Cob (material)

Building a wall out of cob.

Cob, cobb or clom (in Wales) is a natural building material made from subsoil, water, some kind of fibrous organic material (typically straw), and sometimes lime.[1] The contents of subsoil naturally vary, and if it does not contain the right mixture it can be modified with sand or clay. Cob is fireproof, resistant to seismic activity,[2] and inexpensive. It can be used to create artistic, sculptural forms, and its use has been revived in recent years by the natural building and sustainability movements.

In technical building and engineering documents such as the Uniform Building Code, cob may be referred to as an "unburned clay masonry" when used in a structural context. It might also be referred to as an "aggregate" in non-structural contexts, such as a "clay and sand aggregate" or more simply an "organic aggregate," such as where the cob is an insulating filler between post and beam construction.

History and usage

'Cob stitch' repair on old traditional cob cottage in Devon, England

Cob is an English term attested to around the year 1600[3] for an ancient building material that has been used for building since prehistoric times. The etymology of cob and cobbing is unclear, but in several tenses means to beat or strike which is how cob material is applied to a wall.

Some of the oldest man-made structures in Afghanistan are composed of rammed earth and cob.[4] Cobwork (tabya) was used in the Maghreb and al-Andalus in the 11th and 12th centuries, and was described in detail by Ibn Khaldun in the 14th century.[5]

Cob material is known by many names including adobe,[6] lump clay,[6] puddled clay, chalk mud,[6] wichert,[6] clay daubins,[6] swish (African), torchis (French),[7] bauge (French),[7] bousille (French mud with moss),[7] cat and clay[8]

Cob structures can be found in a variety of climates across the globe. European examples include:

Many old cob buildings can be found in Africa, the Middle East, and some parts of the eastern United States. A number of cob cottages survive from mid-19th-century New Zealand.[9]

Traditionally, English cob was made by mixing the clay-based subsoil with sand, straw and water using oxen to trample it. English soils contain varying amounts of chalk, and cob made with significant amounts of chalk are called chalk cob or wychert. The earthen mixture was then ladled onto a stone foundation in courses and trodden onto the wall by workers in a process known as cobbing. The construction would progress according to the time required for the prior course to dry. After drying, the walls would be trimmed and the next course built, with lintels for later openings such as doors and windows being placed as the wall takes shape.[10]

The walls of a cob house are generally about 24 inches (61 cm) thick, and windows were correspondingly deep-set, giving the homes a characteristic internal appearance. The thick walls provided excellent thermal mass which was easy to keep warm in winter and cool in summer. Walls with a high thermal mass value act as a thermal buffer inside the home.[11] The material has a long life-span even in rainy climates, provided a tall foundation and large roof overhang are present.

Modern cob buildings

An example of a modern, Pacific Northwest-style cob home. The exterior cob wall has been plastered for an attractive, uniform appearance.
The Sota Construction Corporate Headquarters in Pittsburgh, featuring cob walls.
Sota Construction Corporate Headquarters in Pittsburgh, featuring cob walls.
Decorating a cob oven

When Kevin McCabe built a two-story, four bedroom cob house in England in 1994, it was reputedly the first cob residence built in the country in 70 years. His methods remained very traditional; the only innovations he added were using a tractor to mix the cob itself, and adding sand or shillet (a gravel of crushed shale) to reduce the shrinkage.

A modern cob house near Ottery St Mary in the United Kingdom

From 2002 to 2004, sustainability enthusiast Rob Hopkins initiated the building of a cob house for his family, the first new one in Ireland in about one hundred years. It was undertaken as a community project, but destroyed by an unknown arsonist shortly before completion.[12] This house, located at The Hollies Centre for Practical Sustainability in County Cork, is being rebuilt (2010). There are also a number of other modern cob houses completed and more planned including a public education centre.[13]

In 2000–2001, a modern, four-bedroom cob house in Worcestershire, England, designed by Associated Architects was sold for £999,000. Cobtun House was built in 2001 and won the Royal Institute of British Architects' Sustainable Building of the Year award in 2005. The total construction cost was £300,000, but the metre-thick cob outer wall cost only £20,000.

