Azov Battalion

Special Operations Detachment "Azov"
(Zahin Osoblyvogo Priznacenniya)


Sleeve badge of the Azov Regiment

Active 5 May 2014 – present
Country  Ukraine
Branch National Guard of Ukraine
Type Regular military unit (Detachment/Regiment)
Role Light infantry, armored infantry, militia
Size Approx. 3 500 men
Garrison/HQ Urzuf, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. Other HQs and detachments in Kiev, Berdiansk and Mariupol
Colours Blue and Gold
Anniversaries 5 May
Engagements
Commanders
Colonel of
the Regiment		 Vadim Troyan
Notable
commanders		 Andriy Biletsky, Vadym Troyan, Igor Tcherkass, Igor Mosijchuk, Dmytro Linko

The Azov Regiment (Ukrainian: Полк Азов) is a National Guard of Ukraine regiment.[1][2][3][4] The unit is based in Mariupol in the Azov Sea coastal region.[5] It saw its first combat experience recapturing Mariupol from pro-Russian separatists forces in June 2014.[3] Initially a volunteer militia, formed as the Azov Battalion on 5 May 2014 during the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine, since 12 November 2014 Azov has been incorporated into the National Guard of Ukraine.[6] All members of the unit are under contract of and serve as part of the National Guard of Ukraine.[7]

More than half of the Battalion members are from eastern Ukraine and speak Russian,[8] and some of its recruits come from the eastern cities of Donetsk and Luhansk.[9] The regiment's first commander was far-right nationalist Andriy Biletsky, who led the neo-Nazi Social-National Assembly and Patriot of Ukraine.[10][11] In its early days, Azov was the Ministry of Internal Affairs' special police company, led by Volodymyr Shpara, the leader of the Vasylkiv, Kiev, branch of Patriot of Ukraine and Right Sector.[12][13][14]

Under the "Azov" umbrella were also created the non-governmental organization "Azov Civil Corps" and the political party National Corps.[15]

History

The Azov Battalion has its roots in a group of Ultras of FC Metalist Kharkiv named "Sect 82" (1982 is the year of the founding of the group).[16] "Sect 82" was (at least until September 2013) allied with FC Spartak Moscow Ultras.[16] Late February 2014, during the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine when a separatist movement was active in Kharkiv, "Sect 82" occupied the Kharkiv Oblast regional administration building in Kharkiv and served as a local "self-defense"-force.[16] Soon, on the basis of "Sect 82" there was formed a volunteer militia called "Eastern Corps".[16]

On 13 April 2014 Minister of Internal Affairs Arsen Avakov[nb 1] issued a decree authorizing creating new paramilitary forces from civilians up to 12,000.[18] The Azov Battalion (using "Eastern Corps" as its backbone[16]) was formed on 5 May 2014 in Berdiansk.[19] Many members of Patriot of Ukraine joined the battalion.[16] Among the early patrons of the battalion were a member of the Verkhovna Rada Oleh Lyashko, and an ultra-nationalist Dmytro Korchynsky and businessman Serhiy Taruta and Avakov.[20][16] The battalion then received training near Kiev by instructors with experience in the Georgian Armed Forces.[16] The battalion started in Mariupol where it was involved in combat,[3] and was briefly relocated to Berdiansk.[21]

On 10 June, the battalion dismissed deputy commander Yaroslav Honchar and distanced themselves from him after Honchar made criticizing statements about looting and debauchery in Azov battalion.[22]

On 11 August, Azov battalion, backed by Ukrainian paratroopers, captured Marinka from pro-Russian rebels and entered the suburbs of Donetsk clashing with Donetsk People's Republic fighters.[23]

In early September 2014, the Azov battalion was engaged in the Second Battle of Mariupol.[24] Regarding the ceasefire agreed on 5 September, Biletskiy stated "If it was a tactical move there is nothing wrong with it ... if it's an attempt to reach an agreement concerning Ukrainian soil with separatists then obviously it's a betrayal."[25]

