Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are the members of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the Chief Justice of the United States. The number of Associate Justices is determined by the United States Congress and is currently set at eight by the Judiciary Act of 1869.

Like the Chief Justice, Associate Justices are nominated by the President of the United States and are confirmed by the United States Senate by majority vote. This is provided for in Article II of the Constitution, which states that the President "shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint... Judges of the supreme Court." Although the Constitution refers to them as "Judges of the Supreme Court", the title actually used is "Associate Justice", introduced in the Judiciary Act of 1789.^[1] Associate justices were traditionally styled "Mr. Justice" in court opinions, but the title was shortened to "Justice" in 1980, a year before the first female justice was appointed.^[2]

Article III of the Constitution specifies that Associate Justices, and all other United States federal judges "shall hold their Offices during good Behavior". This language means that the appointments are effectively for life, and that, once confirmed, one's tenure of office ends only when a justice dies, retires, or is removed from office following impeachment by the House of Representatives and conviction by the Senate.

Each of the Justices of the Supreme Court has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it; the Chief Justice's vote counts no more than that of any other Justice. However, in drafting opinions, the Chief Justice enjoys additional influence in case disposition if in the majority through his power to assign who writes the opinion. Otherwise, the senior justice in the majority assigns the writing of a decision. Furthermore, the Chief Justice leads the discussion of the case among the justices. The Chief Justice has certain administrative responsibilities that the other Justices do not and is paid slightly more ($255,500 per year for the Chief Justice and $244,400 per year for each Associate Justice^[3]).

Associate Justices have seniority by order of appointment, although the Chief Justice is always considered to be the most senior. If two justices are appointed on the same day, the older is designated the senior Justice of the two. Currently, the senior Associate Justice is Anthony Kennedy. By tradition, when the Justices are in conference deliberating the outcome of cases before the Court, the justices state their views in order of seniority. Also, under 28 USC 3, when the Chief Justice is unable to discharge his functions, or that office is vacant, his duties are carried out by the most senior Associate Justice until the disability or the vacancy ends.

Current Associate Justices

Currently, there are seven Associate Justices on the Court (the eighth position has been vacant since the February 13, 2016 death of Justice Antonin Scalia). The Justices, ordered by seniority, are:

• 

  Anthony Kennedy
  July 23, 1936

• 

  Clarence Thomas
  June 23, 1948

• 

  Ruth Bader Ginsburg
  March 15, 1933

• 

  Stephen Breyer
  August 15, 1938

• 

  Samuel Alito
  April 1, 1950

• 

  Sonia Sotomayor
  June 25, 1954

• 

  Elena Kagan
  April 28, 1960

Retired Associate Justices

When Justices retire, they have the opportunity to assume duties similar to the senior status assumed by District and Circuit Judges. This means that the Justice keeps his or her title, and may serve by assignment on panels of the U.S. Courts of Appeals, or even the US District Courts if so requested and assigned. Retired Justices may choose to keep a set of chambers in the Supreme Court building, as well as to employ law clerks. The names of retired Associate Justices continue to appear alongside those of the active Justices of the Court on the Bound Volumes of Supreme Court decisions. However, retired Associate Justices (unlike judges on senior status) take no part in the consideration or decision of any cases before their former court (the Supreme Court), although they may be appointed by the Chief Justice to sit on lower courts.

Currently, there are three retired Associate Justices: Sandra Day O'Connor, who retired on January 31, 2006, David H. Souter, who retired on June 29, 2009, and John Paul Stevens, who retired on June 29, 2010. Both O'Connor and Souter occasionally serve on panels of the Courts of Appeals of various circuits. As of present, Stevens has chosen not to so serve.

