Bodo culture
The Bodo Culture (Bodo: बर′ हारिमु), is the culture of the Bodo people of Assam in India[1] is influenced by the land where they currently live. For a long time, Bodos have been farmers, with a strong tradition of fishing, keeping poultry, piggery, rice and jute cultivation, and betel nut plantation. The Bodos also cultivate mustard and corn. They make their own traditional attire. Bodo people are mainly into Bathouism religion from ages. In recent decades, they have been influenced by social reforms under Brahma Dharma, Assamese Sarania and the spread of Christianity. They are deeply independent and proud of their Bodo identity, which has given rise to political assertion in recent times. The Bodo linguistic ethnic group arrived the earliest and settled in the region, and have contributed to the cultural traditions of the Assamese and others in the north east of India.
Bodo attire
Dresses and ornaments of the Bodos are the symbol of their traditional art and culture. Most of the tribes belonging to the Mongolian races in the North Eastern Region of India deserve the same character of dresses and ornaments. Their arts of such dresses and ornaments are the intrinsic reflections of the nature within which they are shaped and moulded. At present the dresses and ornaments of the Bodos, do not differ from their Hindu neighbours. Since ancient time, the indigenous people like Bodos were accustomed with the production of clothes from the tread of Eri and Muga. The Eri cloth is of dub colour and is durable. It is light but worm, in ordinary cold season, wrap of the Assamese (referring to the people of ancient Assam including all tribes) is generally made of this cloth. Bodo women are expert in rearing the “ Endi Emphou ” ( Eri worm ) and “ Muga latha ” ( Muga worm ) and find out treads from them. They weave different kind of clothes like “ Dokhna “ ( Women’s dress for covering the whole body ), “ Jwmgra “ ( Chadar or orna or scarf of woman ), Gamsha ( Clothe for covering the lower part of the body by man and sometimes used in bath ), “ Phali “ or “ Rumal ” ( Handkerchief ), “ Hishima “ ( Big and wide cloth used as rugs during the winter season ) etc. out of the treads of Eri and Muga. Traditionally Bodo manfolk used to wear male garment called “ Gamsha “ ( Gamosha in Assamese ) to cover the body from waist down to the knee. Previously Bodo old man used to wear wooden footwear known as “ Khorom “ ( Karam in Assamese ). There was no use of shirt in the past days. They only used a type of cloth known as “Jwmgra “made of Eri trade and a small cloth on the shoulder during the winter and summer season respectively. But now-a-days they put on modern dresses available in the market.
The dresses of Bodo women are a distinguishable feature of Bodo culture. A man can identify a Bodo womanfolk seeing dresses. Bodo woman wears her “Dokhna or Dokhona “covering the body from the chest down to the ankle. Its length and breadth is made in such a way that it can be tied one round at a time in the waist. Dokhna or Dokhona is made of varied colours and “Agor” or ( Phul in Assamese) . The Dokhna without Agor or Phul is called “ Salamatha “ or “ Matha ”. “ Dokhona Thaosi “(Pure Dokhona) is generally used as bridal attire, Bwirathi (Woman receptionist of bride and bridegroom in Bodo marriage) and “Doudini “ ( A dancing woman in Kherai puja, it is believed almighty power enters into the body of a pure soul) or during the festivals or other ceremonies.
Now-a-days Bodo women wear blouse to cover her upper bosom and adorns with “Jwmgra “(Scarf)on it. The Jwmgra covers the upper portion of the body. Bodo women wear various colours of scarf with full of Agor (handy work design) to beautify themselves. Seeing this beautiful art of the Bodo women Lady Hydery (Wife of the first Governor of Assam) made this comment, “I have travelled throughout the world with my husband but I have not seen that a mother has spun and woven the cloth for herself and for her children.”
A species of various types of Agor (handy work design)which bloom in the art of Bodo women are given below :-
