Wigan (UK Parliament constituency)
Wigan | |
---|---|
County constituency for the House of Commons | |
Boundary of Wigan in Greater Manchester. | |
Location of Greater Manchester within England. | |
County | Greater Manchester |
Electorate | 76,779 (December 2010)[1] |
Current constituency | |
Created | 1885 |
Member of parliament | Lisa Nandy (Labour) |
Number of members | One |
Created from | Wigan, South West Lancashire |
1545–1885 | |
Number of members | Two |
Type of constituency | Borough constituency |
Replaced by | Wigan |
Overlaps | |
European Parliament constituency | North West England |
Wigan is a constituency[n 1] represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2010 by Lisa Nandy, a member of the Labour Party.[n 2]
History
Wigan was one of the important places called upon to send a representative (a 'burgess') to the Model Parliament of 1295 and to another in January 1307, however was not summoned during the remainder of the medieval period to send its representative to Westminster, instead waiting until Henry VIII's grant of two members to the town which is believed to have already been incorporated as a borough in 1246 following the issue of a charter by Henry III. After the end of the Middle Ages, in the Tudor period, Wigan was one of four boroughs in Lancashire possessing Royal Charters; the others were Lancaster, Liverpool and Preston.
The seat saw a reduction of the number of its members under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 which imposed single-member constituencies nationwide.[n 3]
The death of Roger Stott in office in 1999 made him the fourth Wigan MP in the twentieth century to die in office (uniquely for a constituency in the United Kingdom): (the others being John Parkinson, Ronald Williams and William Foster).
- Political history
The seat has been held by the Labour Party since 1918, and given the solid Labour majorities is considered as a safe seat.
- Prominent frontbenchers
- William Ewart was of an age when Private members bills were more important to social advancement than government bills: in 1834 he successfully carried a bill to abolish hanging in chains, and in 1837 he was successful in getting an act passed to abolish capital punishment for cattle-stealing and other similar offences. In 1850 he carried a bill for establishing free libraries supported out of public rates, and in 1864 he was instrumental in getting the Act of 1864 passed that legalized the use of the metric system of weights and measures.
- Hon. Algernon Egerton was Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty (1874-1880)
- Alan Fitch was Vice-Chamberlain of the Household, a mid-level whip in the First Wilson ministry (1968-70).
- Roger Stott was a longtime joint chairman of the Council for the Advancement of Arab-British Understanding, and served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to James Callaghan during his government.
Boundaries
Boundary review
Following their review of parliamentary representation in Greater Manchester prior to the 2010 general election, the Boundary Commission recommended alterations to the existing constituencies in the Wigan metropolitan borough area. The electoral wards proposed in the altered Wigan constituency were:
- Aspull New Springs Whelley, Douglas, Ince, Pemberton, Shevington with Standish Lower Ground, Standish-with-Langtree, Wigan Central, and Wigan West in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan.[2]
