Abbie Hoffman

Not to be confused with Abby Hoffman or Albert Hofmann.
Abbie Hoffman

Hoffman visiting the University of Oklahoma to protest the Vietnam War, c. 1969
Born Abbot Howard Hoffman
(1936-11-30)November 30, 1936
Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died April 12, 1989(1989-04-12) (aged 52)
Solebury Township, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Occupation Writer, activist, psychologist, speaker
Nationality American
Ethnicity Jewish
Alma mater Brandeis University and University of California, Berkeley
Period 1967–1989
Genre Nonfiction, politics
Subject Political philosophy, social revolution, guerrilla theater, civil rights, gift economics
Literary movement Yippie, 1960s counterculture
Notable works Revolution for the Hell of It, Woodstock Nation, Steal This Book

Abbot Howard "Abbie" Hoffman (November 30, 1936 – April 12, 1989) was an American political and social activist and anarchist[1][2][3] who co-founded the Youth International Party ("Yippies").

Hoffman was arrested and tried for conspiracy and inciting to riot as a result of his role in protests that led to violent confrontations with police during the 1968 Democratic National Convention, along with Jerry Rubin, David Dellinger, Tom Hayden, Rennie Davis, John Froines, Lee Weiner, and Bobby Seale. The group was known collectively as the "Chicago Eight"; when Seale's prosecution was separated from the others, they became known as the Chicago Seven. While the defendants were initially convicted of intent to incite a riot, the verdicts were overturned on appeal.

Hoffman continued his activism into the 1970s, and remains an icon of the anti-war movement and the counterculture era.[4][5]

Early life and education

Hoffman was born November 30, 1936 in Worcester, Massachusetts, to John Hoffman and Florence Schanberg. Hoffman was raised in a middle-class household and had two younger siblings. As a child in the 1940s–50s, he was a member of what has been described as "the transitional generation between the beatniks and hippies". He described his childhood as "idyllic" and the '40s as "a great time to grow up in." On June 3, 1954, 17-year-old Hoffman was arrested for the first time, for driving without a license. During his school days, he became known as a troublemaker who started fights, played pranks, vandalized school property, and referred to teachers by their first names. In his sophomore year, Hoffman was expelled from Classical High School, a now-closed public high school in Worcester.[6] As an atheist,[7] Hoffman wrote a paper declaring that "God could not possibly exist, for if he did, there wouldn't be any suffering in the world." The irate teacher ripped up the paper and called him "a Communist punk". Hoffman jumped on the teacher and started fighting him until he was restrained and removed from the school.[8] After his expulsion, he attended Worcester Academy, graduating in 1955. Hoffman engaged in many behaviors typical of rebellious teenagers in the 1950s, such as riding motorcycles, wearing leather jackets, and sporting a ducktail haircut. Upon graduating, he enrolled in Brandeis University, where he studied under professors such as noted psychologist Abraham Maslow, often considered the father of humanistic psychology.[9] He was also a student of Marxist theorist Herbert Marcuse, who Hoffman said had a profound effect on his political outlook. Hoffman would later cite Marcuse's influence during his activism and his theories on revolution. He was on the Brandeis tennis team, which was coached by journalist Bud Collins.[10] Hoffman graduated with a B.A. in psychology in 1959. That fall, he enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley, where he completed coursework toward a master's degree in psychology. Soon after, he married his pregnant girlfriend Sheila Karklin in May 1960.

Early protests

Before his days as a leading member of the Yippie movement, Hoffman was involved with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and organized Liberty House, which sold items to support the Civil Rights Movement in the southern United States. During the Vietnam War, Hoffman was an anti-war activist, using deliberately comical and theatrical tactics.

