Canadian Soccer League (1987–92)

For the current league with the same name, see Canadian Soccer League.
Canadian Soccer League (1987–92)
Founded 1987
Ceased 1992
Commissioner Dale Barnes (1987–1991)
Divisions 2 Regional (East & West)
No. of teams High of 11, Low of 6
Country Canada
Confederation CONCACAF
Most titles Vancouver 86ers (4 Championships)
TV partner(s) The Sports Network
Level on pyramid 1
International cup(s) North American Club Championship (1990)

The original Canadian Soccer League was a Division 1 professional soccer league that operated in Canada during May-Oct from 1987 to 1992.[1] It was a nationwide league that had franchises in six provinces over the course of its history.

The CSL was formed in the aftermath of Canada's participation in the 1986 World Cup finals tournament held in Mexico. Canada was an oddity as a country whose association was able to qualify a team despite not having a domestic professional league, or even a domestically based professional team with the demise in 1984 of the U.S.-based North American Soccer League. Founding league commissioner Dale Barnes voiced sentiment aptly when he said the league is to "bring our players home."

The league gained a leap in credibility when an agreement was reached with The Sports Network to broadcast a CSL Game of the Week, allowing a nationwide audience to view a game on domestic cable TV each Sunday evening. Broadcasts featured play-by-play commentator Vic Rauter and analyst Graham Leggat. The league received sponsorship from Air Canada, Foster's Lager, Hyundai, and Gatorade. Also the league adopted the standard FIFA points system (2-1-0, then 3-1-0) as well as allowing for draws instead of 'Americanizing' the points system with confusing bonus points and two different categories for both wins and losses unlike the NASL or the APSL which was to follow.

Teams

The Canadian Soccer League showcased 13 teams throughout its six-year history, debuting in 1987 with 8 clubs. The league reached its peak of club participation and national exposure in the 1990 season with 11 clubs, while closing out its final season in 1992 with a low of 6 clubs. Some clubs involved in the league, such as the Vancouver 86ers and Toronto Blizzard, existed prior to the formation of the CSL and would go on to play in other leagues after the CSL's demise in following the 1992 season. Clubs participating in the CSL throughout its six years of existence included:

1987 season

The schedule was not a balanced schedule based on the league principle of playing each club home and away due to travel concerns. The teams played the other teams within their division twice each home and away and the other division once each home and away for a total of twenty games. To mitigate the fairness playoffs, a knockout tournament, were instituted to designate a national champion club.[2]

The league's opening game was played May 26, 1987 in Aylmer, Quebec and saw the hometown Ottawa Pioneers and Hamilton Steelers play to a 0–0 draw in steady drizzle in front 2,500 spectators. The league was divided into an Eastern and Western division for its first four seasons and without divisions in its final two. The Eastern Division in 1987 consisted of Ottawa, Hamilton, the Toronto Blizzard, and North York Rockets. The Western Division comprised the Calgary Kickers, Edmonton Brickmen, Vancouver 86ers, and Winnipeg Fury. Hamilton won their division both in the regular season and in the playoffs, as did Calgary. The final saw the top point-getting team in the regular season, Calgary, defeat the second-best side, Hamilton, 2-1 at home in a winner take all one game final.

Regular season

The final regular season standings were:

Eastern Division

Team Games Wins Draws Losses Goals Scored Goals Conceded Points
Hamilton Steelers 20 10 6 4 32 22 26
Ottawa Pioneers 20 7 9 4 15 23 23
Toronto Blizzard 20 6 6 8 22 27 18
North York Rockets 20 1 7 12 15 39 9

Western Division

Team Games Wins Draws Losses Goals Scored Goals Conceded Points
Calgary Kickers 20 11 5 4 32 22 27
Vancouver 86ers 20 9 3 8 37 27 21
Edmonton Brickmen 20 7 7 6 27 24 20
Winnipeg Fury 20 5 4 11 25 36 14

Leading goalscorers

Player Team Goals
Nick Gilbert Calgary 10
Domenic Mobilio Vancouver 9
Željko Adžić Hamiton 8
Norm Odinga Edmonton 7
Han Kim Winnipeg 7
Jim Easton Vancouver 7

Play-offs

Home team on top.

