Colognian declension

The Colognian declension system describes how the Colognian language alters words to reflect their roles in Colognian sentences, such as subject, direct object, indirect object, agent, patient, etc. Declension allows speakers to mark a difference between subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, possessives, and so on by changing the form of nouns or associated adjectives or articles instead of indicating this meaning through word order or prepositions, although also this happens in Colognian. Still, Colognian makes generally only limited use of word order, shifting words around does either not alter the meanings of sentences, or yields other types of sentences having different meanings but keeps the roles of the referents of the words as long as their declined forms are kept.

Colognian is a predominantly fusional language. It marks its articles, adjectives, nouns, pronouns, and more to distinguish gender, case, and number.

Colognian today distinguishes between five cases, they are nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and vocative. There are two kinds of genitive. Both are periphrastic. One is normally positioned before, the other always behind the noun or noun phrase it refers to.

There are three grammatical genders in Colognian, the feminine, masculine, and neuter gender. Almost all nouns have fixed genders, but there is a class of them that may switch from predominant neuter to feminine on certain occasions. They almost always refer to female persons. Colognian shares this property with a huge group of local and vernacular languages almost along the entire river Rhine.

There are grammatical numbers singular, and plural in Colognian. Few individual words implicitly have either singular forms only or plural forms only and cannot be marked the other, but almost all nouns exhibit either forms.

Colognian has three grammatical persons, 1st person, 2nd person, and 3rd person. The plural form of the 1st person makes no semantic or formal distinction so as to differentiate between inclusion or exclusion of a 2nd person or a 3rd person, i.e. it always means: "me, but not me alone".

Articles

Colognian grammatical articles come in several flavours:

1. stressed definite articles, or demonstrative articles, which are dä, däm, dat, der, die (the, this, that)
2. unstressed definite articles, that are de, dem, der, et (the)
3. indefinite articles, they are e, en, ene, enem, ener, ∅ (a, an, ∅)
4. possessive articles, which are er, eer, eere, eerem, eeren, eerer, di, ding, dinge, dingem, dingen, dinger, iehr, iehre, iehrem, iehren, iehrer, mi, ming, minge, mingem, mingen, minger, ons, onse, onsem, onsen, onser, si, sing, singe, singem, singen, singer, ühr, ühre, ührem, ühren, ührer, uns, unse, unsem, unsen, unser (her, his, its, my, our, their, your)

Usage and semantics

1. A demonstrative article, or stressed definite article marks a select or a specific one out of a set of possible ones, or a focused, special, specific, or only one. Anaphora always use a stressed definite article, for instance, exophora usually in conjunction with a pointing supplement such as heh (here) prepended, or doh (there) prepended, or appended to the expression lead by the article.
   • Example:^[1] dat Faaratt un kei ander (this pushbike, not another one)
2. An unstressed definite article is used to mark something unambiguous, known, having been mentioned already, not having a focus, or something general, but not arbitrary.
   • Example:^[1] et Faaratt es em Hoff (the pushbike is in the backyard)
3. An indefinite article marks something arbitrary, something unspecific, unspecified ones out of may, something general, or lacking individuality.
   • Example:^[1] e Faaratt ussem Laade (a pushbike from a shop)
4. A possessvive article marks something as being part of, belonging or relating to something else.
   • Example:^[1] Ühre Bus ({{{2}}})
     Colognian has possessive pronouns which can replace articles in phrases and expressions. In other words, you can have either a possessive pronoun or an article in those positions but not both. Thus, these possessive pronouns can as well be termed possessive articles for those use cases. Since declension does not differ for possessive pronouns and possessive article, declension is listed only once, under Possessive Pronouns.

Article declensions

Stressed definite articles		masculine singular	feminine singular	neuter singular	any gender plural
	Nominative:	dä ~	die ~	dat ~	die ~
	Genitive:	däm ~ sing(e) däm ~ si	dä ~ ier(e) dä ~ ehr	däm ~ sing(e) däm ~ si	dä ~ ier(e) dä ~ ehr
		vun däm ~	vun dä ~	vun däm ~	vun dä ~
	Dative:	däm ~	dä ~	däm ~	dä ~
	Accusative:	dä ~	die ~	dat ~	die ~
	Vocative:	∅ ~	∅ ~	∅ ~	∅ ~

