Batman & Robin (film)

Batman & Robin

Theatrical release poster
Directed by Joel Schumacher
Produced by Peter MacGregor-Scott
Written by Akiva Goldsman
Based on Characters appearing in magazines published
by DC Comics
Batman characters
by Bob Kane
Starring
Music by Elliot Goldenthal
Cinematography Stephen Goldblatt
Edited by Dennis Virkler
Mark Stevens
Production
company
Distributed by Warner Bros.
Release dates
  • June 20, 1997 (1997-06-20)
Running time
 125 minutes
Country United States
Language English
Budget $125–140 million[1][2]
Box office $238.2 million[1]

Batman & Robin is a 1997 American Superhero film based on the DC Comics characters Batman and Robin. It is the fourth and final installment of Warner Bros.' initial Batman film series. The film was directed by Joel Schumacher and written by Akiva Goldsman. It stars George Clooney, Chris O'Donnell, Alicia Silverstone, Uma Thurman, and Arnold Schwarzenegger.

Batman & Robin tells the story of Batman and Robin as they attempt to prevent Mr. Freeze and Poison Ivy from freezing all mankind to death and repopulating the earth with mutant plants, while at the same time struggling to keep their partnership together. It is also to date the only film appearance of Batgirl, who helps the title characters fight the villains.

Warner Bros. fast-tracked development for Batman & Robin following the box office success of the previous film, Batman Forever. Schumacher and Goldsman conceived the storyline during pre-production on A Time to Kill, while Val Kilmer decided not to reprise the role over scheduling conflicts with The Saint. Schumacher had a strong interest in casting William Baldwin in Kilmer's place before George Clooney won the role. Principal photography began in September 1996 and finished in January 1997, two weeks ahead of the shooting schedule.

Batman & Robin was released on June 20, 1997. While it performed modestly at the box office, it made $238.2 million, making it the lowest grossing film in the series, the film was a critical failure and has been called one of the worst films of all time.[3][4] Reviewers heavily criticized the film for several aspects of the production, including its poor script, plot lines, acting and dialogue but some highly praised the action sequences and its visual style. Schumacher and Warner Bros. originally envisioned that Batman Unchained would follow the film. However, the film's poor critical reception ended plans for a sequel[5] and the film series was rebooted with Batman Begins in 2005. One of the songs recorded for the film, "The End Is the Beginning Is the End" by The Smashing Pumpkins, won a Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 40th Grammy Awards.

Plot

The film begins with Batman and Robin stopping Mr. Freeze from a robbery attempt, but he escapes. In South America, Pamela Isley is working under Dr. Jason Woodrue, experimenting with the Venom drug. She witnesses Woodrue use the formula to turn a diminutive convict into a hulking monstrosity dubbed "Bane". Woodrue and Isley argue over the use of the drug and Woodrue kills her by overturning a shelf of various toxins. She transforms into the beautiful and seductive Poison Ivy before killing Woodrue. She finds that Wayne Enterprises funded Woodrue, thus she takes Bane with her to Gotham City. Meanwhile, Alfred Pennyworth's niece, Barbara Wilson, makes a surprise visit and is invited by Bruce Wayne to stay at Wayne Manor until she goes back to school.

Wayne Enterprises presents a new telescope at a press conference interrupted by Isley. She proposes a project that could help the environment, but Bruce declines her offer, as it would kill millions of people. That night, a charity event is held by Wayne Enterprises with special guests, Batman and Robin, and she decides to use her abilities to seduce them. Freeze crashes the party and steals a diamond from the event. However, he is captured and sent to a chamber prison in Arkham Asylum, but escapes with the help of Ivy and Bane. Batman and Robin begin to have crime fighting relationship problems because of the presence of Ivy's seductive ability with Robin. Ivy is then able to contact Robin once more, but fails to seduce him. Robin becomes trapped, but rescued by Batman. Batgirl shows up, while Ivy, Freeze and Bane flee. Batgirl reveals that she is Barbara and knows the location of the Batcave.