  Quarterfinals     Semi-finals     Final
                           
  West     1W  Calgary 4  
  2W  Vancouver 2     2W  Vancouver 3    
  3W  Edmonton 1         1W  Calgary Kickers 2
      1E  Hamilton Steelers 1
  East     1E  Hamilton 1    
  2E  Ottawa 1     3E  Toronto 0  
  3E  Toronto 2  

League all-star team

1988 season

For 1988, the Montreal Supra was added to the Eastern Division. The Ottawa franchise changed their name from the Pioneers to the Intrepid. In a repeat of the previous season, regular season leaders met in the playoff final with the top team, Vancouver defeating second-best Hamilton, again runners-up, by a score of 4-1. Calgary went from being champions to second worst team in the league, with a mere 6 wins in 28 games.

Regular season

Eastern Division

Team Games Wins Draws Losses Goals Scored Goals Conceded Points
Hamilton Steelers 28 18 6 4 64 28 42
Toronto Blizzard 28 7 13 7 44 31 29
North York Rockets 28 10 8 10 40 39 28
Ottawa Intrepid 28 8 9 11 32 43 25
Montreal Supra 28 8 8 12 36 44 24

Western Division

Team Games Wins Draws Losses Goals Scored Goals Conceded Points
Vancouver 86ers 28 21 6 1 84 30 48
Winnipeg Fury 28 9 7 12 33 46 25
Calgary Kickers 28 6 6 16 39 70 18
Edmonton Brickmen 28 4 5 19 33 74 13

Leading goalscorers

Play-offs

  Quarterfinals     Semi-finals     Final
                           
  West     1W  Vancouver 86ers 3  
  2W  Winnipeg 2     2W  Winnipeg 1    
  3W  Calgary 1         1W  Vancouver 86ers 4
      1E  Hamilton Steelers 1
  East     1E  Hamilton 1    
  2E  Toronto 2     3E  Toronto 0  
  3E  North York 1  

League all-star team

1989 season

1989 saw a tenth team added to the league, the Victoria Vistas. Naturally, the Vista joined the Western Division which re-established a balance of teams in each division, with five each. After the previous Calgary team folded, a new team that was community owned named themselves the 'Strikers'; the change though could not avert disaster as this second franchise folded upon the season's conclusion. The 1989 schedule was not a balanced schedule between the West and East Divisions; the teams played each team in their division a total of four times, twice each home and away, while only playing the opposite division a total of two times, once each home and away. Vancouver was dominant again, losing but two regular-season matches en route to a second straight victory over Hamilton in the championship game. The 86ers went 46 consecutive games from the previous season into this one without losing, which is a record for a professional sports team in Canada or the United States.[3] The Steelers reached the final despite relinquishing their Eastern Division title to Toronto.

Regular season standings

Eastern Division

Team Games Wins Draws Losses Goals Scored Goals Conceded Points'
Toronto Blizzard 26 16 6 4 48 27 38
Hamilton Steelers 26 15 7 4 56 28 37
North York Rockets 26 12 9 5 35 23 33
Ottawa Intrepid 26 7 8 11 41 46 22
Montreal Supra 26 3 9 14 26 46 15

Western Division

Team Games Wins Draws Losses Goals Scored Goals Conceded Points
Vancouver 86ers 26 18 6 2 65 33 42
Edmonton Brickmen 26 9 3 14 44 55 21
Calgary Strikers 26 8 3 15 36 56 19
Winnipeg Fury 26 6 7 13 35 51 19
Victoria Vistas 26 4 6 16 32 53 14

Leading goal-scorers

Play-offs

  Quarterfinals     Semi-finals     Final
                                       
  West     1W  Vancouver 86ers 5 4 9  
  2W  Edmonton 3 0 3     2W  Edmonton 3 0 3    
  3W  Calgary 1 0 1         1W  Vancouver 86ers 3    
      1E  Hamilton Steelers 2    
  East     1E  Toronto 1 0 2    
  2E  Hamilton 1 1 2     3E  Hamilton 1 2 3  
  3E  North York 1 0 1  
  • Quarter-finals
  • Edmonton 3 at Calgary 1
  • Calgary 0 at Edmonton 0
  • Hamilton 1 at North York 1
  • North York 0 at Hamilton 1
  • Semi-finals
  • Vancouver 5 at Edmonton 3
  • Edmonton 0 at Vancouver 4
  • Toronto 1 at Hamilton 1
  • Hamilton 2 at Toronto 1
  • Finals
  • Hamilton 2 at Vancouver 3

