Charlotte von Lengefeld

Print of a portrait of Charlotte von Lengefeld, probably by Auguste Christian Fleischman.

Charlotte Luise Antoinette von Schiller, born Charlotte von Lengefeld (22 November 1766 – 9 July 1826) was the wife of German poet Friedrich Schiller.

Early life

Lengefeld was born in Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, to an upper-class family, and given an education appropriate to a life at the ducal court of Weimar.[1] Though her father, who died when she was a young girl, had been a forest administrator, in her young adulthood she was introduced to the literary circles of Weimar. She became friendly with Charlotte von Stein, who was at the center of the circle of Weimar Classicism as a friend of Schiller and sometime mistress of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Stein confided in her throughout her complex relationship with Goethe.[2]

Her first love was a soldier, but after her family's opposition the engagement was dropped.[1]

Marriage to Schiller

Portrait by Ludovike Simanowiz

Lengefeld first met Schiller, then a little-known and impoverished poet, in 1785, through her older sister Caroline and her cousin Wilhelm von Wolzogen, who later became Caroline's second husband. They began a correspondence in 1788, and, aided by the Lengefelds, Schiller took up residence near Rudolstadt shortly thereafter. He seems to have made his affections clear to her that year, though they were confirmed to each by Caroline the following summer; Schiller wrote to Charlotte in August, 1789: "Am I to hope that Caroline read in your soul and answered from your heart what I did not dare to confess? Oh how hard it has been for me to keep this secret which I was obliged to do from the beginning of our acquaintance."[3]

The precise nature of Schiller's relationship to the two sisters has been disputed. In Caroline's later novel Agnes von Lilien, two women both pursue a relationship with a young baron, and critics have debated whether to understand the novel's love triangle as a reflection of Caroline, Charlotte, and Schiller (more recent critics are less inclined to do so).[4] The letters later published from Schiller's correspondence with Charlotte are both deeply affectionate and literate; according to Edward Bulwer-Lytton, Lengefeld's admiration for Schiller's early work, particularly "The Artists," was important to their courtship.[1] They married on 20 February 1790.

The Schillers' four children

Never fully reconciling her aristocratic background with the bohemian lives of her poet husband and his friends, she encouraged Schiller in his cruelty toward Goethe's mistress and later wife Christiane Vulpius; she wrote of Goethe after Christiane's death, "The poor man wept bitterly. It grieves me that he should shed tears for such objects."[5]

The Schillers had four children: Karl Ludwig Friedrich (1793-1857), Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm (1796-1841), Karoline Luise Friederike Schiller (1799-1850), and Emilie Henriette Luise (1804-1872).

Works

Though never a published author during her lifetime, Lengefeld was a writer her entire life. Her letters to her husband, her sister, Stein, Goethe, and others have been published in multiple editions.[6] She has also been identified as the author of several works found among her husband's papers and posthumously included in collected editions alongside his work, notably the novel Die heimliche Heirat (The Secret Marriage).[7] Along with other women in the Goethe-Schiller circle, Lengefeld has been receiving increased critical attention; critic Gaby Pailer wrote the first full-length scholarly book on her life and work, published in 2009.[8]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Edward Bulwer-Lytton, "Life of Schiller," from Bulwer-Lytton's Miscellaneous Prose Works vol. 1 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1868), 387-392.
  2. ↑ Calvert, George Henry, Charlotte von Stein (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1886), 163.
  3. ↑ Strachey, Lionel, ed., Love Letters of Famous Poets and Novelists, (New York: John McBride, 1909), 268.
  4. ↑ Holmgren, Janet Besserer, The Women Writers in Schiller's Horen: Patrons, Petticoats, and the Promotion of Weimar Classicism (Newark, Delaware: University of Delaware Press, 2007), 79-80.
  5. ↑ Damm, Sigrid, Christiane und Goethe: Eine Recherche (Frankfurt: Insel, 1998), quoted in Karin Barton, "Goethe über alles," Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Summer, 2001), pp. 630-637.
  6. ↑ See Briefe von Schillers Gattin an einem vertrauten Freund, ed. Heinrich Düntzer (Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus, 1856) and Charlotte von Schiller und ihre Freunde: Auswahl aus ihrer Korrespondenz, 3rd ed., ed. Carl Ludwig von Urlichs (Stuttgart: J. G. Cotta, 1865).
  7. ↑ Bohm, Arnd, review of Gudrun Loster-Schneider and Gaby Pailer, eds., Lexikon deutschsprachiger Epik und Dramatik von Autorinnen (1730–1900) (Tübingen: A. Francke, 2006), Goethe Yearbook 15 (2008), 237.
  8. ↑ Pailer, Gaby, Charlotte Schiller: Leben und Schreiben im klassischen Weimar (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2009), ISBN 978-3-534-21973-5. See also Pailer's faculty web page at the University of British Columbia.
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