Other seats within the Wigan borough are Makerfield and Leigh, while Atherton is contained within Bolton West. However the boundary changes were never implemented after being defeated in Parliament 334 to 292 January 2013.[3] Fresh proposals to reduce the number of MP's by 50 are expected to be published September 2016.[4]
Constituency profile
The seat is productive and has excellent links to Manchester as well as close links to the M6 just within its western border, however has witnessed a drop in manufacturing supporting the economy of Greater Manchester, particularly in textiles which have been unable in production of more general items to compete with the Indian subcontinent and the Far East, for this seat a lesser employer also of note in its vicinity until the mid 20th century was coal mining which has ceased in this part of Lancashire.[n 4]
Workless claimants who were registered jobseekers were in November 2012 higher than the national average of 3.8%, and regional average of 4.4%, at 5.5% of the population based on a statistical compilation by The Guardian.[5]
Members of Parliament
MPs 1295–1640
Parliament | First member | Second member |
---|---|---|
1295 | William le Teinterer | Henry le Bocher |
1306/7 (Jan) | Simon Payer | John de Mersee |
1307-1545 | No Members returned to Parliament | |
1545 | Thomas Chaloner | John Eston[6] |
1547 (Nov) | Alexander Barlowe | Thomas Carus[6] |
1552/3 (Mar) | Alexander Barlowe | Gilbert Gerard[7] |
1553 (Oct) | Alexander Barlowe | Gilbert Gerard[7] |
1554 (Apr) | Alexander Barlowe | William Barnes[6] |
1554 (Nov) | Alexander Barlowe | John Barnes[6] |
1555 | Alexander Barlowe | Gilbert Gerard[7] |
1558 | Ralph Barton | Thomas Smith[6] |
1559 (Jan) | William Gerard II | Thomas Bromley[8] |
1562/3 (Mar) | William Gerard II | John Ratcliffe[8] |
1571 | William Gerard II | Owen Ratcliffe[8] |
1572 | Edward Fitton (the younger) on Queen's Service and repl. 1581 by Richard Molyneux | Edward Elrington[8] |
1584 (Nov) | Thomas Grimsditch | William Gerard III[8] |
1586 | William Gerard III | Peter Legh[8] |
1588 (Dec) | Peter Legh | William Leycester[8] |
1593 | William Gerard III | Michael Heneage[8] |
1597 (Oct) | Edward Legh | Nicholas Smyth[8] |
1601 (Oct) | Roger Downes | John Pulteney[8] |
1604 | Sir William Cooke | Sir John Pulteney |
1614 | Sir Gilbert Gerard[9] | Sir Richard Molyneux |
1621 | Sir Thomas Gerard, 1st Baronet (died and replaced 1621 by George Garrard) | Roger Downes |
1624 | Sir Anthony St John | Francis Downes |
1625 | Francis Downes | Edward Bridgeman |
1626 | Sir Anthony St John | Sir William Pooley |
1628 | Edward Bridgeman | Sir Anthony St John |
1629–1640 | No Parliaments convened |
MPs 1640–1885
Year | First member[10] | First party | Second member[10] | Second party | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
April 1640 | Orlando Bridgeman | Royalist | Alexander Rigby | Parliamentarian | ||
November 1640 | ||||||
May 1642 | Bridgeman expelled - seat vacant | |||||
1646 | John Holcroft | |||||
December 1648 | Holcroft excluded in Pride's Purge - seat vacant | |||||
August 1650 | Rigby died - seat vacant | |||||
1653 | Wigan was unrepresented in the Barebones Parliament and the First and Second Parliaments of the Protectorate | |||||
January 1659 | Robert Markland | Hugh Forth | ||||
May 1659 | Not represented in the restored Rump | |||||
April 1660 | William Gardiner | Hugh Forth | ||||
October 1660 | John Molyneux | Roger Stoughton | ||||
1661 | The Earl of Ancram | Geoffrey Shakerley | ||||
February 1679 | Roger Bradshaigh | |||||
September 1679 | William Banks | |||||
1681 | Viscount Colchester | |||||
1685 | Lord Charles Murray | |||||
1689 | Sir Edward Chisenhall | William Banks | ||||
1690 | Sir Richard Standish | Peter Shakerley | ||||
