Daniel Brustlein

Daniel Brustlein ("Alain")
Born (1904-09-11)September 11, 1904[1]
Mulhouse, département Haut-Rhin, Alsace region[2]
Died July 14, 1996(1996-07-14) (aged 91)
Paris, France[3]
Nationality Naturalized US
Alma mater École des Arts & Métiers and the École des Beaux-Arts in Geneva, Switzerland[4]
Known for American artist, cartoonist, illustrator, and author of children's books
Website danielbrustlein.com

Daniel Brustlein (1904–1996) was an Alsatian-born American artist, cartoonist, illustrator, and author of children's books. He is best known for the cartoons and cover art he contributed to The New Yorker magazine under the pen name "Alain" from the 1930s through the 1950s.[5] The novelist John Updike once said his childhood discovery of Brustlein's cartoons helped to stimulate his desire to write for the magazine[6] and one of Brustlein's cartoons has been repeatedly cited for its skillful and witty self-reference.[note 1][note 2] Although they have not received the same public acclaim as his humorous drawings, his paintings drew strong praise from influential critics such as Hilton Kramer, who said Brustlein's work had great refinement showing "beautiful control over the precise emotion he wants it to convey" and "complete command of color and form handled with a remarkable delicacy and discretion."[9][10] In October 1960 a painting of Brustlein's appeared on the cover of ARTnews and his reputation as a "painter's painter" appeared to be firmly established after he was the subject of an article in that magazine four years later.[3][11][12]

Early life

Daniel Brustlein was born on September 11, 1904, in the Alsatian town of Mulhouse.[1][2] Although attached to Germany and known as Mülhausen during Brustlein's childhood, the town retained historic ties to France and, despite their unavoidable German citizenship, many of its citizens—Brustlein included—considered themselves to be French. He attended local schools approximately through age fourteen and, showing an early aptitude for drawing, published his first collection of cartoons—Petite Histoire de la Guerre en Caricatures—at the age of fifteen in 1919.[4][13][14] At about that time he began residence in Geneva and soon after enrolled as an art student in that city, first at the École des Arts & Métiers and then the École des Beaux Arts.[4] In 1924, at the urging of one of his teachers, Brustlein moved to Paris where he found work as an illustrator while continuing his art studies. Two years later some of his illustrations were included in the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes.[12] The exposition, a World's fair held in Paris from April to October 1925, introduced the Art Deco style.[15][note 3]

In 1927 Brustlein moved to New York City on the advice of Jean Coquillot, a colleague and fellow student.[12] Having emigrated from Geneva in 1921, Coquillot had found work in New York as an illustrator, humorous cartoonist, and book cover designer.[12][16][17][18][note 4] In the 1930s he would become known for a cover he contributed to Mademoiselle magazine (1936) and illustrations he made for Heidi Grows Up (1938), the first of two sequels to the book Heidi.[19][20][note 5] Through his friendship with Coquillot, Brustlein found work drawing illustrations and cartoons and within a few years he had become a regular contributor to The New Yorker magazine.[4]

Mature style

Daniel Brustlein, as "Alain," cartoon: "Drawing From the Life" The New Yorker (1955)

Brustlein's mature style emerged after he had emigrated to New York and begun working as an illustrator and cartoonist.

Illustrations and cartoons for magazines

Daniel Brustlein, cover art: The New Yorker, November 9, 1935

Beginning in the early 1930s his cartoons began to appear in The New Yorker and Collier's magazines.[12] He signed this early work with the name "Alain" and subsequently used that pen name for the rest of his career as illustrator and cartoonist.[12] The issue of The New Yorker for November 9, 1935, contained Brustlein's first cover art. Over the next 30 years he would produce another nine covers for the magazine.[21] In 1936 he illustrated a book entitled Farewell to Model T.[22] Written by New Yorker writer E. B. White and journalist Richard Lee Strout, the book was a reprint of a New Yorker piece of May 16, 1936 entitled "Farewell My Lovely." Both the book and article were credited to the pseudonymous author "Lee Strout White." The book's illustrations were credited to Brustlein as "Alain."[12][23][24]