Unstressed definite articles		masculine singular	feminine singular	neuter singular	any gender plural
	Nominative:	der ~	de ~	et ~	de ~
	Genitive:	dem ~ sing(e) dem ~ si	der ~ ier(e) der ~ ehr	dem ~ sing(e) dem ~ si	de ~ ier(e) de ~ ehr
		vum ~ vun dem ~	vun der ~	vum ~ vun dem ~	vun de ~
	Dative:	dem ~	der ~	dem ~	de ~
	Accusative:	der ~	de ~	et ~	de ~
	Vocative:	∅ ~	∅ ~	∅ ~	∅ ~

Indefinite articles		masculine singular	feminine singular	neuter singular	any gender plural
	Nominative:	ene ~	en ~	e ~	∅ ~
	Genitive:	enem ~ sing(e) enem ~ si	ener ~ ier(e) ener ~ er	enem ~ sing(e) enem ~ si	∅ ~ ier(e) ∅ ~ er
		vun enem ~	vun ener ~	vun enem ~	vun ∅ ~
	Dative:	enem ~	ener ~	enem ~	∅ ~
	Accusative:	ene ~	en ~	e ~	∅ ~
	Vocative:	∅ ~	∅ ~	∅ ~	∅ ~

Possessive articles	declension does not differ between possessive pronouns and possessive articles. See below under Possessive Pronouns.

Numbers

(**) Singular is always used, when there is exactly one instance of something, or occasionally, depending on the ways, such figures are expressed, with ones having a "one" at their end, such as 1001. Plural is used for anything else but zero. Depending on context and noun, singular or plural is used with zero instances depending on the noun, sometimes either can be chosen, but most often Colognian speakers choose their wording avoiding expressions of the type "zero + noun" using expressions like nix (nothing), undeclensed, or kei (no, none), which is declensed.

Zero (kein)		singular male	singular female	singular neuter	plural any gender
	Nominative:	keine kei	kein kei	kein kei	kein kei
	Genitive:	keinem sing(e)	keine iehr(e)	keinem sing(e)	keine iehr(e) kein iehr(e) kei iehr(e)
		vun keinem	vun keiner	vun keinem	vun keine
	Dative:	keinem	keiner	keinem	keinen
	Accusative:	keine	kein	kein kei	kein kei
	Vocative:	—	—	—	—

Pronouns

In the Colognian, pronouns come in several variations. There are demonstrative pronouns, stressed definite personal pronouns, unstressed definite personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, …

Pronoun use and semantics

Colognian demonstrative pronouns are used in sentences in positions where a noun phrase lead by stressed or demonstrative article could be used as well. The pronoun 'replaces' it for brevity. In fact, a demonstrative pronoun can formally be seen as a noun phrase with the article retained and anything else spared, because grammar forms of demonstrative pronouns and those of demonstrative articles exhibit no differences. Demonstrative pronouns are either strict anaphora, or can be cataphora being resolved within the same or next sentence or subsentence. The use as exophora is possible and reduces the choice of intonation and stress patterns to exactly one, most commonly supported by appropriate gestures.

• Example^[1] of cataphoric use: Es dat Ding Auto? (Is this your car? , Is that your car?)
• Example^[1] of anaphoric use: Dää küt noch! (Even though not yet here, he will come!)

There are personal pronouns for a variety of uses in Colognian. They all have in common that they link declension with an aspect of conjugation with their forms. Colognian declension follows a case, gender, number scheme, whereas declension among others has a person and number scheme with three grammatical persons: the 1st person referring to the speaker or speakers as agents or patients of a sentence, the 2nd person addresses the listener or listeners of the speaker or speakers as agents or patients of a sentence, while the 3rd person refers to something or someone else but the speaker(s) or the listener(s) as the agents or patients of a sentence, and two grammatical numbers, singular and plural. Declensed forms of personal pronouns combine these schemes.

Most possessive pronouns have two distinct uses, some have three.