In September 2014 the Azov battalion was expanded from a regiment to a battalion[19] and enrolled into the National Guard of Ukraine as a "special police battalion"; many supporting websites were either shut down, or access to the sites was restricted.[26]

On 14 October, Azov Battalion servicemen took part in a march to commemorate the 72nd anniversary of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) in Kyiv organised by the Right Sector.[27]

In the 26 October 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election Biletsky, the battalion's commander, won a constituency seat (as an independent candidate) in Kiev's Obolon Raion (Biletsky hails from Kharkiv) in the Ukrainian parliament.[28][29][30] In his constituency Biletsky won with 33.75% of the votes; runner up Vadym Stoylar followed with 17.17%.[31][32] In parliament Biletsky did not join any faction.[33] Member of the battalion Oleh Petrenko is also a MP for Petro Poroshenko Bloc after winning a constituency seat in Cherkasy in the same election.[34] In his constituency Petrenko won with 41.15% of the votes; runner up Valentyna Zhukovska followed with 23.65%.[31][35]

On 31 October 2014, deputy commander of the Azov Battalion Vadym Troyan was appointed head of Kiev Oblast (province) police (this police force has no jurisdiction over the city of Kiev).[36]

On 11 November 2014 the Azov Battalion was officially incorporated into the National Guard of Ukraine.[19]

In January 2015, the Azov Battalion was promised a tank company and artillery units to reinforce its ranks.[26] In 2015, "Azov" Battalion was updated to Regiment status and renamed "Special Operations Regiment". Total strength is above 1000 officers and men (June 2015). A tank company (with T-64 and T-72 tanks) was also formed. "Azov" Regiment has then focused its capabilities on light infantry duties, such as reconnaissance, special patrols and tactical interdiction.

As of late March 2015, despite a second ceasefire agreement (Minsk II), the Azov Battalion continued to prepare for war, with the group's leader seeing the ceasefire as "appeasement".[26] In March 2015 Interior Minister Arsen Avakov announced that the Azov Regiment would be among the first units to be trained by United States Army troops in their Operation Fearless Guardian training mission.[37][38] US training however was withdrawn on 12 June 2015, as US House of Representatives passed an amendment blocking any aid (including arms and training) to the battalion due to its Neo-Nazi background.[39] After the vote Congressman John Conyers thanked the House saying "I am grateful that the House of Representatives unanimously passed my amendments last night to ensure that our military does not train members of the repulsive neo-Nazi Azov Battalion, along with my measures to keep the dangerous and easily trafficked MANPADs out of these unstable regions."[38]

In August 2015, the Ukrainian government pulled all volunteer battalions, including the Azov Regiment, off the front lines around Mariupol, replacing them with regular military units.[40] The Azov Regiment was moved to a base in Urzuf, in the former seaside villa of deposed Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych, about 40 kilometers (25 miles) to the southwest of Mariupol.

Since 2015 Azov is organising summer camps were children and teenagers receive practice in civil defense and military tactics mixed with lectures on Ukrainian nationalism.[41][16]

On 27 April 2016, 300 troops and light-armored vehicles from the regiment were assigned to Odessa to safeguard public order after Mikheil Saakashvili wrote in social media about a rash of pro-Russian "titushki" attacks on civilians.[42]

Leadership and organisation

Colonel and Member of Parliament Andriy Biletsky, former commander of Azov Regiment

The regiment's first commander was Andriy Biletsky. Biletsky stayed out of the public spotlight working on expanding Azov to battalion size. In summer 2014, he took the command of the unit. In August 2014, he was awarded a military decoration, "Order For Courage", by Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko, and promoted to lieutenant colonel of in the Interior Ministry's police forces.[43] Because Biletsky was elected into the Ukrainian parliament in the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election he left the battalion in October 2016 (Ukrainian elected officials can not be in the military (nor police)).[10][11]

A 16 July 2014 report placed the Azov Battalion's strength at 300.[2] An earlier report stated that on June 23 almost 600 volunteers, including women, took oaths to join the "Donbass" and "Azov" battalions.[44] Recruits receive a salary of US$360.[45] The unit included 900 volunteers as of March 2015.[46]

The battalion was originally nicknamed the "Men in Black" or "Black Corps" (ukr.: "Chorny Korpus"), a counter to Russia's Little Green Men due to their use of all-black fatigues and masks when raiding pro-Russian checkpoints.