During World War II Brustlein contributed drawings and cartoons to exhibitions benefiting the war effort. In January 1942 he won first prize for a cartoon that appeared in one such exhibition held at the Grand Central Art Galleries. Consisting of nearly 100 posters made by cartoonists and comic strip artists, the show raised money for both United China Relief and U.S. War Bonds.[25][note 6] In February of the same year he won a prize at a benefit exhibition of cartoons sponsored by the American Society of Magazine Cartoonists and held at the Art Students League. The show, called "Cartoons Against the Axis," contained 116 works. Brustlein's contribution showed a Japanese husband reading a Japanese newspaper and commenting, "It seems there's a good deal of unrest over there because of priorities and they expect to see internal collapse by Spring."[27][28] In May the cartoon was shown again in an exhibition called "Cartoons of the day" at the Metropolitan Museum[29] In July Brustlein married the painter Janice Biala. At the close of the war they moved to Paris and, while living there most of the year, retained American citizenship and usually spent some months in the United States.

After the close of World War II Brustlein, as "Alain," continued to make cartoons and cover illustrations for The New Yorker and other magazines, but he produced less of this work in order to devote more time to easel painting and the illustration of children's books.[30][note 7] A cartoon he contributed to The New Yorker in 1955 has been cited as a good example of metapictorial drawing. Entitled "Drawing From the Life," the cartoon presents a classroom scene in ancient Eqypt where art students are using modern perspective techniques to sketch a model who stands in a stiff, flat pose that is typical of Eqyptian art.[7][8]

Easel painting and other art

Daniel Brustlein, "Figure d'Eches," 1973, oil on canvas, 51 × 64 inches, signed, lower right

Brustlein was a painter and book illustrator as well as a magazine illustrator and cartoonist.

After the close of World War II he continued to place drawings and cartoons in magazines such as The New Yorker, The Saturday Evening Post, Look, and Esquire, but he also began to make paintings for group and solo exhibitions in galleries located in New York, Paris, and other cities. In 1948 and for the next three years he contributed paintings to the Salon des Surindependants in Paris.[12] In 1952 he was given his first solo show when "Peintures de Alain Brustlein" opened at Galerie Jeanne Bucher in Paris.[12] His work also appeared group exhibitions at Stable Gallery in New York and at the Musée Cantonal des Beaux-Arts in Lausanne. In 1952 a French critic included him among the best young painters of the day when reporting his nomination for the Prix de la Critique (Galerie Saint Placide, Paris).[12] In 1955 Stable Gallery gave him his first New York solo exhibition.[4]

In 1957 he contributed work to a group exhibition of portraits held at the Tibor de Nagy Gallery. Apart from Brustlein, the artists, who were not generally known for their portraiture, included Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline, Philip Guston, Milton Resnick, and Larry Rivers.[12][32] A year later his paintings appeared in the annual exhibition at the L'École de Paris for the first time and in 1959 he was given a second one-person show at the Stable Gallery.[12] Of the portraits and landscapes he contributed to this show, the critic for the New York Times said "Without pushing realization far he succeeds quite strikingly in compassing characterization in the spontaneous portraits, and with a few quick strokes of the brush establishes mood in low keyed statements of scene."[33]

In 1960 Brustlein received a purchase award at the 5th International Hallmark invitational exhibition held at Wildenstein Gallery in New York. The prize-winning painting, a self-portrait, subsequently appeared on the cover of the October 1960 issue of ARTnews.[11] Four years later his brother-in-law, Jack Tworkov, wrote a feature article on him for the November issue of ARTnews,[12] and that month, his work appeared in a solo exhibition at the Saidenberg Gallery.[34] In 1965 a painting of his was included in a group show of portraits showing friends and acquaintances of the participating artists. Appearing at the New School Art Center, the show drew praise from Stuart Preston of the New York Times for its "delectable items" that "make for extraordinary documentary value."[35]