In late 1966, Hoffman met with a radical community-action group called the Diggers[11] and studied their ideology. He later returned to New York and published a book with this knowledge.[11] Doing so was considered a violation by the Diggers. Diggers co-founder Peter Coyote explained:

Abbie, who was a friend of mine, was always a media junky. We explained everything to those guys, and they violated everything we taught them. Abbie went back, and the first thing he did was publish a book, with his picture on it, that blew the hustle of every poor person on the Lower East Side by describing every free scam then current in New York, which were then sucked dry by disaffected kids from Scarsdale.[12]

One of Hoffman's well-known stunts was on August 24, 1967, when he led members of the movement to the gallery of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). The protesters threw fistfuls of real and fake dollar bills down to the traders below, some of whom booed, while others began to scramble frantically to grab the money as fast as they could. [13] Accounts of the amount of money that Hoffman and the group tossed was said to be as little as $30 to $300.[14] Hoffman claimed to be pointing out that, metaphorically, that's what NYSE traders "were already doing." "We didn't call the press," wrote Hoffman. "At that time we really had no notion of anything called a media event." Yet the press was quick to react and by evening the event was reported around the world. After that incident, the stock exchange spent $20,000 to enclose the gallery with bulletproof glass.[15]

In October 1967, David Dellinger of the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam asked Jerry Rubin to help mobilize and direct a march on the Pentagon.[16] The protesters gathered at the Lincoln Memorial as Dellinger and Dr. Benjamin Spock gave speeches to the mass of people.[17] From there, the group marched towards the Pentagon. As the protesters neared the Pentagon, they were met by soldiers of the 82nd Airborne Division[17] who formed a human barricade blocking the Pentagon steps.[16] Not to be dissuaded, Hoffman vowed to levitate the Pentagon[17] claiming he would attempt to use psychic energy to levitate the Pentagon until it would turn orange and begin to vibrate, at which time the war in Vietnam would end.[18] Allen Ginsberg led Tibetan chants to assist Hoffman.[17]

Hoffman's theatrics were successful at convincing many young people to become more active in the politics of the time.[18]

Chicago Eight conspiracy trial

Main article: Chicago Eight

Hoffman was arrested and tried for conspiracy and inciting to riot as a result of his role in anti-Vietnam War protests, which were met by a violent police response during the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago.[19] He was among the group that came to be known as the Chicago Seven (originally known as the Chicago Eight), which included fellow Yippie Jerry Rubin, David Dellinger, Rennie Davis, John Froines, Lee Weiner, future California state senator Tom Hayden and Black Panther Party co-founder Bobby Seale (before his trial was severed from the others).

Presided over by Judge Julius Hoffman (no relation to Hoffman, about which he joked throughout the trial[20]), Abbie Hoffman's courtroom antics frequently grabbed the headlines; one day, defendants Hoffman and Rubin appeared in court dressed in judicial robes, while on another day, Hoffman was sworn in as a witness with his hand giving the finger. Judge Hoffman became the favorite courtroom target of the Chicago Seven defendants, who frequently would insult the judge to his face.[21] Abbie Hoffman told Judge Hoffman "you are a 'shande fur de Goyim' [disgrace in front of the gentiles]. You would have served Hitler better." He later added that "your idea of justice is the only obscenity in the room."[21] Both Davis and Rubin told the Judge "this court is bullshit." When Hoffman was asked in what state he resided, he replied the "state of mind of my brothers and sisters".

Other celebrities were called as "cultural witnesses" including Allen Ginsberg, Phil Ochs, Arlo Guthrie, Norman Mailer and others. Hoffman closed the trial with a speech in which he quoted Abraham Lincoln, making the claim that the president himself, if alive today, would also be arrested in Chicago's Lincoln Park.

On February 18, 1970, Hoffman and four of the other defendants (Rubin, Dellinger, Davis, and Hayden) were found guilty of intent to incite a riot while crossing state lines. All seven defendants were found not guilty of conspiracy. At sentencing, Hoffman suggested the judge try LSD and offered to set him up with "a dealer he knew in Florida" (the judge was known to be headed to Florida for a post-trial vacation). Each of the five was sentenced to five years in prison and a $5,000 fine.[22]

However, all convictions were subsequently overturned by the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals. The Walker Commission later found that in fact it had been a "police riot".

