Craig David

Craig David

David performing in Gran Canaria, 2009
Background information
Birth name Craig Ashley David
Born (1981-05-05) 5 May 1981
Southampton, Hampshire, England
Genres
Occupation(s)
  • Singer
  • songwriter
  • rapper
  • record producer
Years active 1999–present
Labels
Associated acts
Website craigdavid.com

Craig Ashley David (born 5 May 1981) is a British singer, songwriter, rapper and record producer who rose to fame in 1999, featuring on the single, "Re-Rewind" by Artful Dodger. David's debut studio album, Born to Do It, was released in 2000, after which he has released a further five studio albums and worked with a variety of artists such as Tinchy Stryder, Kano, Jay Sean, Rita Ora and Sting. David has 20 UK top 40 singles, and seven UK top 40 albums, selling over 14 million records worldwide as a solo artist.

David has been nominated for twelve Brit Awards: three times for Best British Male, and twice received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance.[1][2][3]

Early life

David was born in Southampton, Hampshire,[4] the son of Tina (née Loftus), a retail assistant at Superdrug, and George David, a carpenter,[5][6] and grew up in the Holyrood estate.[7] David's father is Afro-Grenadian and David's mother is Anglo-Jewish and related to the founders of the Accurist watch-making company; David's maternal grandfather was an Orthodox Jew and his maternal grandmother a convert to Judaism.[8] David's parents separated when he was eight and he was brought up by his mother.[9] He attended Bellemoor School and Southampton City College.

David was bullied by other students at school. He wrote and released the song "Johnny" in 2005 about his sad memories of being bullied.[10]

David's father played bass in a reggae band called Ebony Rockers. As a teen, David began accompanying his father to local dance clubs, where DJs let him take the microphone.

Career

Early career

David's earliest exposure came when he worked on a B-side to British group Damage's cover of "Wonderful Tonight". He then started doing vocals for a few tracks with the English garage band Artful Dodger.

Wildstar Records first became aware of David when the artist's then manager Paul Widger met the label's co-owner Colin Lester and played some of his music.[11] Lester later told HitQuarters that he was particularly impressed by the first song he heard, "Walking Away", saying "That was an absolute stand out ... It struck me that any seventeen year-old that could write a song like this had huge potential."[11] The Wildstar boss was further won over when, on later visiting the artist's home in Southampton, he found David's tiny bedroom stacked from floor to ceiling with 12" vinyl records, commenting: "That convinced me he was the real deal and not just some kid acting out the part."[11] At that point Lester offered him a development deal with his label. When Lester later heard the song "7 Days", he said he immediately heard a number-one record and promoted the contract to an album deal the same day.[11]

2000–03: Born to Do It and Slicker Than Your Average

The song "Re-Rewind (The Crowd Say Bo Selecta)", from the Artful Dodger album It's All About the Stragglers, hit number two on the UK charts in 1999; thus, paving the way for a solo career. David's first single, "Fill Me In", released on Colin Lester's and Ian McAndrew's Wildstar Records, topped the UK chart and was the first of a string of four top 10 singles from his debut album Born to Do It, which eventually sold more than 8 million copies worldwide, earning multi-platinum status in more than 20 countries.[12][13] The song "Key to My Heart", taken from the US version of the album, was also featured on the award-winning Warner Bros. animated film Osmosis Jones.

The success of David's debut, which was written almost entirely by David and Mark Hill of Artful Dodger, led to the United States release of "Fill Me In" in May 2001. It reached number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Born to Do It was released in the United States on 17 July 2001, peaking at number 11 on the Billboard 200 chart and sold over 1 million copies. The single "7 Days" hit the top 10 in the U.S.; although "Walking Away", which had reached number 3 in the UK and number 5 in Australia, missed the top 40 in the U.S. and was the last of his singles to chart there.

