Buffalo Metro Rail

Metro Rail
Two light rail vehicles at Fountain Plaza Station
Overview
Type	Light rail
System	Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority
Locale	Buffalo, New York
Termini	University (Underground) Special Events Station (Above Ground
Stations	14[1]
Services	1
Ridership	15,700 (avg. weekday, Q1 2014)[2]
Website	Official website
Operation
Opened	9 October 1984 (above-ground) 20 May 1985 (underground)
Owner	Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority (NFTA)
Technical
Line length	6.4 mi (10.3 km)
Track gauge	4 ft 8 ^1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Electrification	Overhead lines 650 V DC
Route map Legend University originally South Campus LaSalle Tonawanda turn-out Amherst Street Humboldt–Hospital Delavan/Canisius College originally Delavan-College Utica Summer–Best Allen/Medical Campus originally Allen-Hospital Theater Closed February 18, 2013 Fountain Plaza originally Huron Lafayette Square Church Seneca I-190 Erie Canal Harbor originally Auditorium Special Events certain times only Rail Maintenance Yard station with off-street bus loop fare-free section Original Proposal Amherst Government Center Audubon ↑ North Campus to Amherst part of Phase 2 North Campus Sweet Home yard and shops I-290 (Youngmann Expressway) Maple Sheridan South Campus LaSalle North Tonawanda Tonawanda East Ives Park I-290 (Youngmann Expressway) Brighton Ellwood Park Kenilworth ↖ Tonawanda branch part of Phase 2 Tonawanda turn-out Central Park Humboldt Delavan Utica Summer-Best Allen-Hospital Theater Lafayette Square Cathedral Park ↓ Cathedral Park to West Hopkins part of Phase 2 Community College Perry West Hopkins

Buffalo Metro Rail is the public transit rail system in Buffalo, New York, United States; it is operated by the Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority (NFTA). The system consists of a single, 6.4-mile (10.3 km) long light rail line that runs for most of the length of Main Street (New York State Route 5) in the City of Buffalo, from KeyBank Center in Downtown Buffalo to the south campus of the University at Buffalo in the northeast corner of the city. The first section of the line opened in October 1984; the current system was completed in November 1986.

History

1975 "Projected rail transit route alignment"

Construction on the initial Metro Rail line began in 1979 and opened in stages: the surface portion opened on October 9, 1984^[3] while the subway opened as far as Amherst Street Station on May 20, 1985,^[4] following an opening ceremony on May 18. The line was further extended to University Station, serving the University at Buffalo, on November 10, 1986 due to construction issues at LaSalle Station.^[5] At the time of the start of construction, the line was intended to be the first line for an extensive system that would spread throughout the city and suburbs. However, during the construction of the line and afterward, Buffalo's population declined significantly by approximately 55% from around 580,000 in 1950 to about 261,000 in 2010 and the new line's ridership was much lower than originally anticipated. The cost of the urban section was so high that no funding was available to extend the lines into the suburbs, including the Amherst campus of the University at Buffalo. Efforts to obtain funding for feeder lines have met with little success.

Although a centerpiece of the original line, the downtown transit mall did not live up to expectations. Because of poor traffic patterns on Downtown Buffalo's Main Street, some business groups occasionally called for the removal of the transit system so that they can return to normal vehicle traffic and curbside parking on Main Street, hoping that this measure might recreate the prosperous days of the past. In 2008, Buffalo began a project to reintroduce cars to Main Street.^[6] The project in question involved creating a shared trackbed/roadway with curbside parking, as well as the permanent closure of the Theater Station, which occurred on February 18, 2013. The closure of Theater Station meant that Fountain Plaza Station, located 546 feet (166 m) south in the 500 block of Main Street, now serves as the beginning and ending of the Free Fare Zone. On January 23, 2015, after less than two years of construction, traffic was reintroduced to the 600 block of Main Street, between Tupper and Chippewa Streets, in the Theater District.^[7][8] On December 15, 2015, two weeks behind its expected due date, traffic was reintroduced to the 500 block of Main Street, between Chippewa and Mohawk Streets, in the Central Business District.

From July 11, 2016-September 4, 2016, the outbound track from Allen/Medical Campus Station to Humboldt-Hospital Station were closed while rehabilitation work is being performed.^[9] This prolonged period of single-tracking resulted in 20-minute service intervals throughout the day,^[10] effectively halving peak weekday morning and evening commuter capacity. Immediately prior to the commencement of this rehabilitation work, peak weekday morning and evening service was running at 10-minute intervals (it has since resumed full service).