Controversy at Woodstock

At Woodstock in 1969, Hoffman reportedly interrupted The Who's performance to attempt to speak against the jailing of John Sinclair of the White Panther Party. He grabbed a microphone and yelled, "I think this is a pile of shit while John Sinclair rots in prison ..." Pete Townshend was adjusting his amplifier between songs and turned to look at Hoffman over his left shoulder. Townshend shouted "Fuck off! Fuck off my stage!"[23] and reportedly ran at Hoffman with his guitar and hit Hoffman in the back, although Townshend later denied attacking Hoffman.[24] Townshend later said that while he actually agreed with Hoffman on Sinclair's imprisonment, he would have knocked him offstage regardless of the content of his message, given that Hoffman had violated the "sanctity of the stage," i.e., the right of the band to perform uninterrupted by distractions not relevant to the show. The incident took place during a camera change, and was not captured on film. The audio of this incident, however, can be heard on The Who's box set, Thirty Years of Maximum R&B (Disc 2, Track 20, "Abbie Hoffman Incident").

In 1971's Steal This Book in the section "Free Communication," Hoffman encourages his readership to take to the stage at rock concerts to use the pre-assembled audience and PA system to get their message out. However he mentions that "interrupting the concert is frowned upon since it is only spitting in the faces of people you are trying to reach."[25]

In Woodstock Nation, Hoffman mentions the incident, and says he was on a bad LSD trip at the time. Joe Shea, then a reporter for the Times Herald-Record, a Dow Jones-Ottaway newspaper that covered the event on-site, said he saw the incident. He recalled that Hoffman was actually hit in the back of the head by Townshend's guitar and toppled directly into the pit in front of the stage. He does not recall any "shove" from Townshend, and discounts both men's accounts.

Underground

In 1971, Hoffman published Steal This Book, which advised readers on how to live basically for free. Many of his readers followed Hoffman's advice and stole the book, leading many bookstores to refuse to carry it. He was also the author of several other books, including Vote!, co-written with Rubin and Ed Sanders.[26] Hoffman was arrested August 28, 1973 on drug charges for intent to sell and distribute cocaine. He always maintained that undercover police agents entrapped him into a drug deal and planted suitcases of cocaine in his office. In the spring of 1974, Hoffman skipped bail, underwent cosmetic surgery to alter his appearance, and hid from authorities for several years, abandoning his family in the process.

Some believed Hoffman made himself a target. In 1998, Peter Coyote opined:

The FBI couldn't infiltrate us. We did everything anonymously, and we did everything for nothing, because we wanted our actions to be authentic. It's the mistake that Abbie Hoffman made. He came out, he studied with us, we taught him everything, and then he went back and wrote a book called Free, and he put his name on it! He set himself up to be a leader of the counterculture, and he was undone by that. Big mistake.[27]

Despite being "in hiding" during part of this period (Hoffman lived in Fineview, New York near Thousand Island Park, a private resort on Wellesley Island on the St. Lawrence River under the name "Barry Freed"), he helped coordinate an environmental campaign to preserve the Saint Lawrence River (Save the River organization).[28] During his time on the run, he was also the "travel" columnist for Crawdaddy! magazine. On September 4, 1980, he surrendered to authorities, and, on the same date, he appeared on a pre-taped edition of ABC-TV's 20/20 in an interview with Barbara Walters.[29] Hoffman received a one-year sentence, but was released after four months.

Back to visibility

In November 1986, Hoffman was arrested along with 14 others, including Amy Carter, the daughter of former President Jimmy Carter, for trespassing at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.[30] The charges stemmed from a protest against the Central Intelligence Agency's recruitment on the UMass campus.[31] Since the university's policy limited campus recruitment to law-abiding organizations, the defense argued that the CIA engaged in illegal activities. The federal district court judge permitted expert witnesses, including former Attorney General Ramsey Clark and a former CIA agent who testified that the CIA carried on an illegal Contra war against the Sandinista regime in Nicaragua in violation of the Boland Amendment.[32]

In three days of testimony, more than a dozen defense witnesses, including Daniel Ellsberg, and former Contra leader Edgar Chamorro, described the CIA's role in more than two decades of covert, illegal and often violent activities. In his closing argument, Hoffman, acting as his own attorney, placed his actions within the best tradition of American civil disobedience. He quoted from Thomas Paine, "the most outspoken and farsighted of the leaders of the American Revolution: 'Every age and generation must be as free to act for itself, in all cases, as the ages and generations which preceded it. Man has no property in man, neither has any generation a property in the generations which are to follow.'"