1694 | John Byrom | |||||
1695 | Sir Roger Bradshaigh | |||||
1698 | Orlando Bridgeman | |||||
1701 | Sir Alexander Rigby | |||||
1702 | Orlando Bridgeman | |||||
1705 | Brigadier Emanuel Scrope Howe | Whig | ||||
1708 | Major Henry Bradshaigh | |||||
1713 | George Kenyon | |||||
1715 | The Earl of Barrymore | |||||
1727 | Peter Bold | |||||
1734 | The Earl of Barrymore | |||||
March 1747 | Richard Clayton | |||||
June 1747 | Hon. Richard Barry | |||||
1754 | Sir William Meredith | Tory | ||||
1761 | Fletcher Norton | Simon Luttrell | ||||
1768 | George Byng | Beaumont Hotham | ||||
1775 | John Morton | Tory | ||||
August 1780 | Henry Simpson Bridgeman | |||||
September 1780 | Hon. Horatio Walpole | Tory | ||||
1782 | John Cotes | Tory | ||||
1784 | Orlando Bridgeman [mpnotes 1] | Tory | ||||
1800 | George Gunning | |||||
1802 | John Hodson | Tory | Sir Robert Holt Leigh | Tory | ||
1820 | James Alexander Hodson | Tory | Lord Lindsay | Tory | ||
1825 | Lieutenant-Colonel James Lindsay | Tory | ||||
March 1831 | John Hodson Kearsley | Tory | ||||
May 1831 | Ralph Thicknesse | Whig | ||||
1832 | Richard Potter | Whig | ||||
1835 | John Hodson Kearsley | Conservative | ||||
1837 | Charles Strickland Standish | Whig | ||||
1839 | William Ewart | Radical | ||||
1841 | Peter Greenall | Conservative | Thomas Bright Crosse [mpnotes 2] | Conservative | ||
1842 | Charles Strickland Standish | Whig | ||||
1845 | Hon. James Lindsay | Conservative | ||||
1847 | Ralph Anthony Thicknesse | Whig | ||||
1854 | Joseph Acton | Whig | ||||
1857 | Francis Sharp Powell | Conservative | Henry Woods | Whig | ||
1859 | Hon. James Lindsay | Conservative | Liberal | |||
1866 | Nathaniel Eckersley | Conservative | ||||
1868 | John Lancaster | Liberal | ||||
1874 | Lord Lindsay | Conservative | Thomas Knowles | Conservative | ||
1881 | Francis Powell [mpnotes 3] | Conservative | ||||
1881 | Writ suspended following corrupt election - seat vacant | |||||
December 1882 | Hon. Algernon Egerton | Conservative | ||||
1883 | Nathaniel Eckersley | Conservative | ||||
1885 | Representation reduced to one member |
MPs since 1885
Notes
- ↑ The Honourable Orlando Bridgeman from 1796
- ↑ On petition, the election of Crosse was declared void and after scrutiny of the votes his opponent, Standish, was declared duly elected.
- ↑ On petition, Powell's election was declared void and the writ was suspended. The following year a new writ was issued and a by-election was held
Elections
Elections in the 2010s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Lisa Nandy | 23,625 | 52.2 | +3.7 | |
Conservative | Caroline Kerswell | 9,389 | 20.7 | −4.0 | |
UKIP | Mark Bradley | 8,818 | 19.5 | +13.8 | |
Green | Will Patterson | 1,273 | 2.8 | N/A | |
Liberal Democrat | Mark Clayton | 1,255 | 2.8 | -12.6 | |
Wigan Independents | Gareth Fairhurst | 768 | 1.7 | N/A | |
Independent | Brian Parr | 165 | 0.4 | N/A | |
Majority | 14,236 | 31.4 | +7.6 | ||
Turnout | 45,293 | 59.5 | +1.1 | ||
Labour hold | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Lisa Nandy | 21,404 | 48.5 | −9.6 | |
Conservative | Michael Winstanley | 10,917 | 24.7 | +5.8 | |
Liberal Democrat | Mark Clayton | 6,797 | 15.4 | −1.5 | |
UKIP | Alan Freeman | 2,516 | 5.7 | +2.3 | |
BNP | Charles Mather[15] | 2,506 | 5.7 | N/A | |
Majority | 10,487 | 23.8 | -10.5 | ||
Turnout | 44,140 | 58.4 | +6.3 | ||
Labour hold | Swing | ||||
Elections in the 2000s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Neil Turner | 18,901 | 55.1 | −6.6 | |
Conservative | John Coombes | 7,134 | 20.8 | 0.0 | |
