Arthur J. Ammann

Arthur J. Ammann
Born (1936-08-12) August 12, 1936
Fields Pediatric Immunology
Alma mater Wheaton College (BS)
New Jersey Medical School (MD)

Arthur J. Ammann, M.D. (born August 12, 1936) is a pediatric immunologist and advocate known for his research on HIV transmission and his role in the development of the first successful vaccine to prevent pneumococcal infection in 1977. Ammann is currently Founder of Global Strategies for HIV Prevention and Clinical Professor of Pediatrics at the University of California, San Francisco Medical Center (UCSF).[1]

Education

Ammann was born in Brooklyn, New York to German parents, neither of whom ever finished grade school.[2] He graduated from Brooklyn Technical High School and attended Wheaton College in Illinois, continuing on to study medicine at New Jersey Medical School, where he received his M.D. in 1962.[3] Ammann later became the first pediatric immunologist at UCSF, where he served his residency in pediatrics.[4]

Research

Early research

In 1966, for the first time, Ammann and Richard E. Stiehm documented Immunoglobulin A (IgA) as the major immunoglobulin class in breastmilk, present in high concentrations in colostrum mature breastmilk. They postulated that the protection afforded to infants by breast-feeding was a result of exposure to local antibodies contained within IgA rather than absorption of maternal antibody into these infants circulation.[5]

Ammann, Stiehm and James D. Cherry identified that there are elevated levels of Immunoglobulin M (IgM) in the cord blood of newborn infants born with the congenital rubella syndrome. This was a major step forward in understanding the fetal immune response and developing diagnostic tools to differentiate between in utero infection with infectious agents such as rubella, toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus from infections acquired following birth[6]

In 1973, Ammann lead his research team to perform the first successful reconstitution of T-cell immunity in a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency. This was achieved through fetal thymus transplantation. This study demonstrated that the thymus holds only the potential of developing T cells and will not result in reconstitution of B cell immunity as was subsequently shown by others who utilized bone marrow transplantation, which contained multi-potential stem cells. [7]

Working with Dr. Giblett in 1972, Ammann described the first patient with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency in association with a unique genetic profile that included depressed T-cell immunity with normal levels of immunoglobulins. The resulting publication was listed as one of the 500 most widely cited articles in 1984. Ammann's discovery represented an essential step to understanding new treatments for immunodeficiency diseases and developing drugs that could interfere with the immune response.[8]

Pneumococcal vaccine

From 1971 to 1985, Ammann was Director of Pediatric Immunology and Clinical Research Center at UCSF. It was during this period that Ammann performed a series of clinical trials aimed at protecting children with sickle cell anemia and the elderly from pneumococcal infection, a bacterium that causes fatal infection. He and his colleagues were successful in creating the first U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved vaccine effective against the bacteria; it granted individuals immunity against a life-threatening infection.[9] Ammann's vaccine has since been expanded and its immunogenicity has been improved, increasing the effectiveness of the vaccine in young infants. This discovery has saved the lives of millions[10] of individuals by preventing pnuemococcal infection, particularly in children and the elderly.

HIV transmission and treatment

In 1981, while working at UCSF, Ammann observed immunodeficiency disorders in children that mirrored those of gay men who had contracted the Human Immunodeficiency Virus.[2] Ammann's investigations into the cause of the symptoms lead him to identify two new means of transmission, in utero mother to infant and blood transfusions. This discovery changed the perception of HIV as an epidemic solely within the gay community.[1]

In 1985, Ammann left his position at UCSF in order to work with the biotechnology firm, Genentech. There he developed clinical products focused on HIV/AIDS,[11] and although while with Genentech a successful vaccine was not developed,[2][12] the discoveries made by Ammann's research team were used by other researchers in a partially successful study performed in Thailand in 2009.[13]