Hoffman concluded: "Thomas Paine was talking about this Spring day in this courtroom. A verdict of not guilty will say, 'When our country is right, keep it right; but when it is wrong, right those wrongs.'" On April 15, 1987, the jury found Hoffman and the other defendants not guilty.

After his acquittal,[31] Hoffman acted in a cameo appearance in Oliver Stone's later-released anti-Vietnam War movie, Born on the Fourth of July.[33] He essentially played himself in the movie, waving a flag on the ramparts of an administration building during a campus protest that was being teargassed and crushed by state troopers.

In 1987 Hoffman summed up his views.

You are talking to a leftist. I believe in the redistribution of wealth and power in the world. I believe in universal hospital care for everyone. I believe that we should not have a single homeless person in the richest country in the world. And I believe that we should not have a CIA that goes around overwhelming governments and assassinating political leaders, working for tight oligarchies around the world to protect the tight oligarchy here at home.[30]

Later that same year, Hoffman and Jonathan Silvers wrote Steal This Urine Test (published October 5, 1987), which exposed the internal contradictions of the War on Drugs and suggested ways to circumvent its most intrusive measures. He stated, for instance, that Federal Express, which received high praise from management guru Tom Peters for "empowering" workers, in fact subjected most employees to random drug tests, firing any who got a positive result, with no retest or appeal procedure, despite the fact that FedEx chose a drug lab (the lowest bidder) with a proven record of frequent false positive results.

Stone's Born on the Fourth of July was released on December 20, 1989, more than eight months after Hoffman's suicide on April 12, 1989. At the time of his death, Hoffman was at the height of a renewed public visibility, one of the few 1960s radicals who still commanded the attention of all kinds of mass media. He regularly lectured audiences about the CIA's covert activities, including assassinations disguised as suicides. His Playboy article (October, 1988) outlining the connections that constitute the "October Surprise", brought that alleged conspiracy to the attention of a wide-ranging American readership for the first time.[34]

Personal life

In 1960, Hoffman married Sheila Karklin[8] and had two children: Andrew (born 1960) and Amy (1962–2007), who later went by the name Ilya. They divorced in 1966.

In 1967, Hoffman married Anita Kushner in Manhattan's Central Park.[35] They had one son, america Hoffman, deliberately named using a lowercase "a" to indicate both patriotism and non-jingoistic intent.[36] Although Hoffman and Kushner were effectively separated after Hoffman became a fugitive, starting in 1973, they were not formally divorced until 1980. He subsequently fell in love with Johanna Lawrenson in 1974, while a fugitive.

His personal life drew a great deal of scrutiny from the Federal Bureau of Investigation. By their own admission, they kept a file on him that was 13,262 pages long.[37]

Death

Hoffman was 52 at the time of his death on April 12, 1989, which was caused by swallowing 150 phenobarbital tablets and liquor. He had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder in 1980.[38] At the time he had recently changed treatment medications and was reportedly depressed when his 83-year-old mother was diagnosed with cancer (she died in 1996 at the age of 90). Some close to Hoffman claimed that as a natural prankster who valued youth, he was also unhappy about reaching middle age, combined with the fact that the ideas of the 1960s had given way to a conservative backlash in the 1980s. In 1984 he had expressed dismay that the current generation of young people were not as interested in protesting and social activism as youth had been during the 1960s.[39] Hoffman's body was found in his apartment in a converted turkey coop on Sugan Road in Solebury Township, near New Hope, Pennsylvania. At the time of his death, he was surrounded by about 200 pages of his own handwritten notes, many about his own moods.

His death was officially ruled as suicide. As reported by The New York Times, "Among the more vocal doubters at the service today was Mr. Dellinger, who said, 'I don't believe for one moment the suicide thing.' He said he had been in fairly frequent touch with Mr. Hoffman, who had 'numerous plans for the future.'" Yet the same New York Times article reported that the coroner found the residue of about 150 pills and quoted the coroner in a telephone interview saying "There is no way to take that amount of phenobarbital without intent. It was intentional and self-inflicted."[40]

A week after Hoffman's death, a thousand friends and relatives gathered for a memorial in Worcester, Massachusetts at Temple Emanuel, the synagogue he attended as a child. Two of his colleagues from the Chicago Seven conspiracy trial were there: David Dellinger and Jerry Rubin, Hoffman's co-founder of the Yippies, by then a businessman.