Through the rest of the decade and into the 1970s Brustlein continued to show at Galerie Lutece, Galerie Jacob, and other Parisian galleries and the Sachs gallery in New York.[12][36] Of a painting he saw in 1978, the Times critic Hilton Kramer wrote that Brustlein showed "complete command of color and form handled with a remarkable delicacy and discretion."[10] In reviewing a solo exhibition at Sachs the following year Kramer said:[9]

In everything that Daniel Brustlein paints there is a sensibility of great refinement. We are never in any doubt that this is a painter with a deep affection for his medium, and a beautiful control over the precise emotion he wants it to convey. His color is gentle and delicate, and his imagery too—mostly of generalized figures in interior or landscape spaces—has a gentle, pacific quality. It is in the sensitive handling of the medium—in cool greens and blues of "Chinatown," in the copper-haired figure of "Rastro," in the way the couch encloses the three figures in "Ladybug"—that we feel his special felicity as a painter.

Three years later, discussing another solo show at Sachs, a critic praised his "taste for muted colors that may owe something to Paris" and said his oil paint has the pleasing quality of slightly decaying fresco."[37]

During the 1980s he showed at the Gruenebaum gallery in New York and the Galerie Jeanne Bucher in Paris and in the next decade, the last of his life, mostly in the Kouros Gallery, New York.[12]

A retrospective exhibition at Kouros in 1994 pulled together works from his wife and her family as well as his own. Entitled "A Family," it included works by Biala's brother, Jack Tworkov; his daughter, Hermine Ford; her husband, Robert Moskowitz; and Erik Moskowitz who is the son of Hermine and Robert.[12][38][note 8] Other retrospective exhibitions include solo and group shows at Kouros (1997, 1999, 2001, 2002) and group shows at Galerie Jacob (1996) and Galerie Arnaud (Paris, 2001).

Books

Daniel Brustlein, as "Alain," illustration from The Magic Stones (New York, Whittlesey House, 1957).

Farewell to Model T was Brustlein's only book illustration project of the 1930s and 1940s. In the mid-1950s, Brustlein began to illustrate and also to write books, most of them short and all intended for children's use. In 1956 he wrote and illustrated a book called The Elephant and the Flea in which an elephant tries increasingly desperate measures to dislodge a troublesome flea.[39][40] That same year he illustrated a book, written by his wife, called It's Spring! It's Spring!.[41] The book describes the transition from winter to spring from the point of view of the chickadees, bluebirds and swallows who then start building nests and sing with a new vigor. A reviewer for the New York Times said Brustlein's drawings were "wonderfully colored," depicting "swirling patterns of birds in flight."[42] The following year Brustlein wrote and illustrated The Magic Stones, a book on the architectural uses of the arch. Introducing an evil character, "Monsieur Down," it explains how medieval builders used the arch to overcome the destructive force he employed, that of gravity, so that they might construct the great Gothic cathedrals of France. The text says "Monsieur Down" was so enraged at being defeated that he turned to stone and is now a great gargoyle, seated high upon Notre Dame de Paris. Writing in The New York Times, C.E. Van Norman said Brustlein employed simple text and clear pictures to produce a fascinating introduction to the subject.[43][44][45] In 1959 he illustrated Minette, another book for which his wife supplied the text. The book, which describes the title character's life in a royal palace, drew praise from the New York Times for the quality of its illustrations.[46] In 1968 Brustlein wrote and illustrated a book called One, Two, Three, Going to Sea.[47] Using cartoon figures the book provides an introductory guide to adding and subtracting. A reviewer called it a book both amusing and useful for arithmetic-ready children.[48]