In April 2009, MTV viewers voted Born to Do It as number 2 on their "Greatest Album of All-Time" poll, behind Michael Jackson's Thriller.[14]

The follow-up album, Slicker Than Your Average, was released in 2002. The album's first four singles continued David's streak of top 10 hits in the UK, bringing a total of nine consecutive top 10 hits until "World Filled with Love" peaked at number 15 in 2003. None of the six singles released from the album charted in the U.S.. Although "What's Your Flava?" and "Rise & Fall" (duet with Sting) received airplay on the urban contemporary and soft adult contemporary formats, they did not make the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart or the Adult Contemporary chart. However, "What's Your Flava?" made the Rhythmic Top 40 chart (number 32), Mainstream Top 40 chart (number 24) and the Top 40 Tracks chart (number 37). According to the RIAA, Slicker Than Your Average was certified Gold in the U.S..

David also commented that the album title could be looked at in two different ways: "On the one hand, it's coming across like I'm arrogant. On the other hand, it's saying I have a lot more composure on the album.""[15]

The album was leaked onto the internet prior to its official release but David was not too bothered as he feels it "spreads the word".

2005–08: The Story Goes... and Trust Me

Live at Somerset House in London (2005)

David later signed on with Warner Music and put together his third album, The Story Goes..., which was released worldwide in August 2005 (excluding the U.S. where it was never released). The first single, "All the Way", returned him to the top 3. The second single, "Don't Love You No More (I'm Sorry)", tied with "7 Days" as his longest-running single in the charts since "Re-Rewind", spending 15 weeks inside the UK top 75. The album's third single, "Unbelievable", debuted at number 18 in March 2006.

In 2007, David collaborated with British rapper Kano on his album London Town, for the single "This Is the Girl". The track was released on 27 August 2007 and debuted at number 18 on the UK charts.

The first single from his album Trust Me, "Hot Stuff (Let's Dance)", was released on 5 November 2007. David successfully sought permission from David Bowie to sample his 1983 number-one single "Let's Dance".[16] The single was a top ten hit, whilst the album charted at number 18 on the UK Albums Chart. "6 of 1 Thing", the second single to be taken from Trust Me, charted at number 39 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming his third-lowest-charting single to date.

"Officially Yours" was released on 23 June 2008 and peaked at number 158 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming his lowest-charting single to date and was the final single from Trust Me. In July, a new track titled "Are You Up for This" started receiving airplay on various radio stations as part of a promo with Ice Cream Records, which also featured a remix with Witty Boy called "Nutter Butter". On 17 August 2008, David performed at a birthday tribute concert for songwriter Don Black at the London Palladium. He performed the song "Ben", originally a hit for Michael Jackson.

David took part in Soccer Aid 2008 at Wembley Stadium on 7 September 2008. He picked up the "Man of The Match" award on the night and played in the same England side as ex-internationals such as Alan Shearer, Teddy Sheringham and David Seaman, and played against the likes of Romário, Paolo Di Canio, Jaap Stam, and Luís Figo. David received two 2008 UK Urban Music Award nominations for Best Album with Trust Me and Best R&B Act.[17] On 7 November 2008, David was recognised for his contribution to the music industry by receiving an honorary degree of Doctor of Music, from Southampton Solent University at a graduation ceremony held at Southampton Guildhall.[18]

2008–09: Greatest Hits

Live in Madrid (12 December 2008)

David released his first Greatest Hits album on 24 November 2008. In support of the release, David released two singles to promote the album. "Where's Your Love" featuring Tinchy Stryder and Rita Ora, a homage to his UK garage days, was digitally released on 10 November 2008. The second single, "Insomnia", produced by Jim Beanz from Timbaland productions, a dance track with hard bassline beats, was released the following week on 17 November 2008. Toby Gad and Eimear Crombie provided back-up vocals and instrumental stylings. David also started working with guitarist and recording engineer Kwame Yeboah, both live and in the studio.

