Charles Cornewall

Charles Cornewall
Born	1669 Eye, Herefordshire
Died	7 October 1718 (aged 49) Lisbon
Buried at	Westminster Abbey
Allegiance	Kingdom of England  Kingdom of Great Britain
Service/branch	Royal Navy (1683–1707)  Royal Navy (1707–1718)
Years of service	1683–1718
Rank	Vice Admiral
Commands held	HMS Portsmouth HMS Adventure HMS Plymouth HMS Kent HMS Shrewsbury HMS Exeter HMS Orford HMS Dreadnought
Battles/wars	Nine Years' War War of the Quadruple Alliance

Vice Admiral Charles Cornewall or Cornwall (1669 – 7 October 1718) was an officer in the British Royal Navy.

Origins

He was born in 1669, eldest of the eleven children of Robert Cornewall and Edith Cornwallis, and was baptised at Eye, Herefordshire on 5 August 1669.^[1]

Career

He joined the navy in 1683 and was given his first command, the Sloop HMS Portsmouth, on 19 September 1692. The following year he was given command of the 44-gun HMS Adventure and sailed under the command of Admiral Edward Russell to the Mediterranean, where he would remain until 1696.^[2]

On 27 January 1695, Adventure was one of a squadron of six frigates under the command of Commodore James Killegrew aboard HMS Plymouth. The flotilla was spotted by two French warships, the 60-gun Content and the 52-gun Trident, who closed on them believing them to be merchant ships. They retreated on discovering their mistake and were pursued by the British ships, the ensuing firefight lasting through the night and into the next morning before the French ships were compelled to surrender.^[3] Killigrew was killed in the action, and Cornewall was appointed to command the Plymouth in his place.^[2]

He was given command of HMS Kent in 1697,^[4] but left the navy after the Treaty of Ryswick.^[5] In 1701 he stood for parliament in Weobley against his cousin Henry Cornewall, but was defeated having gained just four votes.^[6] Returning to sea in March that year, he was given command of HMS Shrewsbury but had to resign a few months later due to the sudden death of his father whose concerns, he wrote on 25 Sept. 1701, "are like to prove more troublesome and tedious than I expected, though when settled may prove of very considerable advantage to my children."^[2] These affairs having been settled, he was appointed to command HMS Exeter but rejected it when it became clear that he would effectively be a second captain under John Leake in Newfoundland, protesting that "their sending a private captain to command … me in my own ship [was] a modest way of terming me a blockhead."^[5]

This record of resigning from commands, combined with an uneasy political relationship with Robert Harley, made it difficult for him to gain a new command, and it was not until 1705 that he was appointed to HMS Orford.^[5] In that ship he returned to the Mediterranean where he served for the next two years, first under Clowdesley Shovell and then under Thomas Dilkes. In the autumn of 1707 he commanded a detached squadron operating off the coast of Naples, returning to England in March the following year.^[2]

In 1709 he changed his name to Cornwall, in an effort to distinguish between the different branches of his family, and stood once more for parliament. This time he was successful, being elected member for Bewdley on 2 March 1709.^[7] He did not spend much time in the house, being busy commanding squadrons in the Downs and off Dunkirk. In October 1710 he led a convoy to Smyrna aboard HMS Dreadnought, but his Whig politics made it impossible to gain a further command on his return, and he languished on half-pay for some years.^[5]

The accession of George I in 1714 brought about a dramatic improvement in Cornwall's prospects, with him being appointed comptroller of storekeeper's accounts at the Navy Board. In 1715 he returned to parliament as member for Weobley.^[8] He was promoted to the rank of rear admiral on 16 June 1716, and appointed Commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean in October the following year.^[2]

Sailing with his flag aboard HMS Argyll, he took up his post in Gibraltar. His first task was to open negotiations with Ismail Ibn Sharif, emperor of Morocco to "demand satisfaction for the depredations of the Salé corsairs and procure the release of all His Majesty's subjects now captive in Barbary." When Ismail refused to release any of his slaves Cornwall established a blockade of his ports, but the measure had no effect on Ismail's policy despite the capture of several corsair vessels.^[9] During this time he engaged in a bitter dispute with the Governor, who refused to admit the admiral's authority even in matters relating to the ships in the port. Cornwall eventually resolved to put the matter before the King or the Speaker of the House of Commons, but was prevented from doing so by being once more engaged in active service.^[2]