Current status

The Ukrainian military decided to turn all volunteer battalions into regular military units for internal policy reasons. The Ukrainian government has opted to deploy only volunteer units to the Donbass front.[47]

In January 2015 "Azov" Battalion was officially upgraded to Regiment and its structures took a definite shape. A mobilization center and a training facility was established in Kiev, in former industrial complex "ATEK" for selection and examination; and the personnel, composed by volunteers from all over Ukraine, has to pass through a screening and vetting process, quite similar to army's mobilization procedures.[48]

Recruits are then assigned to the combat units of the Regiments, or to support and supply units, where they undertake intensive combat drills training. Reconnaissance and EOD units are considered the élite of "Azov" and are manned by most experienced personnel (typically, former Ukrainian Army special forces or similar).[48] Since 2015 the Battalion has been upgraded to Regimental status and "Azov" is now officially called "Special Operations Regiment", with combat duties focused on reconnaissance, counter-reconnaissance, EOD disposal, interdiction and special weapons operations.

Foreign membership

According to The Daily Telegraph, the Azov Battalion's extremist politics and professional English social media pages have attracted foreign fighters,[23] including people from Ireland, Italy, United Kingdom, France, America, Greece and Scandinavia.[2][23] Sweden, Spain[2][49] and Russia[50] About 50 Russian nationals are members of the Azov regiment.[51]

Around 20 Croatians joined the Azov Battalion in January 2015, ranging in age from 20 to 45.[52][53][54] After Croatia's foreign minister Vesna Pusić confirmed that there are Croatian volunteers in Ukraine, the Russian Foreign Ministry called Croatia to withdraw its citizens from armed conflict. Pusić replied that Croatia opposes any involvement of Croatian citizens in the war, and stated that they went on their private initiative and that Croatia is working on bringing them home.[55] Interior minister Ranko Ostojić said that Croatian volunteers are fighting on the side of the legitimate Ukrainian government and are not committing any kind of crime according to Croatian law.[56]

According to French volunteers fighting for the insurgent side, the Azov Battalion has a French instructor named Gaston Besson who tried to recruit them over the internet[57] and also a former soldier of the French Foreign Legion named Thibault Dupire who fought in the regiment at the beginning of 2015.

According to Minsk Ceasefire Agreements, foreign fighters are not allowed to serve in Ukraine's military: since "Azov" Regiment was granted full military status, its foreign volunteers were compelled either to take Ukrainian citizenship, or to leave the Regiment. Despite the Minsk Ceasefire Agreements, the regiment still has foreign fighters,[58] including an ex-British army serviceman Chris Garrett, a Brazilian nationalist named "Frank Horrigan" and a 33-year-old former soldier in the Greek army and French Foreign Legion known by the nom de guerre of "The Greek".[58]

Human rights violations and war crimes

Azov battalion has been connected in OHCHR reports to such violations of conduct of war as mass looting, use of torture and abduction of journalists[59][60] An OHCHR report from March 2016 stated During the reporting period, OHCHR collected detailed information about the conduct of hostilities by Ukrainian armed forces and the Azov regiment in and around Shyrokyne (31km east of Mariupol), from the summer of 2014 to date. Mass looting of civilian homes was documented, as well as targeting of civilian areas between September 2014 and February 2015[59] Another OHCHR report noted use of rape and torture writing: A man with a mental disability was subject to cruel treatment, rape and other forms of sexual violence by eight to 10 members of the ‘Azov’ and ‘Donbas’ battalions in August-September 2014. The victim’s health subsequently deteriorated and he was hospitalized in a psychiatric hospital[61]