As The New York Times reported: "Indeed, most of the mourners who attended the formal memorial at Temple Emanuel here were more yuppie than yippie and there were more rep ties than ripped jeans among the crowd..."[41]

The Times report continued:

Bill Walton, the radical Celtic of basketball renown, told of a puckish Abbie, then underground evading a cocaine charge in the '70s, leaping from the shadows on a New York street to give him an impromptu basketball lesson after a loss to the Knicks. 'Abbie was not a fugitive from justice,' said Mr. Walton. 'Justice was a fugitive from him.' On a more traditional note, Rabbi Norman Mendell said in his eulogy that Mr. Hoffman's long history of protest, antic though much of it had been, was 'in the Jewish prophetic tradition, which is to comfort the afflicted and afflict the comfortable.'[41]

Bibliography

Books

Record

Media

Interviews

Appearances in documentary films

Hoffman is featured in interviews and archival news footage in the following documentaries:

Appearances in feature films

Legacy

Portrayals

Theatre Festival

The Mary-Archie Theatre Company in Chicago started the "Abbie Hoffman Died For Our Sins" Theatre Festival in 1988. This festival runs every year for 3 consecutive days as a celebration of the Woodstock Music and Art Fair of 1969. Festival website

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hoffman, Abbie (2009). Revolution for the Hell of It: The Book That Earned Abbie Hoffman a Five-Year Prison Term at the Chicago Conspiracy Trial. Da Capo Press. p. 114. ISBN 9780786738984.
  2. ↑ Avrich, Paul (2005). Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America. AK Press. p. 470. ISBN 9781904859277.
  3. ↑ McMillian, John Campbell; Buhle, Paul (2008). The New Left Revisited. Temple University Press. p. 199. ISBN 9781592137978.
  4. ↑ Abbie Hoffman Dies The New York Times
  5. ↑ Fish, Jesse (2011-06-05). "… And the Yippies on St. Marks - The Local East Village Blog - NYTimes.com". Eastvillage.thelocal.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2013-12-04.
  6. ↑ "Abbie Hoffman, 60's Icon, Dies; Yippie Movement Founder Was 52". The New York Times. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  7. ↑ Marty Jezer (1993). Abbie Hoffman: American Rebel. Rutgers University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8135-2017-9. According to Abbie, the teacher took issue with his defense of atheism.
  8. 1 2 "For the Hell of It: The Life and Times of Abbie Hoffman". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2013-12-04.
  9. ↑ Jezer, Marty (1993). Abbie Hoffman: American Rebel. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. pp. 20–23. ISBN 0-8135-2017-7.
  10. ↑ Goldstein, Richard. "Bud Collins, Who Covered Tennis With Authority and Flash, Dies at 86". The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  11. 1 2 ''Sleeping Where I Fall: A Chronicle'' pg.71. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-12-04.
  12. ↑ "Interview by Etan Ben-Ami Mill Valley, California January 12, 1989". Diggers.org. Retrieved 2013-12-04.
  13. ↑ Soon To Be A Major Motion Picture: The Autobiography of Abbie Hoffman, First Edition, Perigree Books, 1980, p. 101.
  14. ↑ Ledbetter, James (August 23, 2007). "The day the NYSE went Yippe". CNNMoney.com. Archived from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2009.
  15. ↑ Blair, Cynthia. "1967: Hippies Toss Dollar Bills onto NYSE Floor". It Happened In New York. Newsday. Archived from the original on June 6, 2009. Retrieved 2006-04-01. For Hoffman's account of the events of the day, see his 1968 book Revolution for the Hell of It: The Book That Earned Abbie Hoffman a 5-Year Prison Term at the Chicago Conspiracy Trial (reprint edition New York, Thunder's Mouth Press:2005) ISBN 1-56025-690-7
  16. 1 2 "Levitate the Pentagon". Uic.edu. 1967-10-21. Retrieved 2013-12-04.
  17. 1 2 3 4 The Day The Pentagon Was Supposed To Lift Off Into Space