On 29 December 2008, a new mix of "Insomnia", titled "Up All Night Mix", was made available for digital download. As part of the Greatest Hits compilation, David re-recorded "Walking Away" with four different artists across Europe, Monrose from Germany, Nek from Italy, Lynnsha from France and Álex Ubago from Spain. The album debuted at number 48 on the UK Albums Chart. From February to April 2009, David toured Russia, the Far East and performed one show in Los Angeles as part of a Greatest Hits tour. He met fans at a meet and greet session at Singapore Changi Airport before his show.[19]

In April 2009, Born to Do It came second in a poll by MTV UK for the Greatest Album Ever, which received over 40,000 votes, beaten by Michael Jackson's album Thriller.[20] On 14 May 2009, David participated in the Hillsborough Memorial football match at Anfield. On 26 July 2009, David participated in the Sir Bobby Robson Trophy match at St James' Park, playing alongside boyhood hero Alan Shearer.

2009–10: New label and Signed Sealed Delivered

On 18 September 2009, fans got the first taste of the new album with an exclusive demo posted on his official website, a thirty-second snippet covering Stevie Wonder's "Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours". On 2 October 2009, David revealed to his fans via Twitter and his website that he had signed a new record deal with Universal Motown.[21] The UK edition of Jay Sean's new album All or Nothing which was released on 30 November 2009, features David on a track entitled "Stuck in the Middle". David performed a bold new cover of "I Wan'na Be like You (The Monkey Song)" from Walt Disney's 1967 film The Jungle Book on the ITV programme Ultimate Movie Toons, broadcast 28 March 2010. The first single from David's fifth studio album Signed Sealed Delivered was "One More Lie (Standing in the Shadows)" and it was released in the UK on 22 March 2010 where it made number 76[22] with the album following one week later on 29 March 2010, which entered the UK chart at number 13.

On 17 March 2010, David released a UK garage compilation album titled Rewind Old Skool Classics mixed with DJ Spoony featuring some of their favourite UK garage hits from the last ten years.[23]

Two weeks later on 31 May 2010, the second single to be taken from Signed Sealed Delivered, titled "All Alone Tonight (Stop, Look, Listen)" will be released. The chorus of the single samples The Stylistics' hit "Stop, Look, Listen (To Your Heart)" but features completely new verses. In the weeks leading up to the release BBC Radio Two have backed the single by naming it their 'Record of the Week' and adding it to their 'A-List'. On 20 May 2010, David appeared as a co-host on The Morning Show in Australia alongside Kylie Gillies, whilst regular male presenter Larry Emdur was on holiday. On 27 August 2010, Swiss DJ Remady is releasing an album titled No Superstar on which David features on the track "Do It On My Own".[24] David was nominated for 'Best Video' at the 2010 Urban Music Awards for the song "One More Lie (Standing in the Shadows)". The 2010 Sunday Times Rich List indicated that Craig David is worth £8 million.

2011–13: Collaborations, new material and TS5 launch

David revealed on Twitter that he has worked with record producer Jim Beanz on material for his new album. He also tweeted about working with August Rigo and more recently Fraser T Smith. Whilst doing a show in Russia, David confirmed he had left Universal Music Group and hopes to release his new album in America as well as the UK.[25] In February 2011, David agreed to do a desert trek for Comic Relief as part of Red Nose Day 2011. A host of celebrities including Dermot O'Leary, Olly Murs and Lorraine Kelly treked 100 kilometres across a Kenyan desert to raise money for preventable blindness across Africa.[26]

In May 2011, David made a guest appearance on NRJ12's French reality TV show Les Anges 2 where he offered advice to contestants trying to make a life in Miami. Released on 1 August 2011, David features on Erick Morillo's new mix CD Subliminal Invasion on a track titled "Fly Away".[27] David performed at the Michael Jackson tribute concert, held in Cardiff at the Millennium Stadium on 8 October 2011.[28]

Further to their earlier collaboration, David and Erick Morillo also canvassed a promotional track to DJ's and radio stations titled "Get Drunk Up" and also featured it on YouTube. Morillo revealed David will appear on a project with Harry Romero and José Nunez, which will feature a remix of the track.[29] In December, he featured on the Blackout Mode dance track "Freak on the Dancefloor" that appeared on the compilation album R&B Collection 2012. Details of David's upcoming album are still unknown, however he has hinted on Twitter that it would be released in 2012.