Azov members have been also accused by OHCHR of using torture and beatings to force confession out of detained civilian, including use of electricity and water-boarding[61]

Neo-Nazi ideology and symbols

The unit was described as having connections to neo-Nazism, with members wearing neo-Nazi and SS symbols and regalia; the unit has neo-Nazis among its ranks. German ZDF television observed Azov battalion fighters wearing helmets with swastikas and "the 'SS runes' of Hitler's infamous black-uniformed elite corps", and on other occasions some of the soldiers have been reported to have SS tattoos.[62][63][64]

In writing about the battalion's ideology, Richard Sakwa states that its founding member Andryi Biletsky (leader of the Social-National Assembly) made statements about "historic mission" to lead "White Races of the world in a final crusade for their survival ... a crusade against the Semite-led untermenschen"; according to Sakwa, this ideology has its root in national integralism of 1920s and 30s.[65]

Ivan Katchanovski in an interview with Radio Sweden described the ideology of the battalion in the following words: "The SNA/PU advocate a neo-Nazi ideology along with ultranationalism and racism. The same applies to the SNA/PU commanders and members of the Azov battalion and many football ultras and others who serve in this formation. Biletsky is called the 'White Leader'."[66]

Some members of the unit were described as "neo-Nazi",[24][46][67][65][nb 2] an accusation that Ukrainian ministerial adviser, Anton Geraschenko has denied.[6][68][nb 3][nb 4] A spokesman for the unit has said this label applies to 10-20% of its recruits, and one commander attributed this ideology to misguided youth.[46] As a result of being a multicultural and multinational unit, those with far-right convictions live and fight side-by-side soldiers from 22 countries and various backgrounds, including Arabs, Russians, and Americans—as well as Christians, Muslims, and Jews.[70]

On 11 June 2015, the United States House of Representatives passed amendments blocking any training of Azov by American forces, citing its neo-Nazi background as the reason.[71] On 26 June, the Canadian defence minister declared as well that training by Canadian forces or support would not be provided to Azov.[72] However the amendment was later lifted when Azov became regular military unit subordinated to the Ukrainian Ministry of Internal Affairs.[73] This move has been protested by Simon Wiesenthal Center which stated that the move highlights danger of Holocaust distortion in Ukraine.[73]

According to Shaun Walker, troops of the Azov Battalion use the logo of the neo-Nazi Social-National Assembly, which resembles a Wolfsangel on their banner.[63] Members of the unit have stated that the inverted Wolfsangel has a different history in Ukraine and represents the Ukrainian words for "idea of a nation".[36] In addition to the Wolfsangel, Azov soldiers have also been observed using stylized SS runes and swastikas on their uniforms.[74] The Azov Battalion has dismissed accusations that their unit promotes fascist symbolism, stating that any resemblance to Nazi symbols is a result of Russian propaganda.[75]

Though a recorded interview by Vice with a member of the Azov Battalion, showed he does not believe in Neo-Nazism, but plainly nationalism.

While Azov Battalion troops have denied that the organization has any neo-Nazi or white supremacist beliefs, journalists stated that "numerous swastika tattoos of different members and their tendency to go into battle with swastikas or SS insignias drawn on their helmets make it very difficult for other members of the group to plausibly deny any neo-Nazi affiliations".[68] The organization has also incorporated the neo-Nazi Black Sun into its banner.[76][77] The unit states that and that multiple Russian citizens have joined the unit.[75]

A Polish war correspondent managed (in the summer of 2015) to gain access to one of Azov's bases located in former holiday resort Majak and Azov fighters also demonstrated to him Nazi tattoos as well as emblems on their uniforms.[78] Foreign Policy journalists witnessed a teenage girl being publicly punished for drawing a swastika in her diary during one of Azov's 2016 summer camps.[41]