League all-star team

1990 season

Before the season, Kitchener and London were added. The league did not have a balanced home and away schedule (follow the league principle) between conferences. West Division teams played each other four times each, twice each home and away, while playing the East Division teams twice, once each home and away. Eastern Division teams played other East Division teams three times, while playing the West Division teams twice, once each home and away.

Regular season standings

Eastern Division

Team GP W D L GF GA Pts
Toronto Blizzard 26 18 3 5 52 15 39
Montreal Supra 26 13 11 2 30 12 37
Hamilton Steelers 26 10 9 7 44 35 29
Kitchener Spirit 26 8 7 11 30 36 23
North York Rockets 26 7 9 10 34 36 23
Ottawa Intrepid 26 2 9 15 21 49 13
London Lasers 26 2 7 17 26 68 11

Western Division

Team GP W D L GF GA Pts
Vancouver 86ers 26 17 3 6 69 26 40
Victoria Vistas 26 12 7 7 42 32 31
Winnipeg Fury 26 7 11 8 22 37 22
Edmonton Brickmen 26 6 14 6 20 44 18

Leading goal-scorers

Playoffs

Due to the unequal number of teams in each division, only three teams qualified from the West Division while the fifth placed team in the East Division would have to incur extra travel costs to cross over to (play the highest seed) the West Division.

The 1990 playoffs were a two-game, home and away series based on total points. As in the league's regular season, the point system was two points for a win, one for a draw, and none for a loss. If the teams were tied on points (e.g. each team won a game, or both games were ties), then the first tiebreaker was the teams playing a thirty-minute mini-game. If the mini-game resolved nothing, then penalty kicks were used as the second tiebreaker. In the mini-game, each team named a new lineup, could include three more substitutes and re-activate any players who sat out of Game Two for cautions. Game Two home teams, the higher seeds, had an advantage as they had their entire 22 man active list available while away teams often traveled with as few as 14 players for economic reasons. Soccer fans used to the aggregate score and away goal rule as well as at least some media appeared to find the tiebreaker rules complicated to explain. The last column of the bracket below shows the points, not the aggregate score, with teams winning the tiebreaker given one extra point.

The playoff final was a one-off match hosted by the top seed, or team with the best league record, in 1990.

  Quarterfinals Semifinals Final
                                       
  1  Vancouver 86ers 2 2 4  
7  North York Rockets 0 1 0  
  1  Vancouver 86ers 2 6 3  
  4  Victoria Vistas 2 1 2  
4  Victoria Vistas (AET/PSO) 1 3 (5) 3
  8  Winnipeg Fury 4 2 (4) 2  
    1  Vancouver 86ers 6
  5  Hamilton Steelers 1
  3  Montreal Supra 1 0 0  
5  Hamilton Steelers 2 1 4  
  5  Hamilton Steelers 1 3 3
  6  Kitchener Spirit 0 3 1  
2  Toronto Blizzard 1 1 (3) 2
  6  Kitchener Spirit (AET/PSO) 2 0 (4) 3  
  • Quarterfinals
  • North York 0-2 Vancouver
  • Vancouver 2-1 North York (Vancouver advances 4 pts to 0)
  • Winnipeg 4-1 Victoria
  • Victoria 2-0 Winnipeg (Victoria wins mini-game 1-0) '#
  • Winnipeg 1-2 Victoria (mini-game 1-1, Victoria advances 4-5 on PSO)
  • Hamilton 2-1 Montreal
  • Montreal 0-1 Hamilton
  • Kitchener 2-1 Toronto
  • Toronto 1-0 Kitchener (mini-game 0-0, Kitchener advances 3-4 on PSO)
  • Semifinals
  • Victoria 2-2 Vancouver
  • Vancouver 6-1 Victoria (Vancouver advances 3 pts to 1 pt)
  • Kitchener 0-1 Hamilton
  • Hamilton 3-3 Kitchener (Hamilton advances 3 pts to 1 pt)
  • Final
  • Vancouver 6-1 Hamilton

Note home team is listed first.