Batman, Robin and Batgirl decide to go after Freeze together. By the time they get to the lab where Freeze and Bane are, Gotham is completely frozen. Robin confronts Bane and defeats him, while Batman and Freeze begin to fight each other, with Batman winning. Batgirl and Robin unfreeze Gotham and Batman shows Freeze a recording of Ivy during her fight with Batgirl. Freeze learns that Ivy has betrayed him over the death of his wife. Ivy blamed Batman for Nora's death, but she informs Batgirl that it was her idea. Freeze is angered by the betrayal and is informed by Batman that his wife is not dead; she is restored in cryogenic slumber and has been moved to Arkham waiting for him to finish his research. Batman proceeds to ask Freeze for the cure Freeze has created for the first stage of MacGregor's Syndrome, the disease that Freeze's wife is suffering from, for a friend (Alfred) who is dying. Freeze atones for his misunderstanding by giving him medicine he had developed. Ivy is shown imprisoned in Arkham and Freeze walks in. Alfred is eventually healed and everyone agrees to let Barbara stay at the mansion. The film ends with the image of a Bat-Signal, with Batman, Robin and Batgirl running as if appearing from the signal itself towards the camera.

Cast

Production

Development

With the box office success of Batman Forever in June 1995, Warner Bros. immediately commissioned a sequel.[6] They hired director Joel Schumacher and writer Akiva Goldsman to reprise their duties the following August,[7] and decided it was best to fast track production for a June 1997 target release date, which is a break from the usual 3-year gap between films.[6] Schumacher wanted to homage both the broad camp style of the 1960s television series and the work of Dick Sprang.[8] The storyline of Batman & Robin was conceived by Schumacher and Goldsman during pre-production on A Time to Kill.[9] Portions of Mr. Freeze's back-story were based on the Batman: The Animated Series episode "Heart of Ice", written by Paul Dini.[10]

While Chris O'Donnell reprises the role of Robin, Val Kilmer decided not to reprise the role of Batman from Batman Forever. Schumacher admitted he had difficulty working with Kilmer on Forever. "He sort of quit," Schumacher said, "and we sort of fired him."[11] Kilmer said he was not aware of the fast track production and was already committed to The Saint (1997).[7] Schumacher originally had a strong interest in casting William Baldwin in Kilmer's place, but George Clooney was cast instead.[12] Schumacher believed Clooney could provide a lighter interpretation of the character than Michael Keaton (in Batman and Batman Returns) and Kilmer.[7][13] The shooting schedule allowed Clooney to simultaneously work on ER without any scheduling conflicts.[8]

Patrick Stewart was considered for the role of Mr. Freeze,[14] before the script was rewritten to accommodate Arnold Schwarzenegger's casting.[15] Schumacher decided that Mr. Freeze must be "big and strong like he was chiseled out of a glacier".[7] Schwarzenegger was paid a $25 million salary for the role.[16][17] His prosthetic makeup and wardrobe took six hours to apply each day.[18] Thurman took the role of Poison Ivy because she liked the femme fatale characterization of the character.[7] Alicia Silverstone was the only choice for the role of Batgirl.[14] Leonardo DiCaprio stated that he had a meeting with Schumacher about appearing in the film, but was ultimately not cast.[19]

Filming

The original start date was August 1996,[11] but principal photography did not begin until September 12, 1996.[20] Batman & Robin finished filming in late January 1997,[21] two weeks ahead of the shooting schedule.[8] The film was mostly shot at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, California.[7]

When comparing work on Batman Forever, Chris O'Donnell, who portrayed Robin, explained, "It just felt like everything got a little soft the second time. On Batman Forever, I felt like I was making a movie. The second time, I felt like I was making a kid's toy commercial."[7] He also complained of the Robin costume, saying it was more involved and uncomfortable than the one he wore in Batman Forever, with a glued-on mask which caused sweat to pool on his face.[22] According to John Glover, who played Dr. Jason Woodrue, "Joel [Schumacher] would sit on a crane with a megaphone and yell before each take, 'Remember, everyone, this is a cartoon'. It was hard to act because that kind of set the tone for the film."[7] Production designer Barbara Ling admitted her influences for the Gotham City design came from "neon-ridden Tokyo and the Machine Age. Gotham is like a World's Fair on ecstasy."[23] Rhythm and Hues and Pacific Data Images created the visual effects sequences, with John Dykstra and Andrew Adamson credited as the visual effects supervisors.[24]