Civil Corps Azov

The Azov Battalion also has a non-military wing and non-governmental organization called "Civil Corps Azov" created "for political and social struggle".[79][15]

(Political party) National Corps

Main article: National Corps

In September 2016, the founder of the Azov Battalion, Andriy Biletsky, said that the Civil Corps Azov would be transformed into a political party.[19] In early October of 2016, Biletsky stated that the new party would use neither names nor symbols of the Azov Battalion.[80] On 14 October 2016, this political party called National Corps held its first congress.[15][81] There delegates elected Biletsky to head the party for the next four years.[15] National Corps is based on the (political party) "Patriot Party" (which was named "Civic Movement Honest Business" before 2015,[82][15]) "Patriot Party" was already registered by the Ministry of Justice.[15]

The party advocates expanding the powers of the President of Ukraine by granting him authority to be the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine as well as the head of government.[15] National Corps favors restoring Ukraine's nuclear power status and nationalizing enterprises which were Ukrainian SSR owned when Ukraine gained independent in 1991.[15] The party wants Ukraine to break all ties with Russia (diplomatic, trade and culture ties).[15] It is against Ukraine joining the European Union and against Ukraine joining NATO.[16] It wants to create the "Intermarium Union" with Baltic and Black Sea nations (to include Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, etcetera[16]).[15] The party advocates expanding the right to bear arms and initiate public discussion about restoring capital punishment in Ukraine for treason and the embezzlement of government funds by officials in excessive amounts.[15]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Azov Battalion.

Notes

  1. ↑ Arsen Avakov was the first Minister of Internal Affairs of Ukraine since the overthrow of the Yanukovich government.[17]
  2. ↑ The BBC's Fergal Keane has described the unit as "a far-right Ukrainian militia".[24]
  3. ↑ A ministerial adviser, Anton Geraschenko, has stated late 2014 "The Social-National Assembly is not a neo-Nazi organization," he said. "It is a party of Ukrainian patriots..."[2][67][69]
  4. ↑ Early March 2015 spokesman for the Azov Brigade Andriy Diachenko told USA Today "only 10% to 20% of the group's members are Nazis. "I know Alex is a Nazi, but it's his personal ideology. It has nothing to do with the official ideology of the Azov".[46]