In 2012, David has featured on a number of tracks whilst recording his own album, including releases with Stereo Palma titled "Our Love" and a collaboration with Mohombi and DJ Asaad titled "Addicted".

In July 2012, it was revealed David is writing with Backstreet Boys on their 20th anniversary album, the follow-up to their 2009 album "This Is Us" and the first they will have released since the return of Kevin Richardson who departed from the band in 2005.

David announced on Twitter in late July 2012 that he will be releasing his new album accompanied by a world tour in 2013. He has since announced on the social networking site that he has been recording songs with Anthony Marshall, formally of production duo 'Ignorants' who remixed and produced various songs for David early in his career.

Jasmine Villegas also tweeted David regarding working on a record with Ryan Leslie but it remains to be seen who's project it is for.[30]

David hosts and DJs his own party at his penthouse in Miami every Sunday, that have become known as TS5 and he began uploading the sets to SoundCloud. Off the back of this he has teamed up with Kiss FM UK to broadcast the live DJ sets every Sunday at 11:00 PM, starting 11 November 2012.[31]

In January 2013, David announced on Twitter that he had signed a publishing deal with Universal Music Publishing Group (UMPG).[32] The deal sees David's publishing company, formally known as Bootyman Music Publishing merge to become JEM Music. The company will aim to sign new and existing artists catalogues worldwide and include all David's future works.

Starting in March 2013, David embarked on a world tour starting with three shows across Australia, followed by four in Europe (France, Belgium, Germany and The Netherlands) and finally finishing in May with four shows in England (Birmingham, Manchester, Southampton and London). In September 2013, Capital FM announced that David's DJ show 'TS5' would be moving to Capital Xtra every Friday evening from 10:00 PM.[33]

2014–present: Following My Intuition and return to fame

On 2 July 2014, David previewed a teaser track titled "Cold" on his official SoundCloud page.[34] Premiering it on his TS5 radio show the week before, he wanted to preview some of the new music he has been working on in anticipation of his long-awaited sixth studio album. A further teaser track titled "Seduction" was uploaded to the same SoundCloud page in September 2014.

On 5 September 2015, David featured on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge with Sigala where they covered Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth's "See You Again" mixed with the Little Mix track "Black Magic".[35] The following week, on 10 September 2015, David appeared on Kurupt FM's 'Sixty Minute Takeover' on BBC Radio 1Xtra with MistaJam. He performed "Fill Me In" over the track "Where Are Ü Now" and it became a viral internet hit.[36] Two snippets of potential new album tracks were also played on the night and this 1Xtra appearance led to David making surpise performances of the "Fill Me In" / "Where Are Ü Now" remix at Fabric with Kurupt FM and Alexandra Palace with Major Lazer and Diplo.

It was later revealed that the Radio 1Xtra appearance led to a collaboration between David and Big Narstie who also featured on the show and the track they recorded titled "When the Bassline Drops" was played on MistaJam's BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 1Xtra show on 7 November 2015, it was later revealed the track is to be released under SpeakerBox/JEM on 27 November 2015.[37] David made a surprise appearance on The X Factor on 13 December 2015, where he performed his breakthrough single "Re-Rewind" during a medley with Reggie 'n' Bollie and Fuse ODG. "When the Bassline Drops" debuted at number 50 in the UK and peaked at number 10 on 5 February 2016, becoming David's highest-charting single since 2007.

On 25 January 2016, it was announced that Craig David had signed a recording contract with Insanity Records (a joint venture between Sony Music UK and Insanity Management) and independent company Speakerbox Media.[38]

On 19 March 2016, at the second day of the Ultra Music Festival 2016, during the set of the Dutch DJ and record producer Hardwell, he appeared for present their new track "No Holding Back".

In 2016, David appeared on Kaytranada's album 99.9%, on the track "Got It Good", which he also co-wrote. This song will appear on his sixth studio album.

On 19 August 2016, Craig announced on social networks that his sixth studio album, Following My Intuition, would finally be released on 30 September 2016. It debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart, giving David his first number-one album since his debut, Born to Do It, reached the top spot in 2000.