Liberal Democrat | Denise Capstick | 6,051 | 17.7 | +2.9 | |
UKIP | John Whittaker | 1,166 | 3.4 | N/A | |
Community Action | Kevin Williams | 1,026 | 3.0 | N/A | |
Majority | 11,767 | 34.3 | |||
Turnout | 34,278 | 53.3 | +0.8 | ||
Labour hold | Swing | 3.3 | |||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Neil Turner | 20,739 | 61.7 | −6.8 | |
Conservative | Mark Page | 6,996 | 20.8 | +3.9 | |
Liberal Democrat | Trevor Beswick | 4,970 | 14.8 | +4.8 | |
Socialist Alliance | Dave Lowe | 886 | 2.6 | N/A | |
Majority | 13,743 | 40.9 | |||
Turnout | 33,591 | 52.5 | −15.3 | ||
Labour hold | Swing | ||||
Elections in the 1990s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Neil Turner | 9,641 | 59.6 | −9.0 | |
Conservative | Tom Peet | 2,912 | 18.0 | +1.1 | |
Liberal Democrat | Jonathan Rule | 2,148 | 13.3 | +3.3 | |
UKIP | John Whittaker | 834 | 5.2 | N/A | |
Socialist Labour | William Kelly | 240 | 1.5 | N/A | |
Green | Chris Maile | 190 | 1.2 | +0.2 | |
National Democrats | Stephen Ebbs | 100 | 0.6 | N/A | |
Natural Law | Paul Davis | 64 | 0.4 | +0.2 | |
Independent | David Braid | 58 | 0.4 | N/A | |
Majority | 6,729 | 41.6 | |||
Turnout | 25 | ||||
Labour hold | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Roger Stott | 30,043 | 68.6 | +5.6 | |
Conservative | Mark A. Loveday | 7,400 | 16.9 | −6.7 | |
Liberal Democrat | Trevor R. Beswick | 4,390 | 10.0 | −1.0 | |
Referendum | Anthony Bradborne | 1,450 | 3.3 | N/A | |
Green | Christopher Maile | 442 | 1.0 | N/A | |
Natural Law | William J. Ayliffe | 94 | 0.2 | −0.2 | |
Majority | 22,643 | 51.7 | |||
Turnout | 43,819 | 67.7 | |||
Labour hold | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Roger Stott | 34,910 | 63.0 | +1.5 | |
Conservative | Edward J.W. Hess | 13,068 | 23.6 | −0.9 | |
Liberal Democrat | George Davies | 6,111 | 11.0 | −3.0 | |
Liberal | Kevin Joseph White | 1,116 | 2.0 | −12.0 | |
Natural Law | Mrs Annie B. Tayler | 197 | 0.4 | N/A | |
Majority | 21,842 | 39.4 | +2.3 | ||
Turnout | 55,402 | 76.2 | −0.4 | ||
Labour hold | Swing | +1.2 | |||
Elections in the 1980s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Roger Stott | 33,955 | 61.5 | ||
Conservative | Kenneth Robinson Wade | 13,493 | 24.5 | ||
Liberal | Kevin Joseph White | 7,732 | 14.0 | ||
Majority | 20,462 | 37.1 | |||
Turnout | 55,179 | 76.6 | |||
Labour hold | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Roger Stott | 29,859 | 54.55 | ||
Liberal | John Piggott | 12,554 | 22.94 | ||
Conservative | Henry Cadman | 12,320 | 22.51 | ||
Majority | 17,305 | 31.62 | |||
Turnout | 54,734 | 75.61 | |||
Labour hold | Swing | ||||
Elections in the 1970s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Ernest Alan Fitch | 26,144 | 59.77 | ||
Conservative | T Peet | 13,149 | 30.06 | ||
Liberal | K Bruce | 4,102 | 9.38 | ||
Workers Revolutionary | A Smith | 348 | 0.8 | ||
Majority | 12,995 | 29.71 | |||
Turnout | 43,742 | 74.11 | |||
Labour hold | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Ernest Alan Fitch | 27,692 | 65.77 | ||
Conservative | PM Beard | 8,865 | 21.05 | ||
Liberal | J Campbell | 5,548 | 13.18 | ||
Majority | 18,827 | 44.71 | |||
Turnout | 42,105 | 73.98 | |||
Labour hold | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Ernest Alan Fitch | 30,485 | 71.28 | ||
Conservative | P Beard | 12,283 | 28.72 | ||
Majority | 18,202 | 42.56 | |||
Turnout | 42,766 | 75.84 | |||
Labour hold | Swing | +3.0 | |||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Ernest Alan Fitch | 28,102 | 67.46 | ||
Conservative | Anthony Daniels | 12,882 | 30.92 | ||
Communist | Jack Kay | 672 | 1.61 | ||
Majority | 15,220 | 36.54 | |||
