Closed-cycle gas turbine

For turbines powered by the internal combustion of fuel, see gas turbine.
Not to be confused with combined-cycle gas turbine.
Closed-Cycle Gas Turbine Schematic

C compressor and T turbine assembly
w high-temperature heat exchanger
ʍ low-temperature heat exchanger
~ mechanical load, e.g. electric generator

A closed-cycle gas turbine is a turbine that uses a gas (e.g. air, nitrogen, helium, argon,[1][2] etc.) for the working fluid as part of a closed thermodynamic system. Heat is supplied from an external source.[3] Such recirculating turbines follow the Brayton cycle.[4][5]

Background

The initial patent for a closed-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) was issued in 1935 and they were first used commercially in 1939.[3] Seven CCGT units were built in Switzerland and Germany by 1978.[2] Historically, CCGTs found most use as external combustion engines "with fuels such as bituminous coal, brown coal and blast furnace gas" but were superseded by open cycle gas turbines using clean-burning fuels (e.g. "gas or light oil"), especially in highly efficient combined cycle systems.[3] Air-based CCGT systems have demonstrated very high availability and reliability.[6] The most notable helium-based system thus far was Oberhausen 2, a 50 megawatt cogeneration plant that operated from 1975 to 1987 in Germany.[7] Compared to Europe where the technology was originally developed, CCGT is not well known in the US.[8]

Nuclear power

Gas-cooled reactors powering helium-based closed-cycle gas turbines were suggested in 1945.[8] The experimental ML-1 nuclear reactor in the early-1960s used a nitrogen-based CCGT operating at 0.9 MPa.[9] The cancelled pebble bed modular reactor was intended to be coupled with a helium CCGT.[10] Future nuclear (Generation IV reactors) may employ CCGT for power generation,[3] e.g. Flibe Energy intends to produce a liquid fluoride thorium reactor coupled with a CCGT.[11]

Development

Closed-cycle gas turbines hold promise for use with future high temperature solar power[3] and fusion power[2] generation.

They have also been proposed as a technology for use in long-term space exploration.[12]

Supercritical carbon dioxide closed-cycle gas turbines are under development; "The main advantage of the supercritical CO2 cycle is comparable efficiency with the helium Brayton cycle at significantly lower temperature" (550°C vs. 850°C), but with the disadvantage of higher pressure (20 MPa vs. 8 MPa).[13]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Nitrogen or Air Versus Helium for Nuclear Closed Cycle Gas Turbines | Atomic Insights
  2. 1 2 3 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE BRAYTON CYCLE FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE POWER PLANTS
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Frutschi, Hans Ulrich (2005). Closed-Cycle Gas Turbines. ASME Press. ISBN 0-7918-0226-4. Retrieved 7 December 2011. Note: front matter (including preface and introduction; PDF link) is open access.
  4. ↑ Thermodynamics and Propulsion: Brayton Cycle
  5. ↑ A REVIEW OF HELIUM GAS TURBINE TECHNOLOGY FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE GAS-COOLED REACTORS
  6. ↑ Keller, C. (1978). "Forty years of experience on closed-cycle gas turbines". Annals of Nuclear Energy. 5 (8–10): 405–201. doi:10.1016/0306-4549(78)90021-X.
  7. ↑ "Nuclear Power: Small modular reactors". Power Engineering (magazine). 7 June 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  8. 1 2 McDonald, C. F. (2012). "Helium turbomachinery operating experience from gas turbine power plants and test facilities". Applied Thermal Engineering. 44: 108–181. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.02.041.
  9. ↑ ML-1 Mobile Power System: Reactor in a Box | Atomic Insights
  10. ↑ IAEA Technical Committee Meeting on "Gas Turbine Power Conversion Systems for Modular HTGRs", held from 14-16 November 2000 in Palo Alto, California. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria). Technical Working Group on Gas-Cooled Reactors. IAEA-TECDOC--1238, pp:102-113
  11. ↑ Introduction to Flibe Energy: YouTube Video (~20 min) and PDF of slides used
  12. ↑ Introduction to Gas Turbines for Non-Engineers (see page 5)
  13. ↑ V. Dostal, M.J. Driscoll, P. Hejzlar, A Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Next Generation Nuclear Reactors at the Wayback Machine (archived 27 December 2010) MIT-ANP-Series, MIT-ANP-TR-100 (2004)

http://www.appliedthermalfluids.com/home/brands-manufacturers/exxonmobil-aviation-jet-oils/mobil-jet-oils/

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