Personal life and activism

David considers himself Jewish, and keeps up with Jewish traditions and holidays.[39]

David is also an avid supporter of Southampton FC, his hometown Football team.

On 24 March 2010 (World Tuberculosis Day), the World Health Organization appointed Craig David as a Goodwill Ambassador against tuberculosis. His first activity in this role was to travel to South Africa to learn more about tuberculosis, where he met people suffering from the disease or having recovered from it, and scientists who have dedicated their lives to fighting tuberculosis. David stated that his mission is to help overcome the social stigma of TB in order to beat the disease.[40]

Caricaturisation on Bo' Selecta!

David was frequently caricatured by comedian Leigh Francis on the British TV comedy show Bo' Selecta!; the show's title itself being a reference to his song "Re-Rewind (The Crowd Say Bo Selecta)". Although many other celebrities lampooned in the series appreciated the jokes and even appeared in the series themselves, David—the series' most prominently mocked target—did not enjoy the attention, remarking that the public were no longer taking him seriously.[41][42] Speaking to The Sunday Times in 2007, David confessed that "The whole Bo' Selecta! thing was killing me for a while because this idiot had a cult following and I was the main caricature. ... Inside it was absolutely pissing me off and hurtful beyond belief. There were times when I thought I just want to knock this guy out".[43]

Although he made an appearance himself on the programme (as the pseudo-fictional "Craig Davis"),[44] he regretted it even as he was making it: "I didn't want people to think, 'Craig's reacting to it', because then they would think, 'how can we get up Craig's nose even more?' So I did it, but I wasn't happy about it".[43] In 2010, he further commented on his bitterness towards Francis' impersonations of him: "What upset me was that it made people ridicule 'Rewind'. It should make people think about the garage scene, not some guy with a stupid rubber mask. I've got nothing to say to Leigh. He's not picking up awards or anything is he?"[45] However, he has also denied that his career had been ruined as a result of the show, and has said that he was satisfied with his musical output over the years.[46][47]

In a 2015 interview with the Daily Mirror, David stated that he had no hard feelings towards Francis, explaining how he had seen him at a wedding and given him a hug, assuring him they were "cool". He further explained in the interview that it was his PR team who suggested that he "play hurt" by the caricature.[48] He reiterated this stance on The Jonathan Ross Show in 2016 and explained that, contrary to popular belief, he had not fled the UK to escape negative attention brought about from the show.[49]

