Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages
Programming languages can be grouped by the number and types of paradigms supported.
Paradigm summaries
A concise reference for the programming paradigms listed in this article.
- Concurrent programming – have language constructs for concurrency, these may involve multi-threading, support for distributed computing, message passing, shared resources (including shared memory), or futures
- Actor programming – concurrent computation with actors that make local decisions in response to the environment (capable of selfish or competitive behavior)
- Constraint programming – relations between variables are expressed as constraints (or constraint networks), directing allowable solutions (uses constraint satisfaction or simplex algorithm)
- Dataflow programming – forced recalculation of formulas when data values change (e.g. spreadsheets)
- Declarative programming – describes actions (e.g. HTML describes a page but not how to actually display it)
- Distributed programming – have support for multiple autonomous computers that communicate via computer networks
- Functional programming – uses evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data
- Generic programming – uses algorithms written in terms of to-be-specified-later types that are then instantiated as needed for specific types provided as parameters
- Imperative programming – explicit statements that change a program state
- Logic programming – uses explicit mathematical logic for programming
- Metaprogramming – writing programs that write or manipulate other programs (or themselves) as their data, or that do part of the work at compile time that would otherwise be done at runtime
- Template metaprogramming – metaprogramming methods in which templates are used by a compiler to generate temporary source code, which is merged by the compiler with the rest of the source code and then compiled
- Reflective programming – metaprogramming methods in which a program modifies or extends itself
- Object-oriented programming – uses data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions (objects) to design programs
- Class-based – object-oriented programming in which inheritance is achieved by defining classes of objects, versus the objects themselves
- Prototype-based – object-oriented programming that avoids classes and implements inheritance via cloning of instances
- Pipeline programming – a simple syntax change to add syntax to nest function calls to language originally designed with none
- Rule-based programming – a network of rules of thumb that comprise a knowledge base and can be used for expert systems and problem deduction & resolution
- Visual programming – manipulating program elements graphically rather than by specifying them textually (e.g. Simulink); also termed diagrammatic programming[1]
Language overview
Language | Number of Paradigms | Concurrent | Constraints | Dataflow | Declarative | Distributed | Functional | Metaprogramming | Generic | Imperative | Logic | Reflection | Object-oriented | Pipelines | Visual | Rule-based | Other paradigms |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ada[2][3][4][5][6] | 5 | Yes[a 1] | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | No |
ALF | 2 | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
AmigaE | 2 | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | No |
APL | 2 | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
BETA | 3 | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | No |
C++ | 7 (14) | Yes[7][8][9] | Library[10] | Library[11][12] | Library[13][14] | Library[15][16] | Yes | Yes[17] | Yes[a 3] | Yes | Library[18][19] | Library[20] | Yes[a 2] | Yes[21] | No | Library[22] | No |
C# | 6 (7) | Yes | No | Library[a 4] | No | No | Yes[a 5] | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | reactive[a 6] |
ChucK | 3 | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | No |
Claire | 2 | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | No |
Common Lisp (some other paradigms are implemented as libraries) | 5 | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | No |
Curl | 5 | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes[a 3] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | No |
Curry | 4 | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
D (version 2.0)[23][24] | 6 | Yes[a 7] | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes[25][a 3] | Yes[a 3] | Yes | No | No | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | No |
Dylan | 3 | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | No |
E | 3 | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | No |
ECMAScript[26][27] (ActionScript, E4X, JavaScript, JScript) | 4 (5) | partial (promises, native extensions)[a 8] | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes[a 9] | No | No | No | reactive[a 10] |
Embarcadero Delphi | 3 | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes[a 3] | Yes | No | No | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | No |
Erlang | 3 | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Elixir | 4 | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Elm | 6 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | reactive |
F# | 7 (8) | Yes[a 7] | No | Library[a 4] | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | reactive[a 6] |
Falcon | 4 | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | No |
Fortran | 4 | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes[a 11] | No | Yes[a 12] | No | No | No | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | No |
Io | 4 | Yes[a 7] | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes[a 9] | No | No | No | No |
J | 3 | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | No |
Java | 6 | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | No |
Julia | 9 (10) | Yes | Library[28] | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes "multiple dispatch" | Yes | No | No | Multiple dispatch and Array |
LabVIEW | 4 | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
Lava | 2 | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes[a 2] | No | Yes | No | No |
Leda | 4 | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | No |
LispWorks (version 6.0 with support for symmetric multi-processing, rules, logic (Prolog), CORBA) | 9 | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes[a 2] | No | No | Yes | No |
Lua | 3 | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes[a 9] | No | No | No | No |
MATLAB | 6 (9) | Toolbox[29] | Toolbox[30] | Yes[31] | No | Toolbox[32] | No | Yes[33] | Yes[34] | No | No | Yes[35] | Yes[36] | No | Yes[37] | No | Array |
Nemerle | 7 | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | No |
Object Pascal | 4 | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | No |
OCaml | 4 | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | No |
