Consequences of the War of the Pacific

The War of the Pacific had profound consequences on the involved countries.

Diplomatic changes

After the war Chile had obtained military hegemony in Pacific coast of South America. Chile's expansion was seen with concern across the continent and Chilean diplomats responded to this by fomenting rivalries between Chile's neighbors and other South American countries while promoting friendly relationships between countries with disputes with Chile's neighbors. Examples of this are the Chilean attempts to establish friendly relationships between Ecuador and Colombia, both were countries that had serious territorial disputes with Peru in the Amazon. Military cooperation with Ecuador grew considerably with Chile sending instructors to the military academy in Quito and selling superfluous arms and munitions to Ecuador.[1] Despite Chile's over-all good relations with Ecuador both countries had a minor diplomatic crisis resulting from the capture of the Peruvian torpedo boat Alay in Ecuadorian territorial waters during the war.[2]

Fate of war loot

Chilenization of Tacna. Black cross painted on a Peruvian household, despite raising the Chilean flag.

In 2007 the Chilean government returned almost 4,000 books to Peru's national library, more than a century after they were taken by Chilean soldiers in hopes that the return of the books may go some way to improving the two nations’ relations.[3]

Chilean economic boom and decline

As the victor and possessor of a new coastal territory following the War of the Pacific, Chile benefited by gaining a lucrative territory with significant mineral income. The national treasury grew by 900 percent between 1879 and 1902, due to taxes coming from the newly acquired lands.[4] British involvement and control of the nitrate industry rose significantly,[5] but from 1901 to 1921 Chilean ownership increased from 15% to 51%.[6] The growth of Chilean economy sustained in its saltpetre monopoly[7] meant, compared to the previous growth cycle (1832–1873), that the economy became less diversified and overly dependent on a single natural resource.[8] In addition the Chilean nitrate, used world-wide as fertilizer, was sensitive to economic downturns as farmers made cuts on fertilizer use one of their earliest economic measures in the face of economic decline.[7] It has been questioned on whether the nitrate wealth conquered in the War of the Pacific was a resource curse or not.[9] During the Nitrate Epoch the government increased public spending but was however accused of squandering money.[8]

Rise of Bolivian/Peruvian Anti-Chilean sentiment

Eduardo Abaroa's statue pointing to the sea. The mural reads: "What once was ours, will be ours once again," and, "Hold on rotos [Chileans], because here come the Colorados of Bolivia."


Consequences for indigenous peoples

After the occupation of Lima Chile diverted part of its war efforts to crush Mapuche resistance in the south.[10] Chilean troops coming from Peru entered Araucanía where they in 1881 defeated the last major Mapuche uprising.[11][12] Chile's newly acquired Aymara population was seen after the war as a "foreign element" contrasting with the also newly conquered Mapuches who were seen as "primordial" Chileans.[13]

In the aftermath of the war, the indigenous populations of Peru became scapegoats in the narratives of Peruvian criollo elites, exemplified in the writing of Ricardo Palma:

The principal cause of the great defeat is that the majority of Peru is composed of that wretched and degraded race that we once attempted to dignify and ennoble. The Indian lacks patriotic sense; he is born enemy of the white and of the man of the coast. It makes no difference to him whether he is a Chilean or a Turk. To educate the Indian and to inspire him a feeling for patriotism will not be the task of our institutions, but of the ages.[14]

Unrest and war trauma in Peru

During the occupation of Peru civilians were directly involved in the war. This mural reads: "In this town six compatriots were executed by firing squad and history cannot be changed. Eternal glory to the heroes and martyrs of Quequeña!"

The War of the Pacific also sparked an indigenous peasant guerrilla movement throughout the central Sierra against Chileans and collaborationist landlords. In 1884 Cáceres turned against his former guerrilla allies in order to defend the old order. In 1886 and 1888 the Cáceres sent troops to the central sierra to disarm the peasants. The lack of rule of law in central sierra was such that, in one particular case, a landowner was only able to recover his occupied estate in 1902 after a massive mobilization of military, police and gunmen.[15]

Rise of war heroes

Miguel Grau

Miguel Grau became an important figure in Peru due to his alleged gallantry during the conflict, especially his treatment of Prat's family and rescue of Chilean sailors in Iquique,[16] which gained him recognition as the Caballero de los Mares ("Gentleman of the Seas").[17][18]

Overall Consequences

Bolivia

With the loss of sovereign access to the Pacific ocean in mind the 1904 Treaty of Peace and Friendship granted Bolivia the right to tax-free transport of goods, and duty-free access to northern Chilean ports. It also obliged the Chilean government to build two rail-lines linking La Paz to Antofagasta and Arica.

Despite these concessions, the loss of the Litoral (the coast) remains a deeply emotional and political issue for Bolivians,[19] as was particularly evident during the 2003 natural gas riots. Undeterred by the seaport concessions granted to Bolivia via the 1904 treaty popular belief in Bolivia still see their problems attributed to its landlocked condition; getting a sovereign piece of the seacoast via Chilean land is often seen as the solution to their problems. Numerous Bolivian presidents pressured Chile for sovereign access to the sea. Diplomatic relations with Chile were severed on March 17, 1978, in spite of considerable commercial ties. The leading Bolivian newspaper El Diario featured at least a weekly editorial on the subject, and the Bolivian people annually celebrated a patriotic "Dia del Mar" (Day of the Sea) to remember the crippling loss.[20]

