cell phones brought 819 to the brink of exhaustion by the turn of the century. The only available numbers in 819 were numbers that could have theoretically been used in the former Hull, but could not be issued without breaking seven-digit dialing between Ottawa and Hull. The scheme was largely ended in 2006. The sole legacy of the old system is a "dual dialability" system for federal government numbers on both sides of the provincial border; all federal government offices on the Quebec side duplicated several exchanges worth of their counterparts on the Ontario side.

Rapid growth

Urban sprawl accelerated the rate of expansion of metropolitan areas, and multiple split plans have caused the geographical area of a given area code in those regions to shrink, except in countries which assign shorter area codes and longer local numbers in areas with high population densities. The rapid growth in popularity of electronic devices (first pagers, then mobile phones), in addition to regular landline growth, increased demand for new phone numbers even more. Although landline growth has sharply dropped and even decreased, largely due to the elimination of residential landlines (in favor of personal mobile phones), it has been replaced by the even-worse problem of data-only devices (hotspots, modems, netbooks, and especially popular tablets), which still require a telephone number for use on cellular networks despite being unable to make or receive regular calls.

The rise in popularity of these mobile devices has added to the pressure against split plans, as an area-code change affecting the exchange in which a cellphone is based not only forces customers to reprogram their phones, but requires the wireless carrier to reassign the number of every device based in those areas. While phones with a SIM card have their own mobile device number updated automatically, there is still the inconvenience of users having to update their contact lists for local family or others that have had their numbers changed too.

Compromise

Most overlay plans introduced the inconvenience of mandatory ten-digit dialing, in which the area code must always be included even when dialing local calls. Ten-digit dialing is not a technically necessary requirement — 917 was initially deployed without it — but a U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) mandate instituted it at the demand of major telephone companies, to whom an overlay is considered a disadvantage to competitors.[1] In Canada, ten-digit dialing is also a requirement of the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission in overlay area codes.

Popularity

Overlays initially were met with resistance, as they resulted in different area codes within the same geographic area. In many cases, such as 847 in northwestern Chicago and 212 in New York City, an overlay was an additional disruption to a community which had already been subject to one or multiple code splits, encountering pushback from state regulators or consumer groups. However, eventually overlay plans were used much more widely in some areas than others. For example, the northern third of Ohio is covered by two large overlay complexes, as is northern Georgia. Connecticut, Illinois, Oregon, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Maryland, and Texas have also used many overlays. In California, on the other hand, only five of 27 areas have overlays, the first of which was implemented in July 2006. There has been no area code splits since 2007 with area code 575 splitting off 505 in New Mexico, and there are no splits currently proposed (but many overlays). Seven-digit dialling has been broken in most area codes serving major cities; among the few cities where seven-digit dialling is still possible are Detroit, El Paso, Jacksonville, FL, L.A., Louisville, Memphis, Milwaukee, WI, Oklahoma City, Phoenix, San Antonio, San Diego and Seattle. Even in those cities, seven-digit dialing may only be possible within the area code that serves the city itself, and not outlying areas with different area codes.

Telecommunications companies have increasingly favored overlays even in sparsely populated rural areas where ten-digit local numbers are unnecessary, as split plans force cellular providers to reprogram millions of client handsets to reflect changes in existing mobile numbers. Customers also incur costs to publish new letterhead and reprogram stored address book data on individual devices. They have become even more popular as the proliferation of cell phones has caused area codes to exhaust fairly quickly. This is especially the case in area codes that have been pushed to the brink of exhaustion after being recently split, as carriers want to keep their customers from having to change their numbers for the second time in a decade or less.

Overlay plans also favor incumbent wireline carriers over new entrants, as the established firm will already have large allocations of numbers in the more desirable existing code while subscribers of new/growing competing carriers are relegated to unfamiliar, new codes.

The first example of an entire state previously only served by a single code being overlaid was in West Virginia, which had been served with area code 304 since the inception of the area code system. At first, state officials voted to split off northern West Virginia as area code 681 while leaving southern West Virginia in 304. However, lobbying by the telecommunications industry led the state to reverse itself and turn 681 into an overlay. Idaho will model this in 2017, as area code 208 will be overlaid with 986.

Overlays became popular among Canadian telephone companies in the early 2000s, primarily as a workaround for the country's inefficient number allocation system. Every competing carrier is issued blocks of 10,000 numbers--corresponding to a three-digit prefix--in each rate centre in which it offers new service and each local interconnection region in which it ports existing numbers. While most rate centres in Canada don't need nearly that many numbers to adequately service customers, a number cannot be reassigned elsewhere once assigned to a carrier and rate centre. This resulted in thousands of wasted numbers, and the proliferation of cell phones, fax machines, pagers and dial-up Internet connections (particularly in larger markets) only exacerbated this. Partly due to these factors, area codes corresponding to four of the five largest Canadian markets (416 in Toronto, 514 in Montreal, 604 in Vancouver, and 403 in Calgary) had split in the 1990s.

The number allocation problem truly manifested itself at the turn of the century in Canada's largest toll-free calling zone, Metro Toronto. The area code for Metro Toronto, 416, was on the verge of exhaustion only five years after the suburbs split off as 905 in 1993. While American cities such as New York City, Chicago and Los Angeles had been split between two area codes, this solution was quickly ruled out for Toronto because of the area's extremely dense population and the lack of a suitable boundary for a split. It was ultimately decided to overlay 416 with area code 647 in 2001--two years after Metro Toronto was merged into the "megacity" of Toronto. The successful implementation of 647 triggered a flood of overlays that has eliminated seven-digit dialing in every Canadian area code except the country's three Arctic territories, a large but sparsely populated area in northwestern Ontario, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland (the latter two areas are expected to be overlaid by 2020 at current rates). Overlays have become so popular in Canada that no area codes have been split in the country since 1999.

Recently, West Virginia's example has been followed with the implementation of province-wide overlays in the Prairies and British Columbia.

Types of overlays

The North American Numbering Plan Administration recognizes different forms of overlays:

Number pool management

The persistent unpopularity of new area code creation, whether by split or overlay plans, led to a change in the rules of number block allocation, in order to conserve the pool of available phone numbers. This change, which allowed for the assignment of smaller number blocks, is commonly known as number pooling. This has noticeably slowed the need for area code growth, but not completely. For example, the western half of Washington (including Seattle) narrowly avoided needing an overlay in 2001. Area code 564, originally planned for introduction in October 2001, was canceled in August 2001 after state regulators determined that the use of number pooling had allowed existing numbers in western Washington to be used more efficiently.

There is no number pooling in Canada. As mentioned above, every competing carrier is issued blocks of 10,000 numbers for every rate centre where it offers service. Individual rate centres exist even in the smallest villages. For instance, tiny unincorporated villages receive multiple blocks of 10,000 numbers. Larger cities, particularly "megacities" created through amalgamations in the 1990s and early 2000s, have multiple rate centres which were not combined for years, if at all. Ottawa, for example, is split between 11 rate centres. Overlays became the preferred relief solution in Canada in part because it is not possible to reassign a number from a smaller rate centre to a larger one, even when the smaller rate centre has enough numbers to serve it. As mentioned above, by 2013 seven-digit dialling had been broken in all eight of Canada's original area codes.

See also

References

  1. ↑ FCC. "Area Codes: Frequently Asked Questions". Archived from the original on June 15, 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-22.
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