Oz | 9 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes[a 2] | No | No | Yes | No |
Perl | 8 (9) | Yes[38] | Library[39] | Yes[40] | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes[a 2] | Yes[a 2] | Yes | No | No | No |
PHP[41][42][43] | 4 | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | No |
Picat[44] | 8 | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
Pliant | 3 | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | No |
PointDragon | 3 | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
Poplog | 3 | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Prograph | 3 | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes[a 2] | No | Yes | No | No |
Python | 5 (10) | Library[45][46] | Library[47] | No | No | Library[48] | Partial | Yes[49][50] | Yes[51][52] | Yes | Library[53] | Yes | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | structured |
R | 4 | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Array |
Racket | 6 | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
ROOP | 3 | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | No |
Ruby | 4 | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | No |
Rust (version 1.0.0-alpha) | 6 | Yes[a 7] | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes[54][55] | Yes[56] | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | linear, affline, and ownership types |
Sather | 2 | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | No |
Scala[57][58] | 9 | Yes[a 7] | No | Yes [a 13] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | No |
Simula | 2 | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | No |
SISAL | 3 | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Spreadsheets | 2 | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No |
Swift | 3 | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | block-structured |
Tcl with Snit extension | 3 | No | No | No | No | No | Yes[59] | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes[a 9][60] | No | No | No | No |
Visual Basic .NET | 6 (7) | Yes | No | Library[a 4] | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes[a 2] | No | No | No | reactive[a 6] |
Windows PowerShell | 6 | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes[a 2] | Yes | No | No | No |
Wolfram Language & Mathematica | 13[61] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Knowledge Based |
See also
- Programming paradigm
- Categorical list of programming languages
- Domain-specific programming language
- Domain-specific multimodeling
Notes
- ↑ rendezvous and monitor-like based
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Class-based
- 1 2 3 4 5 Template metaprogramming
- 1 2 3 using TPL Dataflow
- ↑ only lambda support (lazy functional programming)
- 1 2 3 using Reactive Extensions (Rx)
- 1 2 3 4 5 actor programming
- ↑ using Node.js' cluster module or child_process.fork method, web workers in the browser, etc.
- 1 2 3 4 Prototype-based
- ↑ using Reactive Extensions (RxJS)
- ↑ purely functional
- ↑ parameterized classes
- ↑ Akka
References
- ↑ Bragg, S.D.; Driskill, C.G. (20–22 September 1994). "Diagrammatic-graphical programming languages and DoD-STD-2167A". IEEEXplore. IEEE.
- ↑ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 9: Tasks and Synchronization
- ↑ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3 Annex E: Distributed Systems
- ↑ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 12: Generic Units
- ↑ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 6: Subprograms
- ↑ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, 3.9 Tagged Types and Type Extensions
- ↑ Thread support
- ↑ Atomics support
- ↑ Memory model
- ↑ Gecode
- ↑ SystemC
- ↑ Boost.Iostreams
- ↑ Boolinq
- ↑ AraRat
- ↑ OpenMPI
- ↑ Boost.MPI
- ↑ Boost.MPL
- ↑ LC++
- ↑ Castor
- ↑ Reflect Library
- ↑ N3534
- ↑ Boost.Spirit
- ↑ D Language Feature Table
- ↑ Phobos std.algorithm
- ↑ D language String Mixins
- ↑ The Little JavaScripter demonstrates fundamental commonality with Scheme, a functional language.
- ↑ Object Oriented Programming in JavaScript gives an overview of object-oriented programming techniques in JavaScript.
- ↑ https://jump.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
- ↑ "Execute loop iterations in parallel". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- ↑ "Write Constraints". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- ↑ "Getting Started with SimEvents". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- ↑ "Execute loop iterations in parallel". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- ↑ "Execute MATLAB expression in text - MATLAB eval". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- ↑ "Determine class of object". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- ↑ "Class Metadata". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- ↑ "Object-Oriented Programming". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- ↑ "Simulink". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- ↑ interpreter based threads
- ↑ Moose
- ↑ Higher Order Perl
- ↑ PHP Manual, Chapter 17. Functions
- ↑ PHP Manual, Chapter 19. Classes and Objects (PHP 5)
- ↑ PHP Manual, Anonymous functions
- ↑
- ↑ "Parallel Processing and Multiprocessing in Python". wiki.python.org. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- ↑ "threading — Higher-level threading interface". docs.python.org. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- ↑ "python-constraint". pypi.python.org. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- ↑ "DistributedProgramming". wiki.python.org. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- ↑ "Chapter 9. Metaprogramming". chimera.labs.oreilly.com. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
- ↑ "Metaprogramming". readthedocs.io. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
- ↑ "PEP 443 -- Single-dispatch generic functions". python.org. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
- ↑ "PEP 484 -- Type Hints". python.org. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
- ↑ "PyDatalog". Retrieved 22 October 2016.
- ↑ "The Rust macros guide". Rust. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
- ↑ "The Rust compiler plugins guide". Rust. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
- ↑ The Rust Reference §6.1.3.1
- ↑ An Overview of the Scala Programming Language
- ↑ Scala Language Specification
- ↑ "Tcl Programming/Introduction". en.wikibooks.org. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
- ↑ "TCLLIB - Tcl Standard Library: snitfaq:". sourceforge.net. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
- ↑ Notes for Programming Language Experts, Wolfram Language Documentation.
- Multiparadigm Design for C++, by Jim Coplien, 1998.
- Constraint Solving and Planning with Picat, Book by Neng-Fa Zhou, Håkan Kjellerstrand, and Jonathan Fruhman: Constraint Solving and Planning with Picat, Springer Verlag. ISBN 9783319258812 (paper)
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