Clive Bell

Portrait of Clive Bell by Roger Fry

Arthur Clive Heward Bell (16 September 1881 – 18 September 1964) was an English art critic, associated with formalism and the Bloomsbury Group. Bell died, aged 83, in London.

Biography

Origins

Bell was born in East Shefford, Berkshire, in 1881, the third of four children of William Heward Bell (1849–1927) and Hannah Taylor Cory (1850–1942). He had an elder brother (Cory), an elder sister (Lorna, Mrs Acton), and a younger sister (Dorothy, Mrs Hony). His father was a civil engineer who built his fortune in the family coal mines in Wiltshire in England and Merthyr Tydfil in Wales - "a family which drew its wealth from Welsh mines and expended it on the destruction of wild animals".[1] They lived at Cleeve House in Seend, near Devizes, Wiltshire, which was adorned with Squire Bell's many hunting trophies.

Marriage and other relationships

He was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge,[2] where he studied history. In 1902 he received an Earl of Derby scholarship to study in Paris, where his interest in art originated. Upon his return to England, he moved to London, where he met and married artist Vanessa Stephen, sister of Virginia Woolf, early in 1907.[3][4][5]

By World War I their marriage was over. Vanessa had begun a lifelong relationship with Duncan Grant and Clive had a number of liaisons with other women such as Mary Hutchinson. However, Clive and Vanessa never officially separated or divorced. Not only did they keep visiting each other regularly, they also sometimes spent holidays together and paid "family" visits to Clive's parents. Clive lived in London but often spent long stretches of time at the farmhouse of Charleston, where Vanessa lived with Duncan and her three children by Clive and Duncan. He fully supported her wish to have a child by Duncan and allowed this daughter, Angelica, to bear his surname. Clive and Vanessa had two sons (Julian and Quentin), who both became writers. Julian joined the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War as an ambulance driver. He was killed in 1937 by an enemy shell, aged 29.[6]

Vanessa's daughter by Duncan, Angelica Garnett (née Bell), was raised as Clive's daughter until she married. She was informed, by her mother Vanessa, just prior to her marriage and shortly after her brother Julian's death, that in fact Duncan Grant was her biological father.[7]

According to historian Stanley Rosenbaum, "Bell may, indeed, be the least liked member of Bloomsbury. Bell has been found wanting by biographers and critics of the Group – as a husband, a father, and especially a brother-in-law. It is undeniable that he was a wealthy snob, hedonist, and womaniser, a racist and an anti-Semite (but not a homophobe), who changed from a liberal socialist and pacifist into a reactionary appeaser. Bell's reputation has led to his being underestimated in the history of Bloomsbury."[8]

Significant Form

Soon after Bell met Roger Fry, he developed his art theory called 'significant form'. Bell and Fry shared a passion for contemporary French art. Bell's book Art (1914) was where his theory was first published. Bell describes this theory as "lines and colours combined in a particular way, certain forms, and relations of forms, that stir our aesthetic emotions".[9] This form can be seen in art created by many members of the Bloomsbury Group, including Interior at Gordon Square by Duncan Grant.

Political views

Bell was at one point an adherent of absolute pacifism, and during the First World War was a conscientious objector, allowed to perform Work of National Importance by assisting on the farm of Philip Morrell. MP, at Garsington Manor. In his 1938 pamphlet War Mongers, he opposed any attempt by Britain to use military force, arguing "the worst tyranny is better than the best war".[10][11] However, by 1940 Bell was a supporter of the British war effort, calling for a "ceaseless war against Hitler".[11]

Works

References

  1. ↑ Bell, Quentin Bloomsbury, London: Futura 1974, p. 19
  2. ↑ "Bell [post Clive-Bell], Arthur Clive Heward (BL899AC)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  3. ↑ Virginia Woolf biography and visits, infobritain.co.uk; accessed 2 October 2014.
  4. ↑ "Index entry: Bell Arthur Clive H.". Transcription of English and Welsh marriage registrations 1837-1983. ONS. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  5. ↑ "Index entry: Stephen Vanessa". Transcription of English and Welsh marriage registrations 1837-1983. ONS. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  6. ↑ Lee, Hermione Virginia Woolf, London: Vintage 1997 p. 697
  7. ↑ Lee, Hermione Virginia Woolf, London: Vintage 1997 p. 698. This deception forms the central message of her memoir, Deceived with Kindness (1984).
  8. ↑ Rosenbaum, S.P. Georgian Bloomsbury: The early literary history of the Bloomsbury Group, 1910–1914. New York: Palgrave. 2003, p. 37
  9. ↑ Bell, Clive (1916). Art. Chatto & Windus. p. 8.
  10. ↑ Susan Sellers, The Cambridge Companion to Virginia Woolf Cambridge University Press, 2010; ISBN 0521896940, (p. 23).
  11. 1 2 Lawrence James, Warrior Race: A History of the British at War, Hachette UK, 2010; ISBN 0748125353 (p. 620).

Sources

External links

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