'# Winnipeg protested this result due to a controversial fielding of an ineligible player (due to yellow card acumulation) that the league office failed to communicate to the teams involved or match officials. The CSL league office mandated a last minute replay on Thursday September 20, 1990 in Winnipeg.

After the season, Victoria, Edmonton, Ottawa and London folded.

League all-star team

1991 season

Before the 1991 season CSL commissioner Dale Barnes resigned in January after directing the league since its inception. The Hamilton Steelers owner took over the responsibilities on a temporary basis. The CSL had suffered the loss of Edmonton and Ottawa while London asked for a leave of absence before finally in March Victoria also folded and a second dispersal draft was required; however, the league expanded into the Maritime provinces for the first time with the Nova Scotia Clippers, who made a reasonable performance their first season, coming in mid-table right behind Montreal. The league had a balanced schedule with each team playing the others a total of four times, twice each home and away. The point system was updated along with FIFA's change to 3-1-0 (W-D-L). The regular season once again belonged to the Vancouver 86ers, who were only the second team to win 20 regular season games. In the playoffs, North York easily disposed of Nova Scotia and Hamilton won a split series with Montreal, 3-0, 3-4 and 1-0. In the semifinals, Toronto defeated North York 2-0, 1-2 and 1-0, while Vancouver won on after a 1-1 draw and a 2-1 victory against Hamilton. The Championship game was a high scoring affair, with Vancouver beating Toronto 5-3.

The CSL had always had financial constraints requiring annual ownership capital investments, and sometimes it seemed a miracle when the league could pull through to see another season with some financially unstable teams. This year the financial pinch became particularly acute with league commissioner severance, increased travel equalization fund requirements, competition for players from the US-based MISL, NPSL and APSL (fighting over Canadian player's availability and salaries playing indoor during the winter),[5] competition for spectators, sponsorship, and media coverage from an expanding World Basketball League, similar competition from a struggling Canadian Football League, as well as a Canadian economic recession from 1990–1992.[6] The Nova Scotia Clippers folded at the end of the season after disappointing attendance. Hamilton, an original league member with an owner who had been a Canadian league visionary since at least 1983, also folded, along with Kitchener. Sadly, this was to be the next to the last season for the league.

Before the season, Nova Scotia was added. Kitchener changed their nickname to Kickers.

Regular season standings

Team GP W L D GF GA Pts
Vancouver 86ers 28 20 4 4 69 31 64
Toronto Blizzard 28 14 8 6 57 33 48
North York Rockets 28 13 6 9 50 36 48
Hamilton Steelers 28 14 10 4 42 38 46
Montreal Supra 28 11 10 7 41 38 40
Nova Scotia Clippers 28 7 14 7 29 53 28
Kitchener Kickers 28 4 17 7 28 56 19
Winnipeg Fury 28 4 18 6 26 57 18

Leading goal-scorers

Playoffs

Quarterfinals: North York 4 at Nova Scotia 0

               Nova Scotia 1 at North York 5
               Hamilton 0 at Montreal 3
               Montreal 0 at Hamilton 4
               Montreal 0 at Hamilton 1

Semifinals: Toronto 2 at North York 0

               North York 2 at Toronto 1
               North York 0 at Toronto 1
               Vancouver 1 at Hamilton 1
               Hamilton 1 at Vancouver 2

CHAMPIONSHIP: Toronto 3 at Vancouver 5

Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals
Best of 3 Best of 3
2 Toronto Blizzard 2 1 1  
3 North York Rockets 4 5  
3 North York Rockets 0 2 0   One Game
6 Nova Scotia Clippers 0 1  
  2 Toronto Blizzard 3
Best of 3
Best of 3   1 Vancouver 86ers 5
1 Vancouver 86ers 1 2
4 Hamilton Steelers 0 4 1  
4 Hamilton Steelers 1 1  
5 Montreal Supra 3 0 0  

After the season, Hamilton, Nova Scotia, and Kitchener folded.