Chile

During the war Chile dropped its claims on more than 1,000,000 km2 (390,000 sq mi) of Patagonia in the 1881 Chile/Argentina treaty, to ensure Argentina's neutrality. After the war, the Puna de Atacama dispute grew until 1899, since both Chile and Argentina claimed former Bolivian territories. On August 28, 1929, Chile returned the province of Tacna to Peru. In 1999, Chile and Peru at last agreed to fully implement the Treaty of Lima (1929), providing Peru with a port in Arica.[21]

Peru

According to Bruce W. Farcau, "in Peru, the wounds run less deep than in neighboring Bolivia".[22] After the War of the Pacific, Peru was left without saltpeter production, the Chilean controlled production decreased to 15%, and production controlled by British investors rose to 55%.[23] According to military historian Robert L. Scheina, the Chilean plunder of Peruvian national literary and art treasures contributed to "demands of revenge among Peruvians for decades."[24] Scholar Brooke Larson pointed out that the War of the Pacific was the "first time since independence wars" that "Peru was invaded, occupied and pillaged by a foreign army" and that "no other Andean republic experienced such a costly and humiliating defeat as Peru did in the hands of Chile".[25]

The war and post-war period was one of profound political and social instability for Peru. The war shook the whole social order of Peru: armed indigenous peasants sacked and occupied haciendas of landed elite criollo "collaborationists" in the central Sierra, Chinese coolies revolted and even joined the Chilean Army, indigenous and mestizo Peruvians murdered Chinese shopkeepers in Lima, black slaves rose against their masters and fought equally the Chinese, Peruvian mobs sacked Chiclayo at the same time different criollo elite remained deeply divided in opposing camps.[15][26] The fear of disorder, opposing factions and armed peasants was for many Peruvians larger than that of the Chilean invaders.[26] In some cases, the delegations of European countries and the United States provided safety during riots and persecutions.[26]

References

  1. ↑ Burr , Robert N. 1955. The Balance of Power in Nineteenth-Century South America: An Exploratory Essay. The Hispanic American Historical Review.
  2. ↑ Tromben, Carlos (2002), "Naval Presence: The Cruiser Esmeralda in Panama" (PDF), International Journal of Naval History, 1 (1)
  3. ↑ "Chile returns looted Peru books" BBC Newshttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7082436.stm
  4. ↑ Crow, The Epic of Latin America, p. 180
  5. ↑ Foster, John B. & Clark, Brett. (2003). "Ecological Imperialism: The Curse of Capitalism" (accessed September 2, 2005). The Socialist Register 2004, p190–192. Also available in print from Merlin Press.
  6. ↑ Salazar & Pinto 2002, pp. 124-125.
  7. 1 2 Brown, J. R. (1963), "Nitrate Crises, Combinations, and the Chilean Government in the Nitrate Age.", The Hispanic American Historical Review, 43 (2): 230–246, doi:10.2307/2510493
  8. 1 2 Salazar & Pinto 2002, pp. 25–29.
  9. ↑ Ducoing Ruiz, C. A.; Miró, M. B. (2012), Avoiding the Dutch disease? The Chilean industrial sector in the nitrate trade cycle. 1870–1938 (PDF)
  10. ↑ Velázquez Elizararrás, Juan Carlos (2007), "El problema de los estados mediterráneos o sin litoral en el derecho internacional marítimo. Un estudio de caso: El diferendo Bolivia-Perú-Chile", Anuario Mexicano de Derecho Internacional, 7: 1379–430
  11. ↑ Bengoa, José (2000). Historia del pueblo mapuche: Siglos XIX y XX (Seventh ed.). LOM Ediciones. pp. 282–283. ISBN 956-282-232-X.
  12. ↑ "Ocupación de la Araucanía: Últimas campañas de ocupación", Memoria chilena, retrieved June 30, 2013
  13. ↑ Vergara, Jorge Iván; Gundermann, Hans (2012). "Constitution and internal dynamics of the regional identitary in Tarapacá and Los Lagos, Chile". Chungara (in Spanish). University of Tarapacá. 44 (1): 115–134. doi:10.4067/s0717-73562012000100009.
  14. ↑ Larson, Brooke. 2004. Trials of Nation Making: Liberalism, Race and Ethnicity in the Andes, 1810–1910. Page 196.
  15. 1 2 Taylor, Lewis. Indigenous Peasant Rebellions in Peru during the 1880s
  16. ↑ Farcau, Bruce W. (2000). The Ten Cents War: Chile, Peru, and Bolivia in the War of the Pacific, 1879–1884. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-275-96925-7.
  17. ↑ Jose Vargas Valenzuela, Naval Tradition of the Peoples of Bolivia (Editorial Los Amigos del Libro, 1974), 61
  18. ↑ "José Puga, "Alistan estreno de filme chileno que hablará de la hidalguía de Miguel Grau" in El Comercio (Peru). 5 March 2009. Accessed 13 October 2011". Elcomercio.pe. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
  19. ↑ http://www.coha.org/boliviachile-pacific-access
  20. ↑ "El día del mar se recordará con más que un tradicional desfile cívico" (in Spanish). Bolpress. 15 March 2006. p. 1. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
  21. ↑ Dominguez, Jorge et al. 2003 Boundary Disputes in Latin America. United States Washington, D.C.: Institute of Peace.
  22. ↑ Farcau 2000, p. 2
  23. ↑ British Influence on the Salt: The Origin, Nature and Decline, Soto Cárdenas, Alejandro. Santiago : Ed. University of Santiago de Chile, 1998. Page 50
  24. ↑ Scheina 2003, p. 388
  25. ↑ Larson, Brooke. 2004. Trials of Nation Making: Liberalism, Race and Ethnicity in the Andes, 1810–1910. Page 178.
  26. 1 2 3 Bonilla, Heraclio. 1978. The National and Colonial Problem in Peru. Past and Present

Bibliography

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