Operations

Route

A light rail vehicle arriving at University Station.

Metro Rail is a light rail transit (LRT) system as characterized by the American Public Transportation Association^[11] although it shares many characteristics with "heavy rail" metro systems and could be considered a "light metro."^[12] 80% of its track (5.2 miles (8.4 km)) is an underground subway with high-level platforms. This section has eight stations that are spaced fairly widely apart, comparable to subway systems elsewhere. This section is cut-and-cover from Allen/Medical Campus to Utica, then deep-bored from Delavan/Canisius College to University.

Metro Rail near Shea's Performing Arts Center

The remaining 1.2 miles (1.9 km) are on the surface on Main Street in downtown Buffalo.^[13] On the surface section, trains interact with automobile traffic from the theater district where it emerges from the tunnel until Mohawk Street where it reverts to a transit mall and at cross streets, where movements are governed by traffic signals. Catenary poles are spaced every 130 feet (40 m) to support the overhead electrical lines.^[14] Metro Rail operates electric multiple-unit light rail vehicles (LRVs) in two-to-four car trains with power drawn from an overhead catenary system. Three-car trains are limited to rush hour and special events and four-car trains to special events.^[13][15] The Buffalo trains and SEPTA's light rail cars in Philadelphia are the only modern non-articulated LRVs operating in the United States.

Fares

Fares are collected through a proof-of-payment system enforced by ticket inspectors. Travel is free on the above ground portion of system.^[16] Regular fare is $2; various passes are available for sale. All stations have ticket machines.^[17]

Schedules

Metro Rail runs as follows: Monday-Friday from 5:10am–12:50am, Saturdays from 7:05am–12:50am, and Sundays and holidays from 8:00am–11:50pm (although most bus service is available until approximately 12:30am). Trains run as often as once every ten minutes at rush hour and generally no less often than once every twenty minutes. In July 2008, the NFTA reported that the passenger count "eclipsed the previous year's tally by 23%."^[18] As a result of this, in September 2008, the NFTA began an earlier starting time to the weekday schedule in response to an 11% increase in ridership over eight months of growth.

Ridership

Numbers are from the Federal Transit Administration's National Transit Database, which contains statistics from 1996–2011:^[19]

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

7,000,000

8,000,000

1996

2001

2006

2011

Plans for expansion

In December 2012, the NFTA announced it had secured funding of $1.6 million to commission a study in 2013 of bus and rail access to University at Buffalo's North Campus. If a rail project were to be approved, the system would be running in 7–10 years. On February 28, 2013, it was announced that a group consisting of representatives from the Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus, planners from the City of Buffalo, the Buffalo Sabres and NFTA are working on a plan to extend the southern terminus of the rail line just beyond the NFTA rail yard at the DL&W Terminal to a new parking garage being built near the Medical Campus.^[20] Without extended branches in the suburbs, the truncated system serves an average of 13,900 passengers daily as of 2014. As a useful transportation asset, Buffalo Metro Rail is ranked 25th in the nation in light rail daily ridership service as of 2013, with 5,058,300 passengers. One group, the Citizens Regional Transit Corporation (CRTC), advocates for expansion.^[21] As indicated in its statement, the CRTC seeks to educate the public, public officials, their authorities and agencies in the Buffalo-Niagara region about the benefits of a comprehensive transportation system including an expanded Metro Rail. In April 2011, the group stated that the 600 block of Main Street, which has Shea's Performing Arts Center along with hotels and bars, should be converted into a mixed automobile and rail system.^[22] The 600 block was re-opened to traffic in 2015.

Amherst corridor

On December 4, 2006, in The Spectrum, a publication of the University at Buffalo (UB), it was announced that John B. Simpson, who was the school's president at the time, was planning to get a project underway that would connect UB's North, South and downtown campuses via a transportation system. The proposed systems included a subway, trolley or light rail. A study, published in 2014, detailed four alternatives chosen for the corridor, including a light rail corridor and three bus rapid transit corridors. The light rail corridor would extend from a turnout at University Station, head north to Niagara Falls Boulevard, turn to Sweet Home Road, enter the University at Buffalo North Campus and parallel Interstate 990 ending at the Crosspoint Business Park in Getzville.^[23] As of 2016, no alternative has been selected.