League all-star team

1992 season

The CSL barely limped into the 1992 season, staggering under the weight of their ever-present financial problems. While Hamilton folded after the 1991 season, the London Lasers did return from a one-year leave of absence. They had to be supported by the league and outside investors to finish the season. The financial picture did not improve during the season, and with dysfunction about the most sustainable path for professional soccer, concerns about club stability – declining attendance and red ink continuing to mount in most markets, the resignation of Canadian soccer advocates since 1990, and finally defections to what appeared to be a more stable U.S. league – with covetous eyes on 1994 World Cup monies, the CSL called it quits after the 1992 season. This brought an end to the first truly national Canadian league to operate for more than one season (CPSL in 1983). This was a major blow for the Canadian Soccer Association and Canadian soccer, as the CSL had been enormously successful in providing Canadian players with a higher level of competition than had been available since the demise of the North American Soccer League. As of 2014, after the 1986 World Cup, players from the CSL cohort have still progressed the furthest in World Cup Qualifying and formed the veteran core of the 2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup winning squad.

The point system was FIFA's 3-1-0 (W-D-L). The league had a balanced schedule with each team playing the others a total of four times, twice each home and away. Two teams (Montreal and Vancouver) participated in the Professional Cup alongside the five APSL clubs and one from the NPSL.[8] Neither CSL side was able to advance out of the first round.

Final league standings

Before the season, London was added.

G W D L GF GA PTS
Vancouver 86ers 20 11 3 6 42 28 36
North York Rockets 20 8 6 6 25 20 30
Winnipeg Fury 20 8 1 11 27 42 25
Montreal Supra 20 6 7 7 29 24 25
London Lasers 20 6 7 7 25 32 22
Toronto Blizzard 20 6 6 8 28 29 21

Play-offs

  Semi-finals Final
                         
1  Vancouver 86ers 1 1 2  
4  Montreal Supra 1 0 1  
    1  Vancouver 86ers 0 1 1
  2  Winnipeg Fury 2 1 3
2  North York Rockets 1 0 1
3  Winnipeg Fury 1 1 2  

Leading goalscorers

All-Star Team

After the season, the league folded, along with the London franchise. It was announced that Vancouver joined the APSL, a league trying to show the USSF it had the wherewithal, new higher standards for 1993 (financial capitalization, salary budget, $1 million operating budget, front office, coaching, market size etc.),[9][10] to be chosen as the Division 1 league by the USSF on October 6, 1992.[11][12] Vancouver cited financial stability and higher growth prospects with the league expected by some to become the USSF's Division 1 league as required by FIFA when awarded the United States the 1994 World Cup.[13][14] There was a lot of politics over league stature including a lot of World Cup money (estimated at $60 million) during 1992/1993 including USSF leadership seeming to prefer the creation of a new league from scratch versus sanctioning an improved APSL as Division 1.[15] The APSL harldy seemed more stable than the CSL (and was not, it folded in 1996)[16] with the San Francisco owner's October 1992 announcement he was leaving the APSL to obtain a California-based Mexican League team as the USSF appeared nonplussed about a Division 1 APSL – he eventually withdrew his financial support of soccer in the Bay Area (in a parallel to Hamilton's ownership after the 1991 CSL season). Five APSL clubs folded (Miami, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Salt Lake, and Albany) in 1992 instead of meeting new standards and San Francisco as outlined, the most financially stable team, folded prior to the 1993 season. There ended up being only four remaining 1993 U.S. APSL teams; Canadian teams made up half their league. Canadian soccer became caught up in the U.S. soccer politics, suffered as casualties, and has yet to recover in terms of paid soccer opportunities.[17]

Even with the Vancouver defection to the United States, the CSL planned to have seven clubs for the 1993 season as of mid-December 1992 including a Burnaby, B.C.-based team; however, opposition from the Vancouver 86ers stymied this ownership's efforts.[18] Worse the U.S. exodus continued; the Montreal ownership and front office split with their main financial sponsor announcing the start of a new APSL club on December 13, 1992 with the Supra coach.[19] Toronto joined the APSL in early January 1993.[20] Winnipeg, with fewer financial resources and too small of a population (per the APSL standards), joined the southern Ontario-based, semi-pro National Soccer League (which changed its name to the Canadian National Soccer League) along with North York in 1993. When the dust cleared, there were not six professional teams, the minimum for a league, that survived in any form for the 1993 season.