According to Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight Part 6: Batman Unbound, Chris O'Donnell revealed that despite hanging out with Arnold Schwarzenegger a lot off set and during promotion for the film, they never worked a single day together. This was achieved with stand ins when one of the actors wasn't available.

Stunt coordinator Alex Field taught Alicia Silverstone to ride a motorcycle so that she could play Batgirl.[22]

Music

Like Batman Forever, the original score for the film was written by Elliot Goldenthal.[25] The soundtrack featured a variety of genres by various bands and performers, showcasing alternative rock on the lead single "The End Is the Beginning Is the End" by The Smashing Pumpkins, on the Goo Goo Dolls' contribution, "Lazy Eye" and with R.E.M.'s song "Revolution". R&B singer R. Kelly also wrote "Gotham City" for the soundtrack, which became the other song featured in the end credits, as well as one of the singles, reaching the top 10 in the United States and in the UK. Eric Benét and Meshell Ndegeocello also contributed R&B songs. Also included was the top 5 second single, "Look into My Eyes" by the hip hop group Bone Thugs-n-Harmony. Other songs featured included electronic dance elements, including those by Moloko and Arkana. The soundtrack was released on May 27, 1997, a month before the film.[26][27]

Marketing

The Batman & Robin film trailer debuted on the February 19, 1997 episode of Entertainment Tonight.[28] Warner Bros. spent $15 million to market and promote the film, in addition to its $125 million production budget.[2] The studio also brought in toy companies to be involved with pre-production, including the design of concept art and character illustrations. Director Joel Schumacher criticized Warner Bros.'s strategy for Batman & Robin as being overtly toyetic.

Various Six Flags parks (Six Flags Great Adventure, Six Flags Over Texas, and Six Flags St. Louis) all debuted coasters themed to the film (all of which have since been closed or re-themed to Batman: The Animated Series).[7] Taco Bell featured a promotional campaign including collectible cups and a contest with a replica of the film's Batmobile as a grand prize. A junior novelization of the screenplay, written by Alan Grant, was published along with the release of the film in 1997.[29]

Reception

Box office

Batman & Robin was released on June 20, 1997 in North America, earning $42,872,605 in its opening weekend,[1] making it the third-highest opening weekend of 1997.[30] The film declined by 63% in its second week.[31] Batman & Robin faced early competition with Face/Off and Hercules.[2] Schumacher blamed it on yellow journalism started by Harry Knowles of Ain't It Cool News and other film websites such as Dark Horizons.[32] The film went on to gross $107.3 million in North America and $130.9 million internationally, coming to a worldwide total of $238.2 million.[1] Warner Bros. acknowledged Batman & Robin's shortcomings in the domestic market but pointed out success overseas.[2]

Critical reaction

"If there's anybody watching this, that... let's say, loved Batman Forever, and went into Batman & Robin with great anticipation, if I've disappointed them in any way, then I really want to apologize. Because it wasn't my intention. My intention was just to entertain them."

—Joel Schumacher's apology for his work on the film[7]

Upon release, Batman & Robin received generally unfavorable reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 11% approval rating with an average rating of 3.7/10 based on 85 reviews. The website's consensus reads: "Joel Schumacher's tongue-in-cheek attitude hits an unbearable limit in Batman & Robin, resulting in a frantic and mindless movie that's too jokey to care much for."[33] On Metacritic, the film achieved an average score of 28 out of 100 based on 21 reviews, signifying "generally unfavorable reviews".[34]