Discography

Awards and nominations

References

  1. ↑ "BRITs Profile: Craig David". Brits.co.uk. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  2. ↑ "Awards & Features: Craig David". Metrolyrics.com. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  3. ↑ Babatunde (2010-03-19). "Craig David: The Interview!". MTV. Archived from the original Archived 11 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine. on 2010-10-11. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
  4. ↑ "The A to Z of Craig David". Homepage.ntlworld.com. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  5. ↑ Cowan, Amber (20 August 2005). "I'm hungry for love . . .". Times Online. Retrieved 2010-03-25.
  6. ↑ Stucliffe, Phil (15 April 2001). "Will We Dance to His Tunes?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-03-25.
  7. ↑ "Craig David's Southampton". BBC. 31 October 2008. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
  8. ↑ Lester, Paul (1 February 2008). "A Star Called David". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 2010-03-25.
  9. ↑ Salt, Henry (2 November 2002). "Article: Interview - Craig David: Careless Wispas". The Mirror. Retrieved 2010-03-25.
  10. ↑ The David's Album "The Story Goes..." released in September 6, 2005
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Interview With Colin Lester". HitQuarters. 10 December 2001. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  12. ↑ Craig David Biography musicianguide.com
  13. ↑ Billboard.com - Artist Chart History - Craig David
  14. ↑ "Michael Jackson's Thriller voted best album since 1981". Retrieved 3 September 2009.
  15. ↑ Gonshor, Adam (29 November 2002). "Craig David releases Slicker Than Your Average". andPop.com. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
  16. ↑ "Craig David Thanks David Bowie For Sample". Gigwise. 22 September 2007. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  17. ↑ "Urban Music Awards 2008 , Uk". Archived from the original on 10 December 2008.
  18. ↑ Kennedy, Clare (7 November 2008). "Craig David receives an honorary degree of Doctor of Music from Southampton University". Southern Daily Echo. Southampton. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
  19. ↑ "R&B Sensation Craig David meets travelers at Singapore Changi Airport". Retrieved 15 April 2009.
  20. ↑ "MTV's Greatest Album Ever - The Results". MTV UK. Archived from the original on 4 June 2009.
  21. ↑ "Twitter update". Twitter.com. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  22. ↑ "Charts news and reviews". DVDfever.co.uk. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  23. ↑ "Various - Rewind Old Skool Classics (3CD)". Play.com. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  24. ↑ "Do It On My Own (Feat. Craig David)". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  25. ↑ "The Return Of Craig David: Thoughts On Pop's Electro Wave - DrJays.com Live - Fashion. Music. Lifestyle". Live.drjays.com. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  26. ↑ "Craig David - Red Nose Day 2011". Archived from the original on 29 September 2011.
  27. ↑ "Season's greeting!". djmag.com.
  28. ↑ "Craig David: "I've been booked for Michael Jackson tribute concert"". NME. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  29. ↑ "Interview: Erick Morillo On His New Music Projects « Erick Morillo news". Erickmorillo.com. 2011-10-12. Retrieved 2012-05-09.
  30. ↑ "JASMINEVILLEGAS Tweet". Retrieved 2012-10-07.
  31. ↑ "Kiss FM UK TS5 Page".
  32. ↑ "17 Jan 13". Twitter.com. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  33. ↑ "Capital FM TS5 Announcement". Capital.fm.com. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  34. ↑ "Craig David - Cold Soundcloud". Soundcloud.com. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  35. ↑ "Sigala & Craig David cover Charlie Puth & Wiz Khalifa's See You Again". youtube.com. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  36. ↑ "Craig David 1Xtra Kurupt FM Takeover Video". facebook.com. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  37. ↑ "Craig David x Big Narstie - When the Bassline Drops". soundcloud.com. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  38. ↑ Craig David signs album deal with Insanity Records - Speakerbox
  39. ↑ Rosenberg, Kari (2010-10-21). "The life and soul of Golders Green". TotallyJewish.com. Retrieved 2012-05-10.
  40. ↑ "R&B star Craig David joins the fight against tuberculosis". World Health Organization. 24 March 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  41. ↑ Fletcher, Alex (2007-11-16). "David: 'Bo' Selecta!' was killing me". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
  42. ↑ "Craig David's least Avid fan". The Sun. News Group Newspapers. 2007-11-24. Retrieved 2012-05-30.
  43. 1 2 Iley, Chrissy (2007-11-04). "Craig David: no laughing matter". The Sunday Times. Times Newspapers. Archived from the original on 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2012-05-30.
  44. ↑ "Craig Davis: The Ultimate Tribute Act". Bo' Selecta!. Episode 8. Series 2. 2003-07-25. 2:53 minutes in. Channel 4. Retrieved 2012-06-04.
  45. ↑ "Bo' Selecta feud reignited". The Sun. News Group Newspapers. 2010-03-16. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
  46. ↑ McNulty, Bernadette (2008-06-19). "Craig David: why I had to put the ridicule behind me". The Daily Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
  47. ↑ Nissim, Mayer (2010-03-17). "David: 'Bo' Selecta! didn't ruin career'". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
  48. ↑ Moodie, Clemmie (2015-07-15). "Craig David: I gave Bo' Selecta! star Leigh Francis a big hug and everything's cool". Daily Mirror. Trinity Mirror. Retrieved 2016-01-31.
  49. ↑ Harp, Justin (2016-01-29). "Craig David makes his peace with Bo' Selecta: 'I haven't run away from it'". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. Retrieved 2016-01-31.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Craig David.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Craig David
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 12/1/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.