Personal life

Brustlein was born in the town of Mulhouse close to the borders of Germany, France, and Switzerland. At the time of his birth the town was called Mülhausen as it was then part the German Empire, having been ceded by France following her defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. Over many centuries the town was occasionally independent but most often attached to one of its neighboring countries. It had been detached from the Swiss Confederation to become part of France during the French Revolution and, four decades after 1870, it was returned to France following World War I, only to be again taken by Germany during World War II and returned thereafter. When asked to his nationality at birth, Brustlein reported that he was French rather than German.[13][49][50][51]

One of the oldest families in the community, the Brustleins became prominent in the late fifteenth century during a transition from an aristocratic council to a democratic form of government.[52]:8,89 Thereafter members of the family served frequently as the town's mayor and in 1512 one Martin Brustlein commanded a company of Mulhousiens in successful battles to defend Pope Jules II from attacks by armies of King Louis XII of France.[53] In 1925 the city council named a low-cost public housing project in honor of the Brustlein family.[54]

In 1940 Brustlein told a census taker that he had left school after the eighth grade. This presumably means that he received elementary education in Mulhouse and that he did not graduate from either of the schools he subsequently attended in Geneva (the École des Arts & Métiers and the École des Beaux-Arts).[12][13] While studying at these schools, Brustlein apparently obtained Swiss citizenship. This seems likely since on emigrating to New York in 1927 the manifest of the ship on which he traveled gave his nationality as Swiss.[49][note 9] He emigrated to the New York in 1927 and in 1933 became a U.S. citizen.[55]

The 1940 Census shows that Brustlein was then living in a New York apartment with his mother, Louise. It is possible that she had recently come to live with him since reports of his travels as late as 1939 do not show her as a companion. Louise Brustlein's age is given as 63 and her presumptive year of birth is thus 1877. She would have been about 26 when Brustlein was born.[13][56] Sometime on or before December 1938 Brustlein met his future wife, Janice Biala, who was then living with Ford Madox Ford. An acquaintance of Ford's remembered meeting Brustlein at a New Year's Eve party she and Ford gave in a Manhattan apartment where they were then staying. The acquaintance wrote that Brustlein, whom she knew only as "Alain," was an Alsatian ("or maybe Luxembourger") with red hair.[57] Brustlein and Biala were both artists, both Francophiles, and both by nature outgoing and sociable. They were friends with many of the same people, mostly in the Parisian and New York art communities.[58][note 10] Willem de Kooning, then a struggling young artist, became a close friend whom Brustlein and Biala would nurse when ill and to whom Brustlein would provide financial support.[61][62]:177–78 Two years later, on July 11, 1942, Brustlein and Biala married in New York and the following year they hosted a wedding lunch for de Kooning and his new wife Elaine, herself an artist.[62]:197 They lived in New York during the war years and, while retaining U.S. citizenship, in 1947 they moved to Paris where they reunited with friends in the artist community.

In 1949 Brustlein and Biala began renting places in Gladstone, New Jersey, during their periodic returns to the United States and in 1953 they purchased a farmhouse in the Peapack area of Gladstone, New Jersey.[63] That year de Kooning insisted that Brustlein join the members-only club that he and other artists of the New York School had founded to discuss topics related to the art movement which would become known as abstract expressionism.[62]:289–90[64]

Brustlein was 92 years old when he died on July 14, 1996. His obituary in The New York Times referred to him as a "painter's painter" whose work was aligned with the School of Paris.[3] His wife survived him by four years, dying at the age of 97 on September 24, 2000.

Exhibitions

This list comes from Daniel Brustlein Archives by the Acme Fine Art Gallery, by DANIEL 'ALAIN' BRUSTLEIN ...a 'painter's painter', and from newspaper listings.