Schumacher and producer Peter MacGregor-Scott blamed the negative reception of Batman & Robin on Warner Bros.' decision to fast track production. "There was a lot of pressure from Warner Bros. to make Batman & Robin more family-friendly," Schumacher explained. "We decided to do a less depressing Batman movie and less torture and more heroic. I know I have been criticized a lot for this, but I didn't see the harm in that approach at all."[7] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times criticized the toyetic approach and Mr. Freeze's one-liner jokes in his two-star review of the film.[35] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times believed the film "killed" the Batman film series, and felt Batman & Robin depended too much on visual effects.[36] Desson Thomson of The Washington Post largely disapproved of Schumacher's direction and Akiva Goldsman's script.[37] Mick LaSalle, writing in the San Francisco Chronicle, said, "George Clooney is the big zero of the film, and should go down in history as the George Lazenby of the series."[38] However, Janet Maslin of The New York Times gave a positive review. She praised Uma Thurman's acting, as well as the production and costume design.[39]

Batman & Robin was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film, as well as Best Make-up and Best Costume, but won none. Alicia Silverstone won the Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actress. Other nominations at the Razzie Awards included Schumacher (Worst Director), George Clooney and Chris O'Donnell (Worst Screen Couple), Akiva Goldsman (Worst Screenplay), both Chris O'Donnell and Arnold Schwarzenegger (Worst Supporting Actor), Uma Thurman (Worst Supporting Actress), as well as Billy Corgan (Worst Song for "The End Is the Beginning Is the End"). Batman & Robin also received nominations for Worst Picture, Worst Remake or Sequel and Worst Reckless Disregard for Human Life and Public Property. Ultimately, out of 11 nominations, Batman & Robin garnered only one Razzie Award.

Many observers thought Schumacher, a gay man, added possible homoerotic innuendo in the storyline.[7] James Berardinelli questioned the "random amount [sic] of rubber nipples and camera angle close-ups of the Dynamic Duo's butts and Bat-crotches."[40] Similar to Batman Forever, this primarily included the decision to add nipples and enlarged codpieces to Batman and Robin suits. Schumacher stated, "I had no idea that putting nipples on the Batsuit and Robin suit were going to spark international headlines. The bodies of the suits come from ancient Greek statues, which display perfect bodies. They are anatomically correct."[7] Chris O'Donnell, who portrayed Robin, felt "it wasn't so much the nipples that bothered me. It was the codpiece. The press obviously played it up and made it a big deal, especially with Joel directing. I didn't think twice about the controversy, but going back and looking and seeing some of the pictures, it was very unusual."[7] George Clooney joked, "Joel Schumacher told me we never made another Batman film because Batman was gay".[41] Clooney himself has spoken critically of the film, saying, "I think we might have killed the franchise",[42] and called it "a waste of money".[43]

Cancelled sequel and later plans

During the filming of Batman & Robin, Warner Bros. was impressed with the dailies, prompting them to immediately hire Joel Schumacher to return as director for a sequel. However, writer Akiva Goldsman turned down an offer to write the script.[8] In late 1996, Warner Bros. and Schumacher hired Mark Protosevich to write the script for a fifth Batman film. A projected mid-1999 release date was announced.[44] Titled Batman Unchained, Protosevich's script had the Scarecrow as the main villain. Through the use of his fear toxin, he resurrects the Joker as a hallucination in Batman's mind. Harley Quinn appeared as a supporting character, written as the Joker's daughter.[45] George Clooney, Chris O'Donnell, and Alicia Silverstone were set to reprise the roles of Batman, Robin, and Batgirl. However, following the poor critical reception of Batman & Robin, Clooney vowed never to reprise his role.[46]

Warner Bros. decided to consider a live-action Batman Beyond film and an adaptation of Frank Miller's Batman: Year One. Warner would then produce whichever idea suited them the most.[47] Schumacher felt he "owe[d] the Batman culture a real Batman movie. I would go back to the basics and make a dark portrayal of the Dark Knight."[48] He approached Warner Bros. about doing Batman: Year One in mid-1998,[48] but they were more interested in hiring Darren Aronofsky. Aronofsky and Miller developed a Year One script with Aronofsky to direct, but it was ultimately canceled. Christopher Nolan was eventually hired to helm the next Batman film in January 2003, resulting in the rebooted Batman Begins (2005).[47]