Airport corridor

The Airport corridor would begin in Downtown Buffalo, near Church Station and continue in an easterly direction in/out Division Streets, diagonally in a northeastern direction near Jefferson Avenue toward the Buffalo Central Terminal, cross Broadway and then continue eastbound in its private right-of-way to the Thruway Plaza, Walden Galleria and Buffalo-Niagara International Airport.

Tonawandas corridor

The Tonawandas corridor would operate from LaSalle Station northwesterly to the City of Tonawanda using the abandoned Erie Railroad tracks. The NFTA purchased 12 Presidents' Conference Committee (PCC) streetcars in the 1980s to serve the Tonawanda turn-out, a proposed Metro Rail extension to Tonawanda and North Tonawanda. These cars were built by the St. Louis Car Company and acquired by Cleveland, Ohio's Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority second-hand in 1953. It was determined after initial trial runs that the PCCs were too wide for existing station platforms and the plan was abandoned. The PCCs were sold to the Brooklyn Historic Railway Association (BHRA) and scrapped in 2003 when the BHRA folded.

Rolling stock

Buffalo Light Rail Vehicle
In service	1984−present
Manufacturer	Tokyu Car Corporation
Constructed	1983
Refurbishment	2012
Number in service	27
Formation	2 to 4-car sets
Fleet numbers	101–127
Capacity	210
Operator(s)	Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority
Depot(s)	NFTA Rail Maintenance Yard
Line(s) served	Main Street
Specifications
Car length	66 ft 10 in (20,371 mm)
Width	8 ft 7 in (2,616 mm)
Maximum speed	50 mph (80 km/h)
Acceleration	2.7 mph/s (4.3 km/(h·s))
Deceleration	3.0 mph/s (4.8 km/(h·s))
Electric system(s)	650-volt DC
Track gauge	4 ft 8 ^1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)
Notes
[14]

The NFTA has a fleet of 27 (originally 29) rigid-bodied (non-articulated) LRVs for the Metro Rail system, numbered sequentially from 101-127. They were built by Tokyu Car Corporation of Japan in 1983.^[14] The cars' body shell design is notably similar to that of the earlier articulated US Standard Light Rail Vehicle, whose shells were also fabricated by Tokyu Car Corp. for Boeing Vertol. The cars have a maximum service speed of 50 miles per hour (80 km/h), but trains run at 15 miles per hour (24 km/h) in the above-ground section of the line.^[14] There are three sliding doors on each side of each LRV; these doors can be opened by passengers by push buttons on the outside wall of the train when trains are stopped at stations on the above-ground section of the line.^[14] However, in practice, train operators typically open all doors and extend all the retractable staircases at all above-stations. The NFTA acquired twelve PCC streetcars from the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority in 1990 for service on the never-built Tonawandas branch. They were later sold to the Brooklyn Historic Railway Association in 2003.^[24]

Rehabilitation

In May 2006, it was announced that all of the LRVs would be rehabilitated by AnsaldoBreda. The rehabilitation featured many improvements, including enhanced video monitoring of the railcar interiors, an upgraded braking system, rebuilt HVAC systems, rebuilt door systems, a new interior closely representing the agency's new look, upgraded propulsion systems and repairs to the body shells. In addition, the rail cars were to receive new monitoring systems, an automated announcement system calling out stations, new door chimes and interior/exterior LED signage to replace existing roll signs. The total project cost was estimated at $40 million for rehabilitation of the 27 cars.^[25] Because the refurbished cars have new car-to-car communications equipment, they are not compatible with unrefurbished cars and cannot run with them on the same train.^[26] The project originally planned to use SuperSteel's manufacturing facilities in Schenectady, New York for the overhaul. However, due to the loss of orders and a dip in the economy, SuperSteel closed the facility in April 2009. The closure cost 175 jobs and delayed the rehabilitation.^[27] The project later was moved to Gray Manufacturing Industries, located in Hornell, New York.^[28] The first two cars were due back in revenue service in July 2010.^[29] After a lengthy delay, which put the project years behind the original schedule, the first two cars (fleet numbers 114 and 123) were returned to full revenue service on March 9, 2012, 20 months late. However, the cost of refurbishment per car had since gone up and now averaged $1.7 million per car with an cost of $45 million to complete all cars in the fleet. Three more cars (numbers 110, 111 and 126) were sent out and were expected to be completed before the end of 2012, but did not return to full revenue service until the fall of 2013.^[30] On October 1, 2014, car 113 was also returned to full revenue service. Since then, seven more cars (104, 106, 112, 117, 120, 124 and 125) have returned to full revenue service, bringing the total number of refurbished rail cars to 13 as of March 14, 2016.