List of Associate Justices

Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, the following 100 persons have served as Associate Justice:^[4][5]

Associate Justice			Replacing	Date confirmed (Vote)	Tenure	Appointed by	Previous position
1		John Rutledge	(new seat)	September 26, 1789 (Acclamation)	September 26, 1789 – March 4, 1791 (Resigned)[lower-alpha 1]	George Washington	1st Governor of South Carolina (1779-1782)
2		William Cushing	(new seat)	September 26, 1789 (Acclamation)	September 27, 1789 – September 13, 1810 (Died)		Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Superior Court (1777-1789)
3		James Wilson	(new seat)	September 26, 1789 (Acclamation)	September 29, 1789 – August 21, 1798 (Died)		Delegate to the Constitutional Convention (1787)
4		John Blair	(new seat)	September 26, 1789 (Acclamation)	September 30, 1789 – October 25, 1795 (Resigned)		Member of the Virginia House of Burgesses (1766-1770)
5		James Iredell	(new seat)	February 10, 1790 (Acclamation)	May 12, 1790 – October 20, 1799 (Died)		2nd Attorney General of North Carolina (1779-1782)
6		Thomas Johnson	J. Rutledge	November 7, 1791 (Acclamation)	August 5, 1792[lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3] – January 16, 1793 (Resigned)		1st Governor of Maryland (1777-1779)
7		William Paterson	T. Johnson	March 4, 1793 (Acclamation)	March 4, 1793 – September 8, 1806 (Died)		2nd Governor of New Jersey (1790-1793)
8		Samuel Chase[lower-alpha 4]	Blair	January 27, 1796 (Acclamation)	January 27, 1796 – June 19, 1811 (Died)		Chief Justice of the Maryland General Court (1791-1796)
9		Bushrod Washington	Wilson	December 20, 1798 (Acclamation)	December 20, 1798 – November 26, 1829 (Died)	John Adams	Delegate to the Virginia Ratifying Convention (1788)
10		Alfred Moore	Iredell	December 9, 1799 (Acclamation)	December 10, 1799 – January 26, 1804 (Resigned)		3rd Attorney General of North Carolina (1782-1791)
11		William Johnson	Moore	March 24, 1804 (Acclamation)	May 7, 1804 – August 4, 1834 (Died)	Thomas Jefferson	Speaker of the South Carolina House of Representatives (1798-1800)
12		Henry Brockholst Livingston	Paterson	December 17, 1806 (Acclamation)	January 20, 1807 – March 18, 1823 (Died)		Justice of the New York Supreme Court (1802-1807)
13		Thomas Todd	(new seat)	March 2, 1807 (Acclamation)	March 3, 1807 – February 7, 1826 (Died)		Chief Justice of the Kentucky Court of Appeals (1806-1807)
14		Gabriel Duvall	Chase	November 18, 1811 (Acclamation)	November 23, 1811 – January 12, 1835 (Resigned)	James Madison	U.S. Representative for Maryland's 2nd (1794-1796)
15		Joseph Story	Cushing	November 18, 1811 (Acclamation)	February 3, 1812 – September 10, 1845 (Died)		U.S. Representative for Massachusetts's 2nd (1808-1809)
16		Smith Thompson	Livingston	December 9, 1823 (Acclamation)	September 1, 1823[lower-alpha 2] – December 18, 1843 (Died)	James Monroe	6th United States Secretary of the Navy (1819-1823)
17		Robert Trimble	Todd	May 9, 1826 (25-5)	May 9, 1826 – August 25, 1828 (Died)	John Quincy Adams	Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Kentucky (1817-1826)
18		John McLean	Trimble	March 7, 1829 (Acclamation)	March 7, 1829 – April 4, 1861 (Died)	Andrew Jackson	6th United States Postmaster General (1823-1829)
19		Henry Baldwin	Washington	January 6, 1830 (41-2)	January 6, 1830 – April 21, 1844 (Died)		U.S. Representative for Pennsylvania's 14th (1817-1822)
20		James Moore Wayne	W. Johnson	January 9, 1835 (Acclamation)	January 14, 1835 – July 5, 1867 (Died)		U.S. Representative for Georgia's at-large (1829-1835)
21		Philip Pendleton Barbour	Duvall	March 15, 1836 (30-11)	March 15, 1836 – February 25, 1841 (Died)		Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (1830-1836)
22		John Catron	(new seat)	March 8, 1837 (28-15)	March 8, 1837 – May 30, 1865 (Died)		Judge of the Tennessee Supreme Court of Errors and Appeals (1824-1834)
23		John McKinley	(new seat)	September 25, 1837 (Acclamation)	April 22, 1837 – July 19, 1852 (Died)	Martin Van Buren	United States Senator from Alabama (1826-1831, 1837)
24		Peter Vivian Daniel	Barbour	March 2, 1841 (25-5)	March 3, 1841 – May 31, 1860 (Died)		Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (1836-1841)