1. A possessive pronoun can replace an article, that is why Colognian possessive pronouns can also de called possessive articles.
   • Example:^[1] et Auto → ding Auto (the car → your car)
2. Like a demonstrative pronoun, a possessive pronoun can stand alone representing an entire noun phrase. It can be used exophoric or strict anaphoric, a cataphoric use must be resolved within the same or next sentence or sub-sentence.
   • Example:^[1] minge kanns de han (you can have mine)
3. One of the Cologinan genitives, namely the form having to precede its referent, can also be described as a possessive expression having the form: article-dative + noun-dative + possessive-pronoun-3rd person-nominative
   • Example:^[1] em Pap singe Poste (fathers post or position)

Pronoun declensions

Demonstrative pronouns		singular masculine	singular feminine	singular neuter	plural any gender
	Nominative:	dä	die	dat	die
	Genitive:	dämm sing(e) dämm sie	dä iehr(e)	dämm sing(e) dämm sie	dänne iehr(e)
		vun dämm	vun dää	vun dämm	vun dänne
	Dative:	dämm	dää	dämm	dänne
	Accusative:	dä	die	dat	die
	Vocative:	—	—	—	—

Relative pronouns		singular masculine	singular feminine	singular neuter	plural any gender
	Nominative:	dä	die	wat	die
	Genitive:	dämm sing(e) dämm sie	dä iehr(e)	dämm sing(e) dämm sie	dänne iehr(e)
		vun dämm	vun dää	vun dämm	vun dänne
	Dative:	dämm	dää	dämm	dänne
	Accusative:	dä	die	wat	die
	Vocative:	dä	die	wat	die

Stressed definite personal pronouns		1st person singular any gender	2nd person singular any gender	3rd person singular masculine	3rd person singular feminine	3rd person singular neuter	1st person plural any gender	2nd person plural any gender	3rd person plural any gender
	Nominative:	isch	do	hä	sei	it	mier	Ühr	sei
	Genitive:	ming(e) mie	Ding(e) Die	sing(e) sie	iehr(e)	sing(e) sie	onser uns	Ühr	iehr(e)
		vun mier	vun dier	vun imm	vun ehr	vun im	vun uns	vun Üsch	vun inne
	Dative:	mier	dier	imm	ehr	im	uns	Üsch	inne
	Accusative:	misch	Disch	inn	sei	it	uns	Üsch	sei
	Vocative:	isch	Do	—	—	—	mier	Ühr	—

Unstressed definite personal pronouns		1st person singular any gender	2nd person singular any gender	3rd person singular masculine	3rd person singular feminine	3rd person singular neuter	1st person plural any gender	2nd person plural any gender	3rd person plural any gender
	Nominative:	esch	de	e	se	et	mer	er	se
	Genitive:	ming(e) mi	ding(e) di	sing(e) si	iehr(e)	sing(e) si	onser(e) ons	öhr(e)	iehr(e)
		vun mer vummer	vun der	vun em	vun er	vun em	vun ons	vun üsch	vun enne
	Dative:	mer	der	em	er	em	ons	üsch	enne
	Accusative:	mesch	desch	en	se	et	ons	üsch	se
	Vocative:	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

Indefinite personal pronouns		3rd person singular male	3rd person singular female	3rd person singular neuter	3rd person plural any gender
	Nominative:	eine wä	ein wä	ein wä	wälsche
	Genitive:	einem sing(e) wäm sing(e)	einem sing(e) wäm sing(e)	einem sing(e) wäm sing(e)	wälsche iehr(e)
		vun einem vun wäm	vun einem vun wäm	vun einem vun wäm	vun wälsche
	Dative:	einem wäm	einem wäm	einem wäm	wälsche
	Accusative:	eine wä	ein wä	ein wä	wälsche
	Vocative:	—	—	—	—

Generalizing personal pronouns		3rd person singular any gender
	Nominative:	mer
	Genitive:	einem sing(e)
		vun einem
	Dative:	einem
	Accusative:	eine
	Vocative:	—

Impersonal pronouns		3rd person any number any gender
	Nominative:	keine
	Genitive:	keinem sing(e)
		vun keinem
	Dative:	keinem
	Accusative:	keine
	Vocative:	—