See also

• Citizens Regional Transit Corporation
• List of tram and light-rail transit systems

Notes

1. "2014-2015 Annual Performance Report" (PDF). Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
2. http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/Ridership/2014-q1-ridership-APTA.pdf
3. Gargan, Edward A. (October 10, 1984). "Buffalo Trolley Line Clangs to a Start". New York Times. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
4. Sebree, Mac (August 1985). "Interurbans Newsletter". Pacific RailNews. p. 38. Archived from the original on 2014-07-28. Retrieved 2013-08-06.
5. Edens, John (December 1, 2011). "25 years ago: South Campus rapid transit station opens". UB Reporter. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
6. "Return of Vehicular Traffic to Main Street". Buffalo Place Inc. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
7. Schulman, Susan (January 23, 2015). "Vehicular traffic is set to return to 600 block of Main Street in Buffalo". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on February 3, 2015. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
8. McCarthy, Robert J. (January 24, 2013). "Metro Rail's Theater Station set for last use Feb. 17". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on October 18, 2015. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
9. "Single Tracking Mon. July 11". twitter. NFTAMetro. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016. through the summer Metro Rail using just INBOUND track
10. "NFTA Metro Rail Schedule" (PDF). metro.nfta.com. NFTA Metro. 11 July 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
11. "U.S. Light Rail Transit System Links". American Public Transportation Association. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
12. Middleton 2003, p. 152
13. "world.nycsubway.org: Buffalo, New York". Nycsubway.org. 2012-07-23. Retrieved 2013-08-17.
14. "City Of Buffalo Main Street Multi-Modal Access And Revitalization Project: Environmental Assessment" (PDF). Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority (NFTA). April 2009. Retrieved 2014-02-18.
15. Karen Wilson (16 April 2009). "FTA NOISE MODELING WORKSHEETS AND DETAILED METHODOLOGY" (PDF). Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority (NFTA). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-06-11.
16. "How to Ride". Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
17. "Metro Fares". Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
18. Sharon Linstedt (August 21, 2008). "Metro Rail to add earlier train run". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on 2008-08-21. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
19. "The National Transit Database Publications Page". National Transit Database. Retrieved 2014-12-10.
20. Metro Rail extension eyed to shuttle workers to Medical Campus, Buffalo News
21. "Citizens for Regional Transit - Expand Metro Rail, the world's greenest mass transit!". citizenstransit.org.
22. Gifford, Gladys; Doug Funke (24 March 2011). "Let's Do Cars on Main Street the Right Way!!" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-04-28.
23. "Metro Amherst-Buffalo Corridor" (PDF). NFTA. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
24. Bregger 2008, p. 121
25. Fink, James (June 22, 2009). "Park-and-ride likely to be saved". Buffalo Business First. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
26. McCarthy, Robert J. (March 9, 2012). "Refurbished Metro cars re-enter rail service". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
27. Lamendola, Michael (June 26, 2009). "Rail car manufacturer offers to buy vacant Super Steel site". The Daily Gazette. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
28. Penny Dessena (29 September 2008). "Gray Manufacturing Industries, LLC" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-06-11.
29. McCarthy, Robert J. (February 16, 2010). "Metro Rail trains undergo a rebirth". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on March 12, 2010. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
30. http://www.wkbw.com/news/local/NFTA-Debuts-New-Modern-Metro-Rail-Cars-142120093.html. Retrieved 2012-04-16. Missing or empty |title= (help)

References

• Bregger, D. David (2008). Buffalo's Historic Streetcars and Buses. Images of America. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-5750-2.
• Middleton, William D. (2003). Metropolitan Railways: Rapid Transit in America. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34179-5.

External links

Route map: Bing / Google

• Official website
• Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority, the agency that runs Metro Rail
• Urbanrail.net's page on Metro Rail
• More details at nycsubway.org
• History of design and construction of Metro Rail
• Buffalo Metro Rail map
• Video of the Metro arriving at LaSalle Station on YouTube