In "Legends of the Dark Knight", an episode of The New Batman Adventures, three teenagers discuss their ideas about what Batman is really like. They briefly meet a youth called Joel whose idea of Batman reflects characterizations and costumes portrayed within Schumacher's Batman and Robin. The teens treat Joel's ideas with utter disdain.[49] In Watchmen, director Zack Snyder and comic book artist Dave Gibbons chose to parody the molded muscle and nipple Batsuit design from Batman & Robin for the Ozymandias costume.[50][51] The film is referenced in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Legends of the Dark Mite!", when Bat-Mite briefly uses his powers to transform Batman's costume into the same suit shown in the Schumacher Batman films, before declaring it "Too icky".[52] The Batman from Batman & Robin later appeared as part of an army of Batmen gathered from across the Multiverse in "Night of the Batmen!", complete with the blue rubber Batsuit. Additionally, there were worries within Warner Bros. surrounding the negative critical reaction to Batman & Robin and how that may come to harm the success of the subsequent direct-to-video animated film Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero, which was originally planned for release at around the same time as Batman & Robin but was subsequently delayed.[53] However, SubZero received a far stronger positive response from critics than Batman & Robin, with Mr. Freeze's role within it being seen in a much more positive light, returning his popularity as a Batman villain to a level comparable to that reached by him within the two Emmy-winning episodes the character featured in of Batman: The Animated Series.[53]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Batman and Robin". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Karger, Dave (July 11, 1997). "Big Chill". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  3. ↑ Nelson, Michael J (2000-06-20). "Mike Nelson's Movie Megacheese". ISBN 978-0-380-81467-1.
  4. ↑ "The 50 Worst Movies Ever". Empire. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
  5. ↑ Aaron Couch (June 14, 2015). "'Batman' Movie Series: List of Unmade Projects - Hollywood Reporter". The Hollywood Reporter.
  6. 1 2 Fleming, Michael (February 21, 1997). "Helmer's 3rd At Bat". Variety. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Joel Schumacher, Peter MacGregor-Scott, Chris O'Donnell, Val Kilmer, Uma Thurman, John Glover, Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight Part 6-Batman Unbound, 2005, Warner Home Video
  8. 1 2 3 4 Michael Mallory; Michael Fleming (March 5, 1997). "Holy caped caper, IV". Variety. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  9. ↑ Setlowe, Rick (March 5, 1997). "The write kind of director". Variety. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  10. ↑ Paul Dini, Batman & Robin: The Heroes, 2005, Warner Home Video
  11. 1 2 Rebecca Ascher-Walsh (May 31, 1995). "Psycho Kilmer". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  12. ↑ Ramey, Bill (2009-12-16). "William Baldwin Talks Batman & Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths". Batman-on-film.com. Retrieved 2014-09-11.
  13. ↑ "Batman & Robin: About The Production". Film Scouts. Film Scouts LLC.
  14. 1 2 Jeff Gordinier; Jeffrey Wells (December 15, 1995). "Bat Signal". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 25, 2008. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
  15. ↑ Mallory, Michael (March 5, 1997). "An ice-cold Arnold sends Batman back to his cave". Variety. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  16. ↑ Dave Karger; Cindy Pearlman (March 14, 1997). "The Bat and the Beautiful". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  17. ↑ Masters, Kim (August 5, 1996). "Hollywood Fades to Red". Time. Retrieved February 19, 2009.
  18. ↑ "Summer Movie Preview". Entertainment Weekly. May 16, 1997. Archived from the original on December 3, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  19. ↑ "Leonardo DiCaprio interview - ShortList Magazine". ShortList Magazine.
