Black moon

The term black moon refers to an additional new moon that appears in a month or in a season. It may also refer to the absence of a full moon or of a new moon in a month.

Definitions, frequency, dates

Month with two new moons

One use of the term is for the occurrence of a second new moon in a calendar month. This is analogous to the by-month definition of a blue moon as the second full moon in a month. February is too short for a second new moon to occur. This event occurs about every 29 months.^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]}

The assignment of a calendar date to a new moon, and in which month a second new moon occurs, depends on the time zone. For example, the new moon of 2016-10-01T00:11 UTC occurs on 1 October for Europe, Asia and Oceania, making it the first of two new moons in October. However, for the Americas the date is still 30 September, making this the second new moon of September.^[1][6]

Calculated in UTC, instances of a second new moon in a calendar month between 2010 and 2020 are:^[9]

• 2011-07-30
• 2014-01-30
• 2014-03-30
• 2016-10-30
• 2019-08-30

Season with four new moons

Another use of the term is for the third new moon in a season that has four new moons. This is analogous to the Farmers' Almanac definition of a blue moon as the third full moon in a season with four full moons. A season lasts about three months and usually has three new moons. This event occurs about every 33 months.^[1][3]

There is no dependency on time zones in this definition as the seasons are tied to the winter solstice. Instances of four new moons in a season are:^[3][9]

• 2012-05-20 (spring)
• 2015-02-18 (winter)
• 2017-08-21 (summer)
• 2020-05-22 (spring)

Month without full moon

Another use of the term is for the absence of the full moon from a calendar month. This can occur only in February; it happens about every 20 years. When February is without full moon, then the preceding January or December and the following March or April have two full moons.^[1][2][8]

As with the case of two new moons in a month, whether a black moon by this definition occurs depends on the time zone. Calculated in UTC, instances of a month without full moon between 1990 and 2040 are:^[9]

• February 1999
• February 2018
• February 2037

Month without new moon

Another use of the term is for the absence of the new moon in a calendar month. This can occur only in February; it happens about every 20 years. When February is without new moon, then the preceding January or December and the following March or April have two new moons.^[1][2]

As with the case of two new moons in a month, whether a black moon by this definition occurs depends on the time zone. Calculated in UTC, instances of a month without new moon between 1990 and 2040 are:^[9]

• February 1995
• February 2014
• February 2033

Paganism

In some aspects of paganism, particularly amongst Wiccans, the black moon is considered to be a special time when any rituals, spells, or other workings are considered to be more powerful and effective. Others do not believe any rituals or workings should be conducted at these times.^{[1][3][8][10]}

Criticism

• The term "black moon" is not well established in astronomy and used at best in the popularising of astronomy.^[1]
• There is no single definition of the term "black moon".^[1]
• The new moon itself cannot be observed.^[1][3][4][6]
• The lack of a new or full moon in February can only be assigned to the month, not to any particular date; as such this is also not observable.
• The event of a black moon is an artefact of how the Gregorian calendar or the seasons map onto lunations. There is no physical or geometric difference between a black moon and other instances of a new moon.

See also

• Blue moon
• Lunar phase
• New moon
• Dark moon
• Wet moon

References

1. "What Is a Black Moon?". Time and Date. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
2. "Black Moon". The Moon FAQs. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
3. David Harper (2015). "Two New Moons in one month". Retrieved 3 October 2016.
4. Sten Odenwald (2004). "Is there a name for the second New Moon in a month?". Ask the Astronomer. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
5. Fraser Cain (24 December 2015). "Black moon". Universe Today. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
6. Joe Rao (30 September 2016). "Black Moon 2016: What It Is (and Why You Can't See It)". Space.com. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
7. Dorothy Morrison (2004). Everyday Moon Magic Spells & Rituals for Abundant Living. Llewellyn Publications. p. 43. ISBN 0-7387-0249-8.
8. "Black Moon". Witchipedia. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
9. "Phases of the Moon". Data Services. Astronomical Applications Department, U.S. Naval Observatory. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
10. "Moonlore". The Celtic Connection. Retrieved 3 October 2016.