List of CSL Teams

Team City Total Seasons Seasons Highest League Highest Play-off
Toronto Blizzard Toronto, Ontario 6 1987–1992 2nd Final
Hamilton Steelers Hamilton, Ontario 5 1987–1991 2nd Final
North York Rockets North York, Ontario 6 1987–1992 2nd Semi-Final
Ottawa Intrepid Ottawa 4 1987–1990 3rd Quarterfinal
Montreal Supra Montreal 5 1988–1992 3rd Semi-Final
Vancouver 86ers Vancouver 6 1987–1992 1st Champion
Edmonton Brickmen Edmonton 4 1987–1990 5th Semi-Final
Calgary Strikers Calgary 3 1987–1989 1st Champion
Winnipeg Fury Winnipeg 6 1987–1992 3rd Champion
Victoria Vistas Victoria, British Columbia 2 1989–1990 4th Semi-Final
London Lasers London, Ontario 2 1990, 1992 5th N/A
Kitchener Spirit Kitchener, Ontario 2 1990–1991 6th Semi-Final
Nova Scotia Clippers Halifax, Nova Scotia 1 1991 6th Quarter-Final

References

  1. ↑ MacDonald, Archie (February 26, 1987). "Soccer rebirth". The Vancouver Sun. p. F3. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  2. ↑ MacDonald, Archie (Feb 26, 1987). "Soccer rebirth". Vancouver Sun Newspaper. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  3. ↑ "The 1989 Vancovuer 86ers". BC Sports Hall of Fame Inductees. Retrieved April 5, 2013. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  4. ↑ http://homepages.sover.net/~spectrum/year/1990.html#CSL The Year in American Soccer, 1990. Canadian Soccer League
  5. ↑ Litterer, David (May 30, 2008). "The Year in American Soccer, 1993". American Soccer History Archives. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  6. ↑ "Recession". canadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  7. ↑ http://homepages.sover.net/~spectrum/year/1991.html#CSL The Year in American Soccer, 1991. Canadian Soccer League
  8. ↑ Brackman, David (June 12, 1992). "Rowdies add punch to schedule". St. Petersburg Times. p. 6D. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
  9. ↑ Brousseau, David (June 28, 1992). "Salsa To Debut In `93 Under Stricter Apsl Guidelines". Sun Sentinel. Fort Lauderdale. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  10. ↑ Free, Bill (November 16, 1991). "Bays face possible sale, move to D.C. $200,000 needed, Liparini says". The Baltimore Sun Newspaper. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  11. ↑ "Deals – Soccer – APSL – Announced that the Vancouver 86ers will join the league for the 1992–93 season.". The Seattle Times. October 8, 1992. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  12. ↑ "SOCCER American Professional Soccer League pg 17". The Indiana Gazette Newspaper. October 8, 1992. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  13. ↑ McKee, Sandra (January 21, 1992). "Bays cease operations, citing $200,000 shortfall". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  14. ↑ Litterer, David (May 30, 2008). "The Year in American Soccer, 1993". American Soccer History Archives. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  15. ↑ Litterer, David (May 30, 2008). "The Year in American Soccer, 1993". American Soccer History Archives. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  16. ↑ Litterer, David (May 30, 2008). "This Year in American Soccer, 1996 – The A-League (Division 2)". American Soccer History Archives. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  17. ↑ Bucholtz, Andrew (June 10, 2014). "Will MLS help or hurt Canada's men's soccer team's attempts to make a future World Cup?". Yahoo! Sports – Eh Game. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  18. ↑ "Technical Director - 1992-93 CSAA, with the support of Robert Aquilini, Ezio Bortolussi, Rozika Curman, Phil Mattia and Joe Tinucci, applies for entry in the CSL". CSAASoccer.com. February 4, 2005. Archived from the original on February 4, 2005. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  19. ↑ "Three from here get U.S. invitations". The Baltimore Sun. December 16, 1992. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  20. ↑ Brousseau, David (January 8, 1993). "Toronto Joins APSL". Sun Sentinel. Fort Lauderdale. Retrieved August 11, 2014.

Sources

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