He was promoted to vice admiral in March 1718, and became second-in-command to George Byng on the latter's arrival in the Mediterranean in June of that year, hoisting his flag aboard HMS Shrewsbury. Cruising with a combined force of nineteen ships of the line, two frigates and a galley off Syracuse they attacked a Spanish fleet in the battle of Cape Passaro on 31 July 1718. Attempting to avoid capture, the Spanish split into eight groups which the British chased down individually. Cornwall's part of the fleet was charged with the pursuit of the Marquis De Mari, who led a force of six ships of the line, nine frigates and a number of smaller vessels aboard his flagship El Real. Cornwall captured El Real and three other warships, with the Spanish burning seven more to avoid their capture.^[10]

After the battle, Cornwall transferred his flag back to HMS Argyll and convoyed the captured Spanish prizes to Port Mahon, from where he set sail for England. However, his health had been poor for some time, and on putting in at Lisbon on the homeward journey he died there on 7 October 1718.^[2] His body was conveyed home and buried in the south aisle of Westminster Abbey.^[11]

Cornwall's career had been illustrious without being spectacular, as John Charnock put it: "We have at least a very extraordinary, if not unequalled instance in this gentleman, of its being possible for an officer to serve, with the most irreproachable character, and to attain a very high rank in the service, without ever having it in his power to increase his reputation, by any of those brilliant exploits which fortune throws in the way of her greater favourites."^[12]

Family

Cornwall married twice, but no details of his first marriage survives. His second wife was Dorothy Hanmer daughter of Thomas Hanmer,^[7] with whom he had fourteen children:^[1]

• Henry Cornewall (b. 1698)
• Thomas Cornewall (b. & d. 1699)
• Sir Robert de Cornwall (1700–56), MP for Leominster
• Henrietta Cornewall (1701–28)
• Cyriac Cornewall (1702-1703)
• Charles Cornewall (b. & d. 1704)
• Job Cornewall (1705–28)
• Theophila Cornewall (1706–21)
• Jane Cornewall (b. 1708)
• Jacobs Cornewall (1709–38), father of Charles Wolfran Cornwall
• Emma Cornwall (1712–77), married Thomas Vernon
• Edith Cornwall (b. & d. 1712)
• Annabella Cornwall (1713–82)
• Mary Cornwall (b. 1714)

References

1. Foljambe, Cecil George; Reade, Compton (1908). The House of Cornewall. Hereford: Jakeman and Carver. pp. 93–94.
2.  Laughton, John Knox (1887). "Cornewall, Charles". In Stephen, Leslie. Dictionary of National Biography. 12. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
3. Allen, Joseph (1852). Battles of the British Navy. 1. London: Henry G. Bohn. pp. 91–92.
4. Harrison, Simon. "Charles Cornwall". Three Decks.
5. "Cornewall, Charles". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6327. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
6. Hayton, D. W. (2002). "Weobley". In Hayton, David; Cruickshanks, Eveline; Handley, Stuart. The House of Commons 1690-1715. The History of Parliament Trust.
7. Hayton, D. W. (2002). "Cornwall (Cornewall), Charles (1669-1718)". In Hayton, David; Cruickshanks, Eveline; Handley, Stuart. The House of Commons 1690-1715. The History of Parliament Trust.
8. Newman, A. N. (1970). "Cornwall, Charles (1669-1718)". In Sedgwick, Romney. The House of Commons 1715-1754. The History of Parliament Trust.
9. Milton, Giles (2004). White Gold: the extraordinary story of Thomas Pellow and North Africa's one million European slaves. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 30. ISBN 9780340794692.
10. Blackmore, David S.T. (2011). Warfare on the Mediterranean in the Age of Sail a History, 1571-1866. Jefferson: McFarland. p. 121. ISBN 9780786457847.
11. "Charles Cornwall". Westmister Abbey. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
12. Charnock, John (1794). Biographia Navalis. London: R. Faulder. pp. 410–412.