  20. ↑ Pener, Degen (September 13, 1996). "Holy Hearsay". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  21. ↑ Anita M. Busch (January 10, 1997). "Schumacher on 'Popcorn'". Variety. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  22. 1 2 Allstetter, Rob (August 1997). "The Bat-Box". Wizard (72). p. 120.
  23. ↑ Barbara Ling, Bigger, Bolder, Brighter: The Production Design of Batman & Robin, 2005, Warner Home Video
  24. ↑ John Dykstra, Andrew Adamson, Freeze Frame: The Visual Effects of Batman & Robin, 2005, Warner Home Video
  25. ↑ Chapman, Glen (December 14, 2010). "Music in the movies: Elliot Goldenthal". Den of Geek (Dennis Publishing). Retrieved November 30, 2012.
  26. ↑ Browne, David (June 27, 1997). "Batman & Robin". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
  27. ↑ "Awards and Chart positions for Batman & Robin (Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture)". AllMusic.
  28. ↑ Hontz, Jenny (February 20, 1997). "Inside Moves". Variety. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  29. ↑ "Batman and Robin by Alan Grant (9780316176927)". Barnes & Noble. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  30. ↑ "1997 Domestic Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
  31. ↑ "'Bat' beats up B.O.". Variety. July 8, 1997. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  32. ↑ Weiner, Rex (July 29, 1997). "Www.h'w'd.ticked". Variety. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  33. ↑ "Batman & Robin". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
  34. ↑ "Batman & Robin (1997): Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
  35. ↑ Roger Ebert (June 20, 1997). "Batman & Robin". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
  36. ↑ Kenneth Turan (June 20, 1997). "Batman & Robin". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 2, 2008. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
  37. ↑ Desson Thomson (June 20, 1997). "Batman & Robin". The Washington Post.
  38. ↑ Mick LaSalle (June 20, 1997). "Batman Chills Out". San Francisco Chronicle.
  39. ↑ Janet Maslin (June 20, 1997). "Batman and Robin". The New York Times.
  40. ↑ James Berardinelli. "Batman and Robin". ReelViews.net. Retrieved November 13, 2008.
  41. ↑ Sharon Swart; Bill Higgins (June 27, 2005). "'Happy' to sign off". Variety. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  42. ↑ Daniel, Mac (June 12, 2005). "Batman and Robin". The Boston Globe. Retrieved May 17, 2006.
  43. ↑ Hirschberg, Lynn (November 3, 2002). "Questions for George Clooney; True Confessions". The New York Times.
  44. ↑ Fleming, Michael (February 21, 1997). "Helmer's 3rd At Bat". Variety. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2008.
  45. ↑ Linder, Brian (July 27, 2000). "Rumblings From Gotham". IGN. Retrieved October 17, 2008.
  46. ↑ Fleming, Michael (November 11, 1997). "Schumacher trims sails". Variety. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  47. 1 2 Hughes, David (March 2004). "The Dark Knight Strikes Out". Tales From Development Hell. London: Titan Books. pp. 192–211. ISBN 1-84023-691-4.
  48. 1 2 Jensen, Jeff (December 4, 1998). "Winging It". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 19, 2008. Retrieved October 17, 2008.
  49. ↑ "Legends of the Dark Knight". Dan Riba (director), Bruce Timm; Robert Goodman (writers). Batman: The Animated Series. October 10, 1998. No. 19, season 2.
  50. ↑ Frosty (June 26, 2008). "Exclusive Zack Snyder Video Interview Backstage at Saturn Awards". Collider.com. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
  51. ↑ Dave Gibbons (December 2008). "Watchmen's artist tells us how the famed graphic novel changed his life and gives some thoughts on the upcoming movie and game". Electronic Gaming Monthly. p. 53.
  52. ↑ "Legends of the Dark Mite!". Ben Jones (director), Paul Dini (writer). Batman: The Brave and the Bold. May 29, 2009. No. 19, season 1.
  53. 1 2 "Stomp Tokyo Video Reviews - Batman & Mr. Freeze: Subzero". Stomptokyo.com. March 25, 1998. Retrieved May 21, 2013.

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