  18. 1 2 "Abbie Hoffman". Teaching.com. 1997. Archived from the original on February 7, 2006. Retrieved 2006-04-01.
  19. ↑ Excerpts from his testimony at the trial can be found here.
  20. ↑ Kirsten Pauli. "Judge Julius Hoffman". Law.umkc.edu. Retrieved 2013-12-04.
  21. 1 2 J. ANTHONY LUKAS (1970-02-06). "Judge Hoffman Is Taunted at Trial of the Chicago 7 After Silencing Defense Counsel". The New York Times (paid access). Retrieved 2008-10-07.
  22. ↑ Linder, Douglas O. "The Chicago Seven Conspiracy Trial." UMKC School of Law. Accessed 2008-10-23. This article gives a detailed description of the trial, the events leading up to it, the reversal on appeal and the aftermath.
  23. ↑ Peter Doggett (2007). There's A Riot Going On: Revolutionaries, Rock Stars, and the Rise and Fall of '60s Counter-Culture. London: Canongate Books. p. 476. ISBN 1847676456.
  24. ↑ "BBC 6 Music Documentary "Before I Get Old"". Bbc.co.uk. 2012-11-09. Retrieved 2013-12-04.
  25. ↑ quoted in Peter Doggett, There's a Riot Going On: Revolutionaries, Rock Stars, and the Rise and Fall of the '60s.
  26. ↑ Brate, Adam. Technomanifestos, chapter 8. Texere, June 2002.
  27. ↑ "Los Angeles Times, 6/4/98". Petercoyote.com. 1998-06-04. Retrieved 2013-12-04.
  28. ↑ "Save the River!". Savetheriver.org. Archived from the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
  29. ↑ Hoffman, Abbie; Walters, Barbara (1980-09-04), Sept. 4, 1980: Abbie Hoffman Interview, retrieved 2012-08-22
  30. 1 2 JOHN T. McQUISTONPublished: April 14, 1989 (1989-04-14). "Abbie Hoffman, 60's Icon, Dies; Yippie Movement Founder Was 52". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2013-12-04.
  31. 1 2 Bernstein, Fred. "Amy Carter and Abbie Hoffman Win Acquittal, but They Want to Keep the C.I.A. on Trial". People.com. Retrieved 2013-12-04.
  32. ↑ "University of Massachusetts". Cia-on-campus.org. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
  33. ↑ Born on the Fourth of July IMDB
  34. ↑ "Playboy, Oct. 1988 (PDF)" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-12-04.
  35. ↑ "Hoffman Wedding In Central Park". Life.com. 1963-02-01. Retrieved 2013-12-04.
  36. ↑ Raskin, Jonah (1996). For the Hell of It: The Life and Times of Abbie Hoffman. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. p. 224. ISBN 0520213793.
  37. ↑ "FBI – FBI Records/FOIA". Archived from the original on February 5, 2011. Retrieved 2013-12-04.
  38. ↑ Jezer, Marty (1993). Abbie Hoffman: American Rebel. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-2017-7.
  39. ↑ Jezer, 1993
  40. ↑ King, Wayne (April 19, 1989). "Abbie Hoffman Committed Suicide Using Barbiturates, Autopsy Shows". The New York Times.
  41. 1 2 "Mourning, and Celebrating, a Radical". Nytimes.com. 1989-04-20. Retrieved 2013-12-04.
  42. ↑ 1968 Tundra East Village Co.
  43. ↑ Pavlides, Dan. "Growing Up in America". Allmovie. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
  44. ↑ "Lord of the Universe". IMDB. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
  45. ↑ "The Lord of the Universe: Trivia". IMDB. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
  46. ↑ Tamms, Kathryn. "My Name Is Abbie". Allmovie. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
  47. ↑ "Phil Ochs: There but for Fortune". IMDB. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
  48. ↑ Holden, Stephen (2011-01-04). "Aspiring to Musical Power and Glory". The New York Times: C6. Archived from the original on 6 January 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-08.
  49. ↑ Deming, Mark. "Steal This Movie". Allmovie. Archived from the original on 10 December 2010. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
  50. ↑ The Chicago 8 IMDB
  51. ↑ "Ben Cohen: Biography". IMDB. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
  52. ↑ Webster, Andy (2011-01-12). "The Life and Passions of an American Activist". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-01-24.

Further reading

External links

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