Notes

  1. ↑ Self-referential, as used here, means meta-pictorial. The cartoon is a humorous picture about making pictures. It "refers, not to itself, but to a class of pictures that are generally understood to be different in kind from itself."[7]
  2. ↑ Entitled "Drawing From the Life," the cartoon presents a classroom scene in ancient Eqypt where art students are using modern perspective techniques to sketch a model who stands in a stiff, flat pose that is typical of Eqyptian art.[7][8]
  3. ↑ The term "Art Deco" was derived by shortening the words Arts Décoratifs, in the title of this exposition. See its Wikipedia entry for more information on this subject.
  4. ↑ In 1940 Jean Christopher Coquillot was living at 727 Lexington Avenue. The 1940 Census says he was a commercial artist aged 37. Born in Switzerland, he was living with his wife Ann and a brother, Henri Coquillot, who was a silk salesman, age 40.[16]
  5. ↑ Heidi was written by Johanna Spyri and translated by Charles Tritten. Heidi Grows Up was written by Tritten and published in New York, Grosset & Dunlap, with Jean Coquillot's illustrations. See the Wikipedia entries for heidi, Heidi Grows Up, and Heidi's Children for more information on this subject.
  6. ↑ As "D. Alain", Brustlein won first prize among magazine cartoonists. The judges included Peter Arno, Norman Bel Geddes, Emily Genauer, Henry McBride, and Gilbert Seldes.[26]
  7. ↑ See, for example, Brustlein's 1954 New Yorker cover showing a party in an art gallery and his 1962 Esquire cartoon on an orchestra concert for prison inmates as well as his cartoons, "Wilson was always a sore loser," (May 9, 1959) and "And these are the alumni," (November 2, 1963) in The New Yorker.[30][31]
  8. ↑ Hermine Ford's birth name was Hermine Ford Tworkov. After her marriage to Robert Moskowitz she took his surname, but on becoming an artist she decided to call herself Hermine Ford.[38]
  9. ↑ The manifest for the Brustlein's emigration to New York in 1927 reports that the ship, S.S. Paris, departed Le Havre on December 27, 1927. It lists Brustlein's given name as Jules but there is a handwritten correction to Daniel. His occupation is given as designer, he is said to speak French but not English, and his last place of residence is Paris. He is said to be French by birth, but of Swiss nationality.[49] Arriving from France in August 1933 he gave his nationality as Swiss.[50]
  10. ↑ Brustlein and Biala were close friends of the photographer Henri Cartier-Bresson and were friends or close acquaintances with other artists and writers who resided in France including Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Gertrude Stein, Constantin Brâncuși, and Ezra Pound.[59] New York friends included New York artists, Edwin Dickinson, and members of the Provincetown artist colony.[60]