Turnout | 41,655 | 72.27 | |||
Labour hold | Swing | +1.2 | |||
Elections in the 1960s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Ernest Alan Fitch | 28,754 | 72.85 | +3.43 | |
Conservative | Malcolm Kingston | 9,876 | 25.01 | -3.21 | |
Communist | Michael Weaver | 858 | 2.17 | -0.22 | |
Majority | 18,878 | 47.81 | |||
Turnout | 42,766 | 75.84 | |||
Labour hold | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Ernest Alan Fitch | 28,640 | 69.39 | +3.05 | |
Conservative | Ian K Paley | 11,648 | 28.22 | -3.40 | |
Communist | Michael Weaver | 988 | 2.39 | +0.35 | |
Majority | 16,992 | 41.17 | |||
Turnout | 79.40 | ||||
Labour hold | Swing | ||||
Elections in the 1950s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Ernest Alan Fitch | 30,664 | 66.34 | +1.94 | |
Conservative | John Hodgson | 14,615 | 31.62 | -0.59 | |
Communist | Michael Weaver | 945 | 2.04 | -1.35 | |
Majority | 16,049 | 34.72 | |||
Turnout | 83.81 | ||||
Labour hold | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Ernest Alan Fitch | 27,415 | 70.96 | +6.56 | |
Conservative | John Hodgson | 10,248 | 26.53 | -5.68 | |
Communist | Michael Weaver | 972 | 2.52 | -0.87 | |
Majority | 17,167 | ||||
Labour hold | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Ronald Watkins Williams | 29,755 | 64.40 | -2.51 | |
Conservative | Harold D Lowe | 14,883 | 32.21 | -0.88 | |
Communist | Thomas Rowlandson | 1,567 | 3.39 | N/A | |
Majority | 14,872 | 32.19 | |||
Turnout | 80.25 | ||||
Labour hold | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Ronald Watkins Williams | 34,530 | 66.91 | +4.39 | |
Conservative | Dennis C Walls | 17,078 | 33.09 | +3.05 | |
Majority | 17,452 | 33.82 | |||
Turnout | 87.00 | ||||
Labour hold | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Ronald Watkins Williams | 32,746 | 62.52 | -5.64 | |
Conservative | H Dowling | 15,733 | 30.04 | -1.80 | |
Liberal | Ian Stevenson Webster | 2,651 | 5.06 | N/A | |
Communist | Thomas Rowlandson | 1,243 | 2.37 | N/A | |
Majority | 17,013 | 32.48 | |||
Turnout | 89.27 | ||||
Labour hold | Swing | ||||
Elections in the 1940s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Ronald Watkins Williams | 28,941 | 59.1 | ||
Conservative | Harold Dowling | 17,466 | 35.6 | ||
Communist | Thomas Rowlandson | 1,647 | 3.7 | ||
King's Cavalier | Owen L Roberts | 932 | 1.6 | ||
Majority | 11,475 | 23.4 | |||
Turnout | |||||
Labour hold | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | William Foster | 31,392 | 68.16 | ||
Conservative | E C L Hubert-Powell | 14,666 | 31.84 | ||
Majority | 16,726 | 36.32 | |||
Turnout | 80.41 | ||||
Labour hold | Swing | ||||
Elections in the 1930s
}Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | John Parkinson | 27,950 | 61.30 | ||
Conservative | R Grant-Ferris | 17,646 | 38.70 | ||
Majority | 10,304 | 22.60 | |||
Turnout | 81.74 | ||||
Labour hold | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | John Parkinson | 23,544 | 51.10 | ||
Conservative | G D Roberts | 22,526 | 48.90 | ||
Majority | 1,018 | 2.21 | |||
Turnout | 84.24 | ||||
Labour hold | Swing | ||||
Elections in the 1920s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | John Allen Parkinson | 27,462 | 58.5 | ||
Unionist | E Barlow | 18,144 | 38.7 | ||
Communist | F Bright | 1,307 | 2.8 | n/a | |
Majority | 9,318 | 19.8 | |||
Turnout | 46,913 | ||||
Labour hold | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ± | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | John Allen Parkinson | 19,637 | 57.6 | ||
Unionist | David Alexander Robert Lindsay, Lord Balniel | 14,451 | 42.4 | ||