In the Pacific Northwest of the United States there has been a resurgence of cob building both as an alternative building practice and one desired for its form, function and cost effectiveness. There are more than ten cob houses in the Southern Gulf Islands of British Columbia built by Pat Hennebery, Tracy Calvert, Elke Cole and the Cobworks workshops.

In 2007, Ann and Gord Baird began building a two-story cob house in Victoria, British Columbia for an estimated $210,000 CDN. The 2,150 sq. ft. home includes heated floors, solar panels and a southern exposure for passive solar heating.[14]

In 2010, Sota Construction Services in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, completed construction on its new 7,500 sq. ft. corporate headquarters,[15] which features exterior cob walls, along with other energy-saving features like radiant heat flooring, roof-mounted solar panel array, and daylighting features. The cob walls, in conjunction with the other sustainable features, helped the building earn a LEED Platinum rating in 2012, and it also received one of the highest scores by percentage of total points earned in any LEED category.[16]

The building process known as "Oregon Cob" is one which was refined by Welsh architect Ianto Evans and researcher Linda Smiley in the 1980s. Oregon Cob integrates the variation of wall layup technique which uses loaves of mud mixed with sand and straw with a rounded architectural stylism.[17][18] They experimented with a mixture of cob and straw bale construction, called balecob.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Wright, Joseph. "COB(B, sb3. 1.", The English Dialect Dictionary, Being the Complete Vocabulary of All Dialect Words Still in Use, or Known to Have Been in Use during the Last Two Hundred Years. London: H. Frowde;, 1898. 676-677. Print.
  2. ↑ Goodnow, Cecelia (October 5, 2007). "Thinking of building a cob home?". Seattle Post-Intelligencer.
  3. ↑ "cob, n2. 1." Oxford English Dictionary 2nd. ed. 2009. CD-rom.
  4. ↑ McArdle, Patricia (June 19, 2011). "Afghanistan's Last Locavores". The New York Times.
  5. ↑ Routledge Hill, Donald (1996). "Engineering". In Rashed, Roshdi. Encyclopedia of the history of Arabic science. 3. p. 766. ISBN 0-415-02063-8. |first2= missing |last2= in Editors list (help)
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Rapp, George Robert. "Unbaked clay or mud", Archaeomineralogy. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer, 2009. Print.
  7. 1 2 3 Edwards, Jay Dearborn, and Nicolas Verton. "mud with straw", A Creole Lexicon Architecture, Landscape, People. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 2004. Print.
  8. ↑ "cat and clay" Websters Online Dictionary accessed March 23, 2015.
  9. ↑ Dozens of cob cottages are listed on the Register of the New Zealand Historic Places Trust, e.g. "Ferrymead Cob Cottage". Rarangi Taonga: the Register of Historic Places, Historic Areas, Wahi Tapu and Wahi Tapu Areas. New Zealand Historic Places Trust Pouhere Taonga. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  10. ↑ Clarke, Snell; Tim, Callahan (2009). Building Green: A Complete How-to Guide to Alternative Building Methods : Earth Plaster, Straw Bale, Cordwood, Cob, Living Roofs. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 276–. ISBN 978-1-60059-534-9. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
  11. ↑ Goodhew, Steven; Griffiths, Richard (2005). "Sustainable earth walls to meet the building regulations" (PDF). Energy and Buildings. Elsevier. 37 (5): 1. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.08.005. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  12. ↑ Practical Sustainability: About
  13. ↑ Welcome to The Hollies (2010-08-03). "The Hollies". Theholliesonline.com. Retrieved 2010-12-04.
  14. ↑ Barton, Adriana (2007-08-03). "A Dream Home Made of Mud". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
  15. ↑ http://www.sotaconstruction.com/project_details.asp?id=42
  16. ↑ http://www.usgbc.org/projects/sota-construction-office-expansion
  17. ↑ The History of Cob
  18. ↑ Building with Oregon Cob

Further reading

External links

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