1. Phareo Megon (Pigeon eye).
2. Daorai Mwkhreb (Winkle of peacock).
3. Phul Mwbla (Varieties of bloomed flowers).
4. Daosha Mwkhreb (Winkle of chicken).
5. Maoji Agan (Footprint of cat).
6. Dingkhia Mohor (A design representing fern of Dhekia ).
7. Gangu Godo (An Agor representing the shape of a kind insect called Gangu ).
8. Singri Bibar (A design representing the Singri flower).
9. Bwigri Bibar (A design representing the flowers of plum).
10. Gongar thaiship (A design representing the fruit of Nuni tree).
11. Thaigir Bibar (A design representing the flower of Thaigir plant and it also feeling of failed love.
12. Gandoula agor [A design representing an insect Gandoula (dragonfly)].
13. Khusli Denta (A design representing the spoon).
14. Muphur Apha (A design representing the footprint of bear).
15. Laosong Agor (A design invented by a Bodo girl called Laosong).
16. Mokhordoma Agor (A design representing a litigation or zig zag).
17. Bandhuram Agor (A design first crafted by Bandhuram kachari ).
18. Agor Gidit (A design representing a Diamond shape).
19. Gorkha Gongbrai Agor design representing twill).
20. Daokhi Agor (A design representing stool of a hen).
21. Hajw agor (A design of Hills)
22. Jekai Agor (A design like a Jekai)
23. Baksu Agor (A design like a Box)
The favourite colours of the Bodos are generally Gwmw (Yellow), Gwthang (Green), and Bathogang (Colour of parrot’s feathers). So Bodos’ most popularly used words “Gwmw-Gwthang-Bathogang” represents it. M.M. Chaudhury agrees with it (Tribes of Assam Plains). It is welknown fact that the Indo-Mongoloid Bodos used abundance of gold ornaments available in those days. Gradually silver, bronze etc. became popular among them. There were about ten streams which produced gold more or less abundant in the district if Darrang. British people extracted gold from those rivers when they ruled India.
Bodo used varied types of ornaments for nose, ears, neck and hands. They wore or/ and still wear “ Phulkhuri “, “ Japkhring “, “ Dul “, “Boula” ( For upper ear ), “ Phuti ” ( A design of flower attached to earlobe ) in ear.
The ornaments of the nose are “ Nakhaphul ” ( A hole is made on the skin of upper side of the nose for holding the Nakhaphul ), Nolot ( Holding from the middle of two nostrils ), Buluki ( Nose pendent ) etc.
Bodo women wear ornaments in the neck also. The popular ornaments are :-
1. Chandra Har ( A heavy neckless ).
2. Bisa Har ( A neckless ).
3. Thanka Siri ( A roundneck ornament ).
4. Jibou Zinziri ( A snake like chain ).
The popular ornaments of the hands are “ Ashan ” or bangle both big or small. Small bangle is called “ Ashan Suri ” and big bangle is called “ Ashan Shangkha ”. The dresses and ornaments of the Bodo men and women have changed radically except Dokhna and Chadar or Orna of women. All Bodo women still put on Dokhna and Jumgra or Orna to symbolize their culture. Their ornaments of ear, nose, neck, hair style are now modified with modern designed accessories. Now-a-days they do not want to stick to old styles and fashions. And again various types of treads or yarns for Dokhna are used that suited for their use. Sometimes Bodo women are also found wearing other Indian dresses like Sarees, Churidars etc. especially in town.
Music and dance
The Bagurumba
The Bodos traditionally dance Bagurumba. It is practiced and performed usually by young village girls and also evident in schools and colleges dominated by the Boro community. This dance is accompanied by the Bagurumba song which goes like this
Bagurumba, Hai Bagurumba
Bagurumba, Hai Bagurumba
jat nongabwla khul nongabwla
thabwrwm homnanwi bamnanwi lagwmwn kha
Hai lwgw lagwmwn kha...
Musical instruments
Among many different musical instruments, the Bodos use:
Sifung: This is a long bamboo flute having five holes rather than six as the north Indian Bansuri would have and is also much longer than it, producing a much lower tone.[2]
Serja: a violin-like instrument. It has a round body and the scroll is bent forward.
Tharkha: a block of bamboo split into two halves for clapping.
kham : a long drum made of wood and goat skin.
Khawang: small symbols, a smaller version of that being used in namghar.
Jota: made of iron/tama
Cuisine
Oma Bedor: Most Bodo people like Oma (Pork). It is fried, roasted, or stewed. The meat is often smoked in the sun for several days.
Napham: Napham is a unique dish in Bodo cuisine. It is made by grinding smoked fish, specific leafy vegetables, ground powder, and the mixture is allowed to age in a sealed bamboo cylinder. Thereafter, aged napham could be fried or used as is, - it tastes like pâté.
Onla: Onla is a gravy made from rice powder and slices of bamboo shoots cooked lightly with khardwi and spices. Chicken or pork can be added.
Zumai: Rice wine is produced mainly during festivals like bwisagu and domasi. Jumai can be of two types, (A) gishi (wet) and (B) gwran (dry). (A) Gishi is brewed by fermenting rice; when plum is added to the gishi mixture during fermentation, the product tastes like plum wine. (B) Gwran is produced by distillation - it tastes like Japanese sake. The Bodos examine the strength of the wine by throwing a cup into the fire. A flash of fire indicates strong wine.
Narzi: A bitter gravy that is made from dried jute leaves. Pork or fresh water fish can be cooked together to generate a distinct taste. Narzi gravy tastes like Japanese sea weed soup.It is a unique dish which is very favorite among Bodos.
Serep: A beverage traditionally produced by women by distillation. It is even stronger than foreign liquors. Sudempuri used to be one of the major places of its production and consumption.
References
- ↑ George, S. J. (1994). "The Bodo Movement in Assam: Unrest to Accord". Asian Survey. 34 (10): 878–892. doi:10.1525/as.1994.34.10.00p0431w.
- ↑ Baruah, S. (1994). "'Ethnic' Conflict as State—Society Struggle: The Poetics and Politics of Assamese Micro-Nationalism". Modern Asian Studies. 28 (3): 649–671. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00011896.
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