Corallorhiza mertensiana

Pacific coralroot
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Epidendroideae
Tribe: Maxillarieae
Subtribe: Corallorhizinae
Genus: Corallorhiza
Species: C. mertensiana
Binomial name
Corallorhiza mertensiana
Bong.
Synonyms[1]
  • Neottia mertensiana (Bong.) Kuntze
  • Corallorhiza maculata subsp. mertensiana (Bong.) Calder & Roy L.Taylor
  • Corallorhiza vancouveriana Finet
  • Corallorhiza purpurea L.O.Williams
  • Corallorhiza mertensiana f. albolabia P.M.Br.
  • Corallorhiza mertensiana f. pallida P.M.Br.

Corallorhiza mertensiana, or Pacific coralroot, is a coralroot orchid native to the shady conifer forests of northwestern North America.[1][2] It also goes by the common names Western coralroot and Mertens' coralroot.[3] Corallorhiza mertensiana was previously considered a subspecies of Corallorhiza maculata but was given species rank in 1997 by Freudenstein.[4]

Description

Corallorrhiza mertensiana is a leafless, parasitic, perennial orchid that is 6-20 inches tall.[5][6] The stem is red to brownish purple. The upper petals are pink to reddish pink, with yellow to dark red veins. The lower petals are wider, dark pink to red, and have three deep red veins. Beneath the lower petal the spur is prominent.[3] The flower spikes are visible from May to August.[4] Corallorrhiza mertensiana has no roots, only hard, branched rhizomes that resemble coral.[7]

Fungal Associations

Corallorrhiza mertensiana is a nonphotosynthetic, myco-heterotroph that receives its nutrition from ectomycorrhizal fungi.[8] The fungi receive mineral nutrients and carbon symbiotically from trees. Corallorrhiza mertensiana parasitizes the carbon from the fungi.[9] Corallorrhiza mertensiana only associates with mutually exclusive subsets of species from the Russulaceae.[10] Corallorrhiza mertensiana never shares fungal species with Corallorrhiza maculata even when intermixed at the same growing site.[4]

Habitat and Distribution

Corallorrhiza mertensiana grows in shady coniferous forests at low to mid-elevations.[3] It prefers damp soil that is rich in humus, and receives dappled sunlight.[7] Corallorrhiza mertensiana is found in the Cascades from Alaska to California, and the Rocky Mountains from Alberta to Wyoming.[2] In a survey of the plants found in Glacier Bay, Alaska in 1923, Corallorhiza mertensiana was reported to be growing beneath the thickets of Alnus tenufolia along with Petasites frigida, Aspidium, and Polystichum.[11] In British Columbia is has been found to be associated with Gaultheria shallon, Hylocomium splendens, and Rhytidiadelphus loreus.[12]

References

  1. 1 2 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. 1 2 http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=COME17
  3. 1 2 3 Turner, Mark & Phyllis Gustafson. Wildflowers of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guide.
  4. 1 2 3 http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tom_Bruns/publication/227802288_Population_habitat_and_genetic_correlates_of_mycorrhizal_specialization_in_the_cheating_orchids_Corallorhiza_maculata_and_C._mertensiana/links/0912f512aa6777058c000000.pdf
  5. ↑ Kemper, John. Wildflowers of Southern Oregon: A Field Guide.
  6. ↑ . JSTOR 2445319. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. 1 2 http://wanativeorchids.com/Corallorhiza/index.html
  8. ↑ Shefferson, Richard P., et al. "Life History Strategy In Herbaceous Perennials: Inferring Demographic Patterns From The Aboveground Dynamics Of A Primarily Subterranean, Myco-Heterotrophic Orchid." Oikos 120.9 (2011): 1291-1300. Academic Search Complete. Web. 7 June 2015.
  9. ↑ http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Corallorhiza
  10. ↑ http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/42/2/352.full
  11. ↑ . JSTOR 1929047. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. ↑ Ceska, A., & A.M. Scagel. Indicator Plants of Coastal British Columbia. UBC Press. 2011.
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