Majority | 5,186 | 15.2 | |||
Turnout | 85.0 | ||||
Labour hold | Swing | ||||
See also
Notes and references
- Notes
- ↑ A county constituency (for the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer)
- ↑ As with all constituencies, the constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years.
- ↑ Exceptions were the twenty-three borough constituencies, the City of London and the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin
- ↑ See UK Coal
- References
- ↑ "Electorate Figures - Boundary Commission for England". 2011 Electorate Figures. Boundary Commission for England. 4 March 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
- ↑ 2010 post-revision map Greater London and metropolitan areas of England
- ↑ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-21235169
- ↑ http://www.wigantoday.net/news/local/boundary-proposals-set-to-be-unveiled-1-8096018
- ↑ Unemployment claimants by constituency The Guardian
- 1 2 3 4 5 "History of Parliament". Retrieved 2011-09-24.
- 1 2 3 "Gerard, Sir Gilbert (d.1593), of Ince, Lancs. and Gerrard's Bromley, Staffs.". History of Parliament.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Wigan". History of Parliament.
- ↑ "Gerard, Sir Gilbert, 1st Bt. (1587-1670), of Flambards, Harrow-on-the-Hill, Mdx.". History of Parliament.
- 1 2 3 Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "W" (part 4)
- ↑ "Election Data 2015". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
- ↑ "Wigan". BBC News. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
- ↑ "Election Data 2010". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
- ↑ "BBC NEWS – Election 2010 – Wigan". BBC News.
- ↑ The BNP Announces Candidates for Makerfield, Leigh and Wigan
- ↑ "Election Data 2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ↑ "Election Data 2001". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ↑ "Election Data 1997". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ↑ "Election Data 1992". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ↑ "UK General Election results April 1992". Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources. Politics Resources. 9 April 1992. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
- ↑ "Election Data 1987". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ↑ "UK". Politicsresources.net.
- ↑ "Election Data 1983". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ↑ "UK". Politicsresources.net.
- ↑ "UK". Politicsresources.net.
- ↑ "UK". Politicsresources.net.
- ↑ "UK". Politicsresources.net.
- ↑ British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, FWS Craig
- ↑ British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, FWS Craig
Sources
- Robert Beatson, A Chronological Register of Both Houses of Parliament (London: Longman, Hurst, Res & Orme, 1807)
- D Brunton & D H Pennington, Members of the Long Parliament (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954)
- Cobbett's Parliamentary history of England, from the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the year 1803 (London: Thomas Hansard, 1808)
- F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1885 (2nd edition, Aldershot: Parliamentary Research Services, 1989)
- Maija Jansson (ed.), Proceedings in Parliament, 1614 (House of Commons) (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1988)
- J E Neale, The Elizabethan House of Commons (London: Jonathan Cape, 1949)
- Henry Stooks Smith, The Parliaments of England from 1715 to 1847 (2nd edition, edited by FWS Craig - Chichester: Parliamentary Reference Publications, 1973)
Coordinates: 53°32′N 2°38′W / 53.54°N 2.64°W