References

  1. ↑ Margarete Klein (April 2015). "RUFS Briefing No. 27: Ukraine's volunteer battalions – advantages and challenges" (PDF). Swedish Defence Research Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Newman, Dina (16 July 2014). "Ukraine conflict: 'White power' warrior from Sweden". BBC News. The Azov Battalion was formed and armed by Ukraine's interior ministry. A ministerial adviser, Anton Gerashchenko, [was asked] if the battalion had any neo-Nazi links through the Social National Assembly. 'The Social National Assembly is not a neo-Nazi organisation,' he said. 'It is a party of Ukrainian patriots...'
  3. 1 2 3 Pancevski, Bojan (11 May 2014). "Kiev lets loose Men in Black". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  4. ↑ Stallard, Katie (25 May 2014). "Ukraine Militia 'Ready To Take On Separatists'". Sky News. Archived from the original on 26 May 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
  5. ↑ Сепаратисти обстріляли автобус з бійцями батальйону міліції спецпризначення "Азов" [Separatists fired on a bus with soldiers from the battalion of the special purpose militia "Azov"]. National Police of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 7 May 2014. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
  6. 1 2 Lazaredes, Nicholas (24 March 2015). "Ukraine crisis: Inside the Mariupol base of the controversial Azov battalion". ABC Online. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  7. ↑ Роз'яснення щодо статусу спецпідрозділу "Азов" [Clarification as to the status of Special Forces "Azov"]. ngu.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). 23 April 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  8. ↑ Ayres, Sabra (24 July 2014). "Driven by far-right ideology, Azov Battalion mans Ukraine's front line". Al Jazeera America. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  9. ↑ Dorell, Oren (10 March 2015). "Volunteer Ukrainian unit includes Nazis". Usatoday.com. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
  10. 1 2 (Ukrainian) Andriy Biletsky: Avakov - man system, but the system I think is negative, Ukrayinska Pravda (18 October 2016)
  11. 1 2 (Ukrainian) The former leader of "Azov" Beletsky declared only salary and $ 5,000, Ukrayinska Pravda (30 October 2016)
  12. ↑ (Ukrainian) Павєл Шеремет. Командир батальйону "Азов": Найстрашніша помилка влади - політичні переговори з сепаратистами, Українська правда (Ukrainian pravda), June 17, 2014.
  13. ↑ (Ukrainian) Володимир Шпара очолив «Правий сектор» в місті Васильків та Васильківському районі, The Right Sector press-service, March 26, 2014.
  14. ↑ (Russian) Командир батальона "Азов" Владимир Шпара: "Мы ришли не за властью, а защищать свою Родину", June 12, 2014.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Volunteer battalion Azov members and former members create National Corps political party, Interfax-Ukraine (14 October 2016)
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 (Ukrainian) "We are trying to come to power through elections, but we have all sorts of possibilities" - as "Azov" becomes party, Hromadske.TV (13 October 2016)
  17. ↑ Maidan nominates Yatseniuk for prime minister, Interfax-Ukraine (26 February 2014)
    Ukrainian parliament endorses new cabinet, Interfax-Ukraine (27 February 2014)
  18. ↑ (Russian) Для урегулирования ситуация на Юго-Востоке МВД создает спецподразделения по охране общественного порядка, Arena.in.ua, 15 April 2014.
  19. 1 2 3 4 "Azov regiment announces creation of own party". UNIAN. 16 September 2016. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  20. ↑ Nemtsova, Anna (27 May 2014). "War and Murder in Eastern Ukraine". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  21. ↑ Azov Battalion announced signing of new warriors, TSN News, May 20, 2014.
  22. ↑ ""Азов" відхрестився від критика АТО Ярослава Гончара". Channel 5. 10 June 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
  23. 1 2 3 Parfitt, Tom (11 August 2014). "Ukraine crisis: the neo-Nazi brigade fighting pro-Russian separatists". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
  24. 1 2 3 Fergal Keane (5 September 2014). "Ukraine crisis: Heavy shelling in hours before ceasefire". BBC. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
  25. ↑ "Ukraine crisis: Ceasefire is 'largely holding'". BBC. 6 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
  26. 1 2 3 Baczynska, Gabriela (25 March 2015). "Ukrainian battalion gears up for more fighting". Reuters. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  27. ↑ "Right Sector, Azov Battalion march to commemorate the Ukrainian Insurgent Army". KyivPost. Archived from the original on 2014-10-15. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  28. ↑ Steve Rosenberg (24 October 2014). "Ukraine election: Land of chaos and courage". BBC. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  29. ↑ Sonne, Paul; Shchetko, Nick (24 October 2014). "Ukraine Government Heralds Election, But Not All Voters Feel Inspired". wsj.com. Retrieved 23 June 2016. (subscription required (help)).