25		Samuel Nelson	Thompson	February 14, 1845 (Acclamation)	February 14, 1845 – November 28, 1872 (Retired)	John Tyler	Chief Justice of the New York Supreme Court (1831-1845)
26		Levi Woodbury	Story	January 31, 1846 (Acclamation)	September 20, 1845[lower-alpha 2] – September 4, 1851 (Died)	James K. Polk	13th United States Secretary of the Treasury (1834-1841)
27		Robert Cooper Grier	Baldwin	August 4, 1846 (Acclamation)	August 4, 1846 – January 31, 1870 (Retired)		Judge for the Pennsylvania state District Court for Allegheny County (1833-1846)
28		Benjamin Robbins Curtis	Woodbury	December 20, 1851 (Acclamation)	September 22, 1851[lower-alpha 2] – September 30, 1857 (Resigned)	Millard Fillmore	Massachusetts State Representative
29		John Archibald Campbell	McKinley	March 22, 1853 (Acclamation)	March 23, 1853 – April 30, 1861 (Resigned)	Franklin Pierce	Alabama State Representative
30		Nathan Clifford	Curtis	January 12, 1858 (26-23)	January 12, 1858 – July 25, 1881 (Died)	James Buchanan	19th United States Attorney General (1846-1848)
31		Noah Haynes Swayne	McLean	January 24, 1862 (38-1)	January 24, 1862 – January 24, 1881 (Retired)	Abraham Lincoln	U.S. Attorney for the District of Ohio (1830-1834)
32		Samuel Freeman Miller	Daniel	July 16, 1862 (Acclamation)	July 16, 1862 – October 13, 1890 (Died)		Lawyer, Private practice
33		David Davis	Campbell	December 8, 1862 (Acclamation)	October 17, 1862[lower-alpha 2] – March 3, 1877 (Resigned)		Judge of the Illinois 3rd Circuit Court (1848-1862)
34		Stephen Johnson Field	(new seat)	March 10, 1863 (Acclamation)	March 10, 1863 – December 1, 1897 (Retired)		5th Chief Justice of California (1859-1863)
35		William Strong	Grier	February 18, 1870	February 18, 1870 – December 14, 1880 (Retired)	Ulysses S. Grant	U.S. Representative for Pennsylvania's 9th (1847-1851)
36		Joseph Philo Bradley	(new seat)	March 21, 1870 (46-9)	March 21, 1870 – January 22, 1892 (Died)		Lawyer, Private practice
37		Ward Hunt	Nelson	December 11, 1872 (Acclamation)	December 11, 1872 – January 27, 1882 (Retired)		Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals (1868-1872)
38		John Marshall Harlan	Davis	November 29, 1877 (Acclamation)	November 29, 1877 – October 14, 1911 (Died)	Rutherford B. Hayes	14th Attorney General of Kentucky (1863-1867)
39		William Burnham Woods	Strong	December 21, 1880 (39-8)	December 21, 1880 – May 14, 1887 (Died)		Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (1869-1880)
40		Stanley Matthews	Swayne	May 12, 1881 (24-23)	May 12, 1881 – March 22, 1889 (Died)	James Garfield	United States Senator from Ohio (1877-1879)
41		Horace Gray	Clifford	December 20, 1881 (51-5)	December 20, 1881 – September 15, 1902 (Died)	Chester A. Arthur	Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (1873-1881)
42		Samuel Blatchford	Hunt	March 22, 1882 (Acclamation)	March 22, 1882 – July 7, 1893 (Died)		Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (1878-1882
43		Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II	Woods	January 16, 1888 (32-28)	January 16, 1888 – January 23, 1893 (Died)	Grover Cleveland	16th United States Secretary of the Interior (1885-1888)
44		David Josiah Brewer	Matthews	December 18, 1889 (53-11)	December 18, 1889 – March 28, 1910 (Died)	Benjamin Harrison	Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (1884-1889)
45		Henry Billings Brown	Miller	December 29, 1890 (Acclamation)	December 29, 1890 – May 28, 1906 (Retired)		Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (1875-1890)
46		George Shiras, Jr.	Bradley	July 26, 1892 (Acclamation)	July 26, 1892 – February 23, 1903 (Retired)		Lawyer, Private practice
47		Howell Edmunds Jackson	L. Lamar	February 18, 1893 (Acclamation)	February 18, 1893 – August 8, 1895 (Died)		Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (1891-1893)
48		Edward Douglass White	Blatchford	February 19, 1894 (Acclamation)	February 19, 1894 – December 18, 1910 (Continued as chief justice)[lower-alpha 5]	Grover Cleveland	United States Senator from Louisiana (1891-1894)
49		Rufus Wheeler Peckham	H. Jackson	December 9, 1895 (Acclamation)	December 9, 1895 – October 24, 1909 (Died)		Associate Judge of the New York Court of Appeals