In 1994, Ammann was selected to become a member of the Presidential National AIDS Task Force on Drug and Vaccine Development.[14] Three years later, in 1996, he was recognized by POZ Magazine as one of the fifty most influential AIDS researchers.[15]

Advocacy

Ammann has spent much of his life fighting injustices within the health care system, nationally and internationally. From 1992 to 1996 he served as Director of Research Programs for the Pediatric AIDS Foundation.[11] Dr. Ammann is also the Chairman of the Conference on Global Strategies for Prevention of HIV Transmission from Mothers to Infants.[14]

Ammann became a member of the American Foundation for Aids Research (AmFAR) Board of Directors in 1988, and was also appointed Chairman of the AmFAR Scientific Advisory Committee.[16] From 1997-1998 Ammann served as President of AmFAR.[4] In these positions, Ammann has fought for an increase in research funding in HIV, in particular for women and children, and the development of more cost-effective treatments.[17]

In 1997, Ammann founded Global Strategies for HIV Prevention.[18] In his current position as President, Ammann advocates for the needs of the most marginalized populations that are affected by the HIV epidemic. His organization is aimed at helping to prevent HIV transmission from mothers to infants in order to slow the spread of the HIV virus.[18]

Awards and honors

Selected publications

References

  1. 1 2 "The Littlest Index Case: How Pediatric Patients in San Francisco Helped Decode HIV/AIDS" Nairi Strauch. Stanford Journal of Public Health. Retrieved May 21, 2012. Published February 8, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 "Pioneering Pediatrician Leads Charge to Cut Infant HIV Infections." Jan Sluizer. Voice of America. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
  3. ↑ "Distinguished Alumnus/Alumna Awards" Archived February 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. New Jersey College of Medicine. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  4. 1 2 "Eminent Doctor Chooses Service Over Retirement." Alice C. Chen. SF Gate. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
  5. ↑ "Immune globulin levels in colostrum and breast milk and serum from formula and breast-fed newborns." Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 122:1098-1100, 1966.
  6. ↑ "Elevated cord macroglobulins in the diagnosis of intrauterine infections." NEJM, 275:971-977, 1966.
  7. ↑ Thymus transplantation. Permanent reconstitution of cellular immunity in a patient with sex-linked combined immunodeficiency. NEJM, 275:971-977, 1966.
  8. ↑ Giblett ER, Ammann AJ, Sandman R, Wara DW, Diamond LK. "Nucleoside-phosphorylase deficiency in a child with severely defective T-cell immunity and normal B-cell immunity." Lancet, 1:2020-1014, 1975.
  9. ↑ "Marin Doctor Cited on Sickle Cell Work" George Nevin.Independent Journal. Published October 27, 1977.
  10. ↑ "Dr. Arthur Ammann M.D."Global Strategies for HIV Prevention Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  11. 1 2 "Honored Physician an Expert in HIV/AIDS Transmission and Treatment." Viral Genetics, Inc. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
  12. ↑ "AIDS: Our Samaritan Call." Katherine Halberstadt Anderson. Wheaton Magazine. Spring 2003.
  13. ↑ HIV Vaccine Trial Results — An Opening for Further Research, Raphael Dolin, M.D. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:2279-2280
  14. 1 2 "Arthur J. Ammann, MD" International Antiviral Society-USA. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
  15. ↑ "The POZ 50 Most Innovative AIDS Researchers" Bob Lederer and Patrick Pacheco. POZ Magazine. August/September 1996. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
  16. ↑ "A Message from the Foundation; AmFAR's New President, Dr. Arthur J. Ammann, Shares His Vision for the Future of AIDS Research." The AmFAR Newsletter. Spring 1997. Volume 2.
  17. ↑ "Spotlight On: American Foundation for AIDS Research." Nancy Lazar. Children's Legal Rights Journal. Volume 13, No. 2, Spring 1998. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  18. 1 2 "Saving Lives, 85 Cents at a Time." Update, New York Academy of Sciences Magazine. November/December 2002. Page 11.
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