Possessive pronouns			1st person singular any gender	2nd person singular any gender	3rd person singular masculine	3rd person singular feminine	3rd person singular neuter	1st person plural any gender	2nd person plural any gender	3rd person plural any gender
s i n g u l a r	m a s c u l i n e	Nominative:	minge ~ mi ~	dinge ~ di ~	singe ~ si ~	ehre ~	singe ~ si ~	unse ~ ons ~	üüre ~	eere ~
		Genitive:	mingem ~ sing(e)	dingem~ sing(e)	singem ~ sing(e)	eerem ~ sing(e)	singem ~ sing(e)	onsem ~ sing(e)	üürem ~ sing(e)	eerem ~ sing(e)
			vun mingem ~	vun dingem ~	vun singem ~	vun eerem ~	vun singem ~	vun onsem ~	vun ührem ~	vun eerem ~
		Dative:	mingem ~	dingem ~	singem ~	ehrem ~	singem ~	onsem ~	ührem ~	ehrem ~
		Accusative:	minge ~ mi ~	dinge ~ di ~	singe ~ si ~	ehre ~	singe ~ si ~	unse ~ ons ~	üüre ~	eere ~
		Vocative:	minge ~ mi ~	dinge ~ di ~	singe ~ si ~	ehre ~	singe ~ si ~	unse ~ ons ~	üüre ~	eere ~
s i n g u l a r	f e m i n i n e	Nominative:	ming ~ mi ~	ding ~ di ~	sing ~ si ~	eer ~	sing ~ si ~	uns ~ ons ~	üür ~	eer ~
		Genitive:	minger ~ iehr(e)	dinger~ iehr(e)	singer ~ iehr(e)	eerer ~ iehr(e)	singer ~ iehr(e)	onser ~ iehr(e)	üürer ~ iehr(e)	eerer ~ iehr(e)
			vun minger ~	vun dinger ~	vun singer ~	vun erer ~	vun singer ~	vun onser ~	vun ührer ~	vun erer ~
		Dative:	minger ~	dinger ~	singer ~	ehrer ~	singer ~	onser ~	ührer ~	ehrer ~
		Accusative:	ming ~ mi ~	ding ~ di ~	sing ~ si ~	eer ~	sing ~ si ~	uns ~ ons ~	üür ~	eer ~
		Vocative:	ming ~ mi ~	ding ~ di ~	sing ~ si ~	eer ~	sing ~ si ~	uns ~ ons ~	üür ~	eer ~
s i n g u l a r	n e u t e r	Nominative:	ming ~ mi ~	ding ~ di ~	sing ~ si ~	eer ~	sing ~ si ~	uns ~ ons ~	üür ~	eer ~
		Genitive:	mingem ~ sing(e)	dingem~ sing(e)	singem ~ sing(e)	eerem ~ sing(e)	singem ~ sing(e)	onsem ~ sing(e)	üürem ~ sing(e)	eerem ~ sing(e)
			vun mingem ~	vun dingem ~	vun singem ~	vun eerem ~	vun singem ~	vun onsem ~	vun ührem ~	vun eerem ~
		Dative:	mingem ~	dingem ~	singem ~	ehrem ~	singem ~	onsem ~	ührem ~	ehrem ~
		Accusative:	ming ~ mi ~	ding ~ di ~	sing ~ si ~	eer ~	sing ~ si ~	uns ~ ons ~	üür ~	eer ~
		Vocative:	ming ~ mi ~	ding ~ di ~	sing ~ si ~	eer ~	sing ~ si ~	uns ~ ons ~	üür ~	eer ~
p l u r a l	a n y   g e n d e r	Nominative:	ming ~ mi ~	ding ~ di ~	sing ~ si ~	eer ~	sing ~ si ~	uns ~ ons ~	üür ~	eer ~
		Genitive:	minge ~ iehr(e)	dinge~ iehr(e)	singe ~ iehr(e)	eere ~ iehr(e)	singe ~ iehr(e)	onser ~ iehr(e) onse ~ iehr(e) ons ~ iehr(e)	üüre ~ iehr(e)	eere ~ iehr(e)
			vun minge ~	vun dinge ~	vun singe ~	vun ere ~	vun singe ~	vun onser ~ vun onse ~ vun ons ~	vun ühre ~	vun ere ~
		Dative:	minge ~	dingr ~	singe ~	ehre ~	singe ~	onser ~ onse ~ ons ~	ühre ~	ehre ~
		Accusative:	ming ~ mi ~	ding ~ di ~	sing ~ si ~	eer ~	sing ~ si ~	uns ~ ons ~	üür ~	eer ~
		Vocative:	ming ~	ding ~ di ~	sing ~ si ~	eer ~	sing ~ si ~	uns ~ ons ~	üür ~	eer ~

See also

• Colognian grammar

Notes and references

1. Examples use these conventions:
   1. Where stress is of importance, stressed syllables or words are underlined.
   2. Alternative translations are separated with commas when their sense is identical.
   3. If the original has multiple meanings, their translations are separated with slashes.