  30. ↑ Ishchenko, Volodymyr (13 November 2014). "Ukraine has ignored the far right for too long – it must wake up to the danger". theguardian.com. Archived from the original on 13 November 2014.
  31. 1 2 "Extraordinary parliamentary election on 26.10.2014: Data on vote counting at precincts within single-mandate districts". Central Election Commission of Ukraine. 26 October 2014. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014.
  32. ↑ Парламентські вибори: Кандидати на мажоритарних округах: Одномандатний виборчий округ № 217 [Parliamentary elections: Candidates for the majority constituencies: single-mandate constituency No. 217] (in Ukrainian). RBK Ukraine. 30 October 2014.
  33. ↑ (Ukrainian) profile, on the official website of the Ukrainian parliament
  34. ↑ (Ukrainian) Full list of newly elected People's Deputies, Televiziyna Sluzhba Novyn (12 November 2014)
  35. ↑ Парламентські вибори: Кандидати на мажоритарних округах: Одномандатний виборчий округ № 22 [Parliamentary elections: Candidates for the majority constituencies: single-mandate constituency No. 22] (in Ukrainian). RBK Ukraine. 5 December 2014. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014.
  36. 1 2 Ian Bateson; Kyiv Post staff (3 December 2014). "Former Azov battalion leader works to clean up Kyiv regional police, his image". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 2014-12-03. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  37. ↑ "US forces to hold exercises in Ukraine". Huffington Post. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  38. 1 2 John Conyers, Jr (11 June 2015). "U.S. House Passes 3 Amendments By Rep. Conyers To Defense Spending Bill To Protect Civilians From Dangers Of Arming and Training Foreign Forces". US House of Representatives. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  39. ↑ Carden, James (12 June 2015). "Why Is Washington Still Pushing for War With Russia?". The Nation. Archived from the original on 2015-08-18. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  40. ↑ Nolan Peterson. "Putin's War: Regular and Volunteer Ukrainian Troops Vie in Mariupol", Newsweek, 29 August 2015.
  41. 1 2 Campfire Songs and Kalashnikovs, Foreign Policy (11 October 2016)
  42. ↑ До Одеси вже прибуло щонайменше 300 бійців полку "Азов" [At least 300 fighters for the "Azov" regiment have arrived in Odessa]. Pravda.com.ua (in Ukrainian). 27 April 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  43. ↑ УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ № 631/2014: Про відзначення державними нагородами України [DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE: № 631/2014 On awarding state decorations of Ukraine] (in Ukrainian). 2 August 2014. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014.
  44. ↑ Will Stewart and Sara Malm. Ukraine's women sign up to fight as top politician claims number of children killed is 'ten times higher than official toll', UK Newsday, 23 June 2014.
  45. ↑ "Reinforcements for the Azov Battalion", euromaidanpress.com, June 24, 2014.
  46. 1 2 3 4 Dorrell, Oren (10 March 2015). "Volunteer Ukrainian unit includes Nazis". USA Today. Retrieved 4 November 2015. Andriy Diachenko, a spokesman for the Azov Brigade, said only 10% to 20% of the group's members are Nazis.
  47. ↑ "Ukrainian Military Personnel: Volunteers". Global Security Org. 4 August 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  48. 1 2 Peterson, Nolan (21 April 2015). "A Ukrainian National Guard Unit Trains to 'Fight to the Death'". NewsWeek. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  49. ↑ Swedish neo-Nazis join fight in Ukraine, The Local Sweden, 30 July 2014.
  50. ↑ "Note to Ukraine: Stop Whitewashing the Political Record". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  51. ↑ Sukhov, Oleg (24 April 2015). "Foreigners Who Fight And Die For Ukraine: Russians join Ukrainians to battle Kremlin in Donbas". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 2015-04-27.
  52. ↑ Marić, Leo (6 February 2015). "Dragovoljci iz Hrvatske bore se u Ukrajini protiv Rusa" (in Croatian). Sloboda. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  53. ↑ Kristović, Ivica (11 February 2015). "Dao sam otkaz, ostavio ženu i djecu te krenuo pomoći Ukrajincima". Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  54. ↑ "Balkan Citizens Fight in Ukraine and Syria". Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  55. ↑ Krnić, Denis (14 February 2015). "Otkrivamo zašto je Putin ljut samo na Hrvate: naredba je - zapovjednika iz "Azova" uhvatiti živog!". Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 2015-02-15. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  56. ↑ "Pusić: Ima hrvatskih vojnika koji su se priključili ukrajinskoj vojsci" (in Croatian). Index.hr. 11 February 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  57. ↑ (Russian) Французский шарм ополчения Донбасса, Komsomolskaya Pravda, August 26, 2014 - Video of the Interview, with English subtitles on YouTube