50		Joseph McKenna	Field	January 21, 1898 (Acclamation)	January 21, 1898 – January 5, 1925 (Retired)	William McKinley	42nd United States Attorney General (1897-1898)
51		Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.	Gray	December 4, 1902 (Acclamation)	December 4, 1902 – January 12, 1932 (Retired)	Theodore Roosevelt	Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (1899-1902)
52		William R. Day	Shiras	February 23, 1903 (Acclamation)	February 23, 1903 – November 13, 1922 (Retired)		Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (1899-1903)
53		William Henry Moody	Brown	December 12, 1906 (Acclamation)	December 12, 1906 – November 20, 1910 (Retired)		45th United States Attorney General (1904-1906)
54		Horace Harmon Lurton	Peckham	December 20, 1909 (Acclamation)	December 20, 1909 – July 12, 1914 (Died)	William Howard Taft	Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (1893-1909)
55		Charles Evans Hughes	Brewer	May 2, 1910 (Acclamation)	October 10, 1910 – June 10, 1916 (Resigned)[lower-alpha 6]		36th Governor of New York (1907-1910)
56		Willis Van Devanter	E.D. White	December 15, 1910 (Acclamation)	December 16, 1910 – June 2, 1937 (Retired)		Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (1903-1910)
57		Joseph Rucker Lamar	Moody	December 15, 1910 (Acclamation)	December 17, 1910 – January 2, 1916 (Died)		Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia (1901-1905)
58		Mahlon Pitney	J. Harlan	March 13, 1912 (50-26)	March 13, 1912 – December 31, 1922 (Resigned)		U.S. Representative for New Jersey's 4th (1895-1899)
59		James Clark McReynolds	Lurton	August 29, 1914 (44-6)	August 29, 1914 – January 31, 1941 (Retired)	Woodrow Wilson	48th United States Attorney General (1913-1914)
60		Louis Brandeis	J. Lamar	June 1, 1916 (47-22)	June 1, 1916 – February 13, 1939 (Retired)		Lawyer, Private practice: Brandeis Dunbar & Nutter[6]
61		John Hessin Clarke	Hughes	July 24, 1916 (Acclamation)	July 24, 1916 – September 5, 1922 (Retired)		Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio (1914-1916)
62		George Sutherland	Clarke	September 5, 1922 (Acclamation)	September 5, 1922 – January 17, 1938 (Retired)	Warren G. Harding	United States Senator from Utah (1905-1917)
63		Pierce Butler	Day	December 21, 1922 (61-8)	December 21, 1922 – November 16, 1939 (Died)		President of the Minnesota State Bar Association
64		Edward Terry Sanford	Pitney	January 29, 1923 (Acclamation)	January 29, 1923 – March 8, 1930 (Died)		Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee (1908-1923)
65		Harlan F. Stone	McKenna	February 5, 1925 (71-6)	February 5, 1925 – July 3, 1941 (Continued as chief justice)[lower-alpha 7]	Calvin Coolidge	52nd United States Attorney General (1924-1925)
66		Owen Josephus Roberts	Sanford	May 20, 1930 (Acclamation)	May 20, 1930 – July 31, 1945 (Resigned)	Herbert Hoover	Assistant District Attorney for Philadelphia
67		Benjamin N. Cardozo	Holmes	February 24, 1932 (Acclamation)	March 2, 1932 – July 9, 1938 (Died)		Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals (1927-1932)
68		Hugo Black	Van Devanter	August 17, 1937 (63-16)	August 18, 1937 – September 17, 1971 (Retired)	Franklin D. Roosevelt	United States Senator from Alabama (1927-1937)
69		Stanley Forman Reed	Sutherland	January 25, 1938 (Acclamation)	January 27, 1938 – February 25, 1957 (Retired)		22nd United States Solicitor General (1935-1938)
70		Felix Frankfurter	Cardozo	January 17, 1939 (Acclamation)	January 20, 1939 – August 28, 1962 (Retired)		Chairman of Harvard Law School
71		William O. Douglas	Brandeis	April 4, 1939 (62-4)	April 15, 1939 – November 12, 1975 (Retired)		3rd Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission (1937-1939)
72		Frank Murphy	Butler	January 16, 1940 (Acclamation)	January 18, 1940 – July 19, 1949 (Died)		56th United States Attorney General (1939-1940)
73		James F. Byrnes	McReynolds	June 12, 1941 (Acclamation)	July 8, 1941 – October 3, 1942 (Resigned)		United States Senator from South Carolina (1931-1941)
74		Robert H. Jackson	Stone	July 7, 1941 (Acclamation)	July 11, 1941 – October 9, 1954 (Died)		57th United States Attorney General (1940-1941)
75		Wiley Blount Rutledge	Byrnes	February 8, 1943 (Acclamation)	February 11, 1943 – September 10, 1949 (Died)		Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
