Aspidites ramsayi

Aspidites ramsayi
Conservation status
Endangered  (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Subphylum:	Vertebrata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Pythonidae
Genus:	Aspidites
Species:	A. ramsayi
Binomial name
Aspidites ramsayi (Macleay, 1882)
Distribution of the woma
Synonyms[1]
Aspidiotes ramsayi Macleay, 1882 Aspidites ramsayi — Boulenger, 1893 Aspidites collaris Longman, 1913 Aspidites melanocephalus ramsayi — Loveridge, 1934 Aspidites melanocephalus ramsayi — Stull, 1935 Aspidites ramsayi — H.G. Cogger, Cameron & H.M. Cogger, 1983 Aspidites collaris — Wells & Wellington, 1984 Aspidites ramsayi — Underwood & Stimson, 1993

Aspidites ramsayi, commonly known as Ramsay's python, woma python, and sand python,^[2][3][4][5] is a species of snake endemic to Australia. Once common throughout Western Australia, it has become critically endangered in some regions.

Etymology

The generic name, Aspidites, translates to "shield bearer" in reference to the symmetrically shaped head scales.

The specific name, ramsayi, is in honor of Australian zoologist Edward Pierson Ramsay.^[6][7]

Taxonomy

This is one of two species of Aspidites, the pitless pythons, an Australian genus of the family Pythonidae.

Description

Adults average 1.5 m (4.5 feet) in total length. The head is narrow and the eyes small. The body is broad and flattish in profile while the tail tapers to a thin point.

The dorsal scales are small and smooth, with 50-65 rows at midbody. There are 280-315 ventral scales, an undivided anal plate, and 40-45 mostly single subcaudal scales. Some of the posterior subcaudals may be irregularly divided.

The color may be pale brown to nearly black. The pattern consists of a ground colour that varies from medium brown and olive to lighter shades of orange, pink, and red, overlaid with darker striped or brindled markings. The belly is cream or light yellow with brown and pink blotches. The scales around the eyes are usually a darker color than the rest of the head.

A. ramsayi may reach a total length of 2.3 m (7.5 ft), with a snout-vent length (SVL) of 2.0 m (6.6 ft).

Snakes of the genus Aspidites lack the heat sensing pits of all other pythons. Aspidites ramsayi is similar in appearance to Aspidites melanocephalus, but without an obvious neck. The colouration or desire to locate this species may lead to confusion with the venomous species Pseudonaja nuchalis, commonly known as the gwardar.^[2]

Geographic range

Found in Australia in the west and center of the country: from Western Australia through southern Northern Territory and northern South Australia to southern Queensland and northwestern New South Wales. Its range may be discontinuous. The type locality given is "near Forte Bourke" [New South Wales, Australia].^[1]

The range in Southwest Australia extends from Shark Bay, along the coast and inland regions, and was previously common on sandplains. The species was recorded in regions to the south and east, with once extensive wheatbelt and goldfield populations.^[2]

Conservation status

This species is classified as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.^[8] A species is listed as such when the best available evidence indicates that a population reduction of at least 50% has occurred over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, based on a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat. It is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.^[9]

The Adelaide Zoo in South Australia is co-ordinating a captive breeding program for the species, and the offspring raised have been released into the Arid Recovery Reserve in the states north with no success due to mulga snake, Pseudechis australis, predation.

Many populations in the southwest of the country, since the 1960s, became critically endangered by altered land use. The sharp decline in numbers, without an authenticated record since 1989, was most notable in the Wheatbelt areas.^[2]

Behavior

This species is largely nocturnal. By day this snake may be found sheltering in hollow logs or under leaf debris. When travelling across hot sands or other surfaces it lifts its body off the ground and reaches far forward before pushing off the ground again, having only a few inches of its body touching the ground at a time.

Feeding

These snakes prey upon a variety of terrestrial vertebrates such as small mammals, ground birds, and lizards. They catch much of their prey in burrows where there is not enough room to maneuver coils around their prey; instead, the woma pushes a loop of its body against the animal to pin it against the side of the burrow. Many adult womas are covered in scars from retaliating rodents as this technique doesn't kill prey as quickly as normal constriction.^[10]

Although this species will take warm-blooded prey when offered, Aspidites ramsayi preys mainly on reptiles. Perhaps due to this, species within the Aspidites genus lack the characteristic heat sensing pits of pythons, although they possess an equivalent sensory structure in their rostral scales.^[11]

Reproduction

Oviparous with 5-20 eggs per clutch. Females remain coiled around their eggs until they hatch, with the incubation period lasting 2–3 months. An adult female that is about 4–5 years old and 5 feet (about 1.5 m) in total length will usually lay about 11 eggs.

Captivity

Considered to be more active than many pythons, as well as being a very docile and "easy to handle" snake, the woma is highly sought after in the reptile and exotic pet trade. They are one of the hardiest python species in captivity, often enthusiastically accepting prey and other items. One made headlines in May 2015 for requiring surgery to remove the feeding tongs it had swallowed as well as its meal.^[12] Although it is considered to be an endangered species, mainly due to the destruction of its natural habitat, this snake will breed in captivity.

See also

• List of pythonid species and subspecies
• Pythonidae by common name
• Pythonidae by taxonomic synonyms

References

1. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré TA (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
2. Browne-Cooper R, Bush B, Maryan B, Robinson D (2007). Reptiles and Frogs in the Bush: Southwestern Australia. University of Western Australia Press. pp. 237, 238. ISBN 978-1-920694-74-6.
3. O'Connor F (2008). Western Australian Reptile Species. Birding Western Australia. Accessed 20 September 2007.
4. "Aspidites ramsayi ". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 19 September 2007.
5. Mehrtens JM (1987). Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
6. Oshea M (2007). Boas and Pythons of the World. London: New Holland Publishers Ltd. 160 pp. ISBN 9781845375447.
7. Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Aspidites ramsayi, p. 216).
8. Australasian Marsupial & Monotreme Specialist Group (1996). Aspidites ramsayi. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. Downloaded on 31 May 2013.
9. International Union for the Conservation of Nature. 1994 Categories & Criteria (version 2.3) at the IUCN Red List. Accessed 31 May 2013.
10. "Woma python (Aspidites ramsayi )". arkive.org
11. Westhoff G, Collin SP (2008). A new type of infrared sensitive organ in the python Aspidites sp. (Abstract). Archived July 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. 6th World Congress of Herpetology. Manaus.
12. McCurdy, Euan (2015). "Winston the python bites off more than he can chew". (http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/15/asia/python-swallows-barbeque-tongs/

Further reading

• Boulenger GA (1893). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume I., Containing the Families ... Boidæ ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). London. xiii + 448 pp. + Plates I-XXVIII. (Aspidites ramsayi, new combination, p. 92).
• Macleay W (1882). "Descriptions of two new Snakes". Proc. Linnean Soc. New South Wales (Series 1) 6: 811-813. (Aspidiotes ramsayi, new species, p. 813).

External links

• Aspidites ramsayi at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 19 September 2007.