  58. 1 2 "Meet the European Fighters Who Have Gone to War in Ukraine". VICE. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  59. 1 2 "Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 16 November 2015 to 15 February 2016" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. February 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  60. ↑ "Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 15 November 2014" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  61. 1 2 "Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 16 February to 15 May 2016" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. May 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  62. ↑ Parfitt, Tom (11 August 2014). "Ukraine crisis: the neo-Nazi brigade fighting pro-Russian separatists". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  63. 1 2 Walker, Shaun (10 September 2014). "Azov fighters are Ukraine's greatest weapon and may be its greatest threat". The Guardian Media. Archived from the original on 10 September 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  64. ↑ "German TV Shows Nazi Symbols on Helmets of Ukraine Soldiers". NBC News. 9 September 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  65. 1 2 Sakwa, Richard (18 December 2014). Frontline Ukraine: Crisis in the Borderlands. I.B.Tauris. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-85773-804-2. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  66. ↑ Katchanovski, Ivan (19 June 2014). "My Interview with the Radio Sweden Concerning the Azov Battalion in Ukraine". academia.edu. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  67. 1 2 Rico, R.J. (10 September 2014). "The ultras, Azov Battalion, and soccer from inside Ukraine". VICE Sports. Archived from the original on 2016-02-04. [The] members of Azov Battalion ... have been labeled patriots by some, neo-Nazis by others....
  68. 1 2 Cathcart, Will; Epstein, Joseph (6 September 2015). "How Many Neo-Nazis Is the U.S. Backing in Ukraine?". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  69. ↑ Luhn, Alec (30 August 2014). "Preparing for War With Ukraine's Fascist Defenders of Freedom". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
  70. ↑ Peterson, Nolan (10 August 2015). "How a Swedish Sniper Found Redemption in the Ukraine War". Kyiv, Ukraine: The Daily Signal. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  71. ↑ U.S. House Passes 3 Amendments By Rep. Conyers To Defense Spending Bill To Protect Civilians From Dangers Of Arming and Training Foreign Forces "Congressman John Conyers, Jr. (D-Mich.) and Congressman Ted Yoho (R-Fla.) offered bipartisan amendments to block the training of the Ukrainian neo-Nazi paramilitary militia 'Azov Battalion'..."
  72. ↑ Brewster, Murray (26 June 2015). "No training for Azov regiment: Kenney". Kyiv, Ukraine: The Canadian Press. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  73. 1 2 Sokol, Sam (18 January 2016). "US lifts ban on funding 'neo-Nazi' Ukrainian militia". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  74. ↑ "Ukrainian soldiers seen wearing helmets with Nazi swastika and SS symbols". Haaretz. 9 September 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  75. 1 2 "Russians Join Ukraine's Azov Battalion: Volunteers say Putin regime poses threat to Europe". Ukraine Today. Retrieved 2016-06-19.
  76. ↑ lądowe, Wojska (13 June 2015). "USA nie będą szkolić batalionu Azow". Altair.com.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 15 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  77. ↑ Hinz, Linda (14 August 2014). "Schmutziger Kampf in der Ukraine: Neonazis im Dienst der Regierung" [Dirty war in Ukraine: neo-Nazis in service of the government] (in German). Focus Online. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  78. ↑ Chłopcy z „Azowa” bronią Mariupola. Ukrainy, Europy i… białej rasy, Intera (8 July 2015)
  79. ↑ (Ukrainian) "Azov" become party, gazeta.ua (28 May 2016)
  80. ↑ (Russian) Ukrainian battalion "Azov" created his own political party, RBC Information Systems (12 October 2016)
  81. ↑ (Ukrainian) "Azov" creates a political party, Ukrayinska Pravda (12 October 2016)
  82. ↑ (Ukrainian) "Azov" created a party who wants to restore the nuclear potential and legalization of firearms, Ukrayinska Pravda (14 October 2016)
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