76		Harold Hitz Burton	Roberts	September 19, 1945 (Acclamation)	September 22, 1945 – October 13, 1958 (Retired)	Harry S. Truman	United States Senator from Ohio (1944-1945)
77		Tom C. Clark	Murphy	August 18, 1949 (73-8)	August 19, 1949 – June 12, 1967 (Retired)		59th Attorney General of the United States (1945-1949)
78		Sherman Minton	W. Rutledge	October 4, 1949 (48-16)	October 12, 1949 – October 15, 1956 (Retired)		Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit (1941-1949)
79		John Marshall Harlan II	R. Jackson	March 16, 1955 (71-11)	March 17, 1955 – September 23, 1971 (Retired)	Dwight D. Eisenhower	Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (1954-1955)
80		William J. Brennan	Minton	March 19, 1957 (Acclamation)	October 15, 1956[lower-alpha 2] – July 20, 1990 (Retired)		Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey (1951-1956)
81		Charles Evans Whittaker	Reed	March 19, 1957 (Acclamation)	March 22, 1957 – March 31, 1962 (Resigned)		Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (1956-1957)
82		Potter Stewart	Burton	May 5, 1959 (70-17)	October 14, 1958[lower-alpha 2] – July 3, 1981 (Retired)		Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (1954-1958)
83		Byron White	Whittaker	April 11, 1962 (Acclamation)	April 16, 1962 – June 28, 1993 (Retired)	John F. Kennedy	4th United States Deputy Attorney General (1961-1962)
84		Arthur Goldberg	Frankfurter	September 25, 1962 (Acclamation)	September 28, 1962 – July 26, 1965 (Resigned)		9th United States Secretary of Labor (1961-1962)
85		Abe Fortas	Goldberg	August 11, 1965 (Acclamation)	October 4, 1965 – May 14, 1969 (Resigned)	Lyndon B. Johnson	United States Under Secretary of the Interior
86		Thurgood Marshall	Clark	August 30, 1967 (69-11)	October 2, 1967 – October 1, 1991 (Retired)		32nd United States Solicitor General (1965-1967)
87		Harry Blackmun	Fortas	May 12, 1970 (94-0)	June 9, 1970 – August 3, 1994 (Retired)	Richard Nixon	Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (1959-1970)
88		Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr.	Black	December 6, 1971 (89-1)	January 7, 1972 – June 26, 1987 (Retired)		President of the American Bar Association (1964-1965)
89		William Rehnquist	J. Harlan II	December 10, 1971 (68-26)	January 7, 1972 – September 26, 1986 (Continued as chief justice)[lower-alpha 8]		United States Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel (1969-1971)
90		John Paul Stevens	Douglas	December 17, 1975 (98-0)	December 19, 1975 – June 29, 2010 (Retired)	Gerald Ford	Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit (1970-1975)
91		Sandra Day O'Connor	Stewart	September 21, 1981 (99-0)	September 25, 1981 – January 31, 2006 (Retired)	Ronald Reagan	Judge of the Arizona Court of Appeals (1979-1981)
92		Antonin Scalia	Rehnquist	September 17, 1986 (98-0)	September 26, 1986 – February 13, 2016 (Died)		Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (1982-1986)
93		Anthony Kennedy	Powell	February 3, 1988 (97-0)	February 18, 1988 – Incumbent		Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (1975-1988)
94		David Souter	Brennan	October 2, 1990 (90-9)	October 9, 1990 – June 29, 2009 (Retired)	George H. W. Bush	Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (1990)
95		Clarence Thomas	Marshall	October 15, 1991 (52-48)	October 23, 1991 – Incumbent		Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (1990-1991)
96		Ruth Bader Ginsburg	B. White	August 3, 1993 (96-3)	August 10, 1993 – Incumbent	Bill Clinton	Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (1980-1993)
97		Stephen Breyer	Blackmun	July 29, 1994 (87-9)	August 3, 1994 – Incumbent		Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (1990-1994)
98		Samuel Alito	O'Connor	January 31, 2006 (58-42)	January 31, 2006 – Incumbent	George W. Bush	Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (1990-2006)
99		Sonia Sotomayor	Souter	August 6, 2009 (68-31)	August 8, 2009 – Incumbent	Barack Obama	Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (1998-2009)
100		Elena Kagan	Stevens	August 5, 2010 (63-37)	August 7, 2010 – Incumbent		45th Solicitor General of the United States (2009-2010)

Notes

1. Later served chief justice, June 30–December 28, 1795.
2. Recess appointment.
3. Received recess appointment on August 5, 1791, but was not sworn in until August 6, 1792.
4. Was impeached, but not convicted (remained in office).
5. Served as chief justice, December 19, 1910–May 19, 1921.
6. Later served as chief justice, February 13, 1930–June 30, 1941.
7. Served as chief justice, July 3, 1941–April 22, 1946.
8. Served as chief justice, September 26, 1986–September 3, 2005.

See also

• Associate Justice

References

1. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llac&fileName=002/llac002.db&recNum=481
2. Joan Biskupic, Sandra Day O'Connor: How the First Woman on the Supreme Court Became Its Most Influential Justice (New York: HarperCollins, 2005), 101.
3. Mears, Bill (2014-06-20). "Supreme Court justices: They do OK financially". CNN. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
4. "U.S. Senate: Supreme Court Nominations: 1789-Present". www.senate.gov. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
5. "Timeline of the Justices". www.supremecourthistory.org. The Supreme Court Historical Society. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
6. Diana Klebanow, Franklin L. Jonas, People's Lawyers: Crusaders for Justice in American History (M. E. Sharpe, 2003), ISBN 978-0765606730, p. 61.Excerpts available at Google Books.

Further reading

• Abraham, Henry J. (1992). Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506557-3.
• Christensen, George A. (1983) Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices, Yearbook. Supreme Court Historical Society.
• Christensen, George A., Here Lies the Supreme Court: Revisited, Journal of Supreme Court History, Volume 33 Issue 1, Pages 17 – 41 (19 February 2008), University of Alabama.
• Cushman, Clare (2001). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 (2nd ed.). (Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books). ISBN 1-56802-126-7.
• Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L., eds. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 0-7910-1377-4.
• Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505835-6.
• Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 0-87187-554-3.
• Toobin, Jeffrey (2008). The Nine. Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court. (1st ed.). New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 978-1-4000-9679-4.
• Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994). The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Garland Publishing. p. 590. ISBN 0-8153-1176-1.

External links

• Historic collection of Supreme Court decisions and biographies indexed by judge name
• Members of the Supreme Court of the United States from the Court's website.