References

  1. 1 2 "Person Details for Daniel Brustlein, United States Social Security Death Index". FamilySearch, citing U.S. Social Security Administration, Death Master File, database (Alexandria, Virginia: National Technical Information Service). Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  2. 1 2 "Person Details for Jules Daniel Brustlein, New York City Passenger and Crew Lists, 1909, 1925–1957". FamilySearch, citing Immigration, New York City, United States, NARA microfilm publication T715 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.); FHL microfilm 1,755,921. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 "Daniel Brustlein". New York Times. July 29, 1996. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Daniel Brustlein Archives – ACME Fine Art". Acme Fine Art Gallery, Boston, Massachusetts. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
  5. ↑ "Daniel 'Alain' Brustlein...a painter's painter". Estate of Daniel Brustlein. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  6. ↑ Begley, Adam (April 8, 2014). Updike. HarperCollins. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0-06-210966-8. It was MEUU [Updike's aunt, Mary Ella Updike Updike] who gave the family a subscription to The New Yorker, for Christmas in 1944. Updike was bewitched; it was "the best of possible magazines." The cartoons delighted him, especially the draftsmanship of Alain (Daniel Brustlein), Robert Day, Garrett Price, George Price, and Peter Arno. ... Not yet thirteen, he was instantly desperate to become a contributor: "I loved that magazine so much I concentrated all my wishing into an effort to make myself small and inky and intense enough to be received into its pages."
  7. 1 2 3 W. J. T. Mitchell (September 1, 1995). Picture Theory: Essays on Verbal and Visual Representation. University of Chicago Press. pp. 42–43. ISBN 978-0-226-53232-5.
  8. 1 2 Manghani, Sunil (2012). Image Studies: Theory and Practice. Routledge. pp. 182–83. ISBN 978-0-415-57340-5.
  9. 1 2 Kramer, Hilton (May 19, 1978). "Art: Stieglitz Collection at Met". New York Times. p. C15.
  10. 1 2 Kramer, Hilton (April 15, 1977). "Art: Gunter Grass, Portraitists; Daniel Brustlein". New York Times. p. 74.
  11. 1 2 Hallmark Cards, inc; Vladimir Visson; Alfred M. Frankfurter (1960). The question of the future: fifty painters of promise selected by an international jury; fifth International Hallmark Art Award. New York: Wildenstein Gallery.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "Chronology, Daniel 'Alain' Brustlein". danielbrustlein.com. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  13. 1 2 3 4 "Daniel Brustlein, Assembly District 10, Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States". FamilySearch, citing enumeration district (ED) 31-897, sheet 1B, family 40, NARA digital publication T627 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 2012), roll 2645. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  14. ↑ Brustlein, Daniel (1919). Petite histoire de la guerre en caricatures. Geneva: Atar.
  15. ↑ "Art Deco: The 1925 Paris Exhibition". Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  16. 1 2 "Jean Coquillot, Assembly District 15, Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States". FamilySearch, citing enumeration district (ED) 31-1399, sheet 1A, family 9, NARA digital publication T627 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 2012), roll 2657. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  17. ↑ "Jean Coquillot, New York, Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island), 1892–1924". FamilySearch, Jean Coquillot, 15 Oct 1921; citing departure port Le Havre, France, arrival port New York, ship name Leopoldina, NARA microfilm publication T715 and M237. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  18. ↑ "Coquillot, Henri". The Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island Foundation. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
  19. ↑ "Mademoiselle Cover – December 1936 by Jean Coquillot". Condé Nast. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
  20. ↑ "Vintage 1938 First Edition of Heidi GrowsUp". Etsy, Pickersistersyorktwn. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
  21. ↑ "DANIEL BRUSTLEIN: PLACES – ACME Fine Art". Retrieved March 8, 2015.
  22. ↑ Elwyn Brooks White; Richard Lee Strout (1936). Farewell to model T, by Lee Strout White; drawings by Alain. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
  23. ↑ Noah, Timothy. "Who Wrote Farewell to Model T?". slate.com. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  24. ↑ Robert L. Root (1999). E.B. White: The Emergence of an Essayist. University of Iowa Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-87745-667-4.
  25. ↑ "Exhibit of Posters Aids China Relief: Work of Comic Strip Artists and Cartoonists Is Shown". New York Times. January 27, 1942. p. 6.
  26. ↑ Thomas C. Linn (January 25, 1942). "Exhibit Will Show Comic Strips Used to Help China War Relief". New York Times. p. D8.
  27. ↑ E.A.J. (i.e., Edward Allen Jewell) (February 22, 1942). "Artists Aiding in the War Effort: American-British Art Center Shows Contemporary Sketches in Poster Field—War Cartoons at Art Students League". New York Times. p. X9.
  28. ↑ "Cartoonists Make Attack on the Axis: Exhibition Is Sponsored by Magazine Men and Treasury to Push War Savings". New York Times. February 17, 1942. p. 15.
  29. ↑ Edward Allen Jewell (May 2, 1942). "Cartoons on View at Art Museum: Metropolitan Has 56 Works, Many of Them Lent by the Artists; War Is Common Theme". New York Times. p. 11.
  30. 1 2 "New Yorker Cartoonist ALAIN, Daniel Brustlein". eBay Eire. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
  31. ↑ "Alain Posters at AllPosters.com". AllPosters.com. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
  32. ↑ Devree, Howard (May 19, 1957). "By Group and Singly". New York Times. p. 14.
  33. ↑ "Paradox of Miro: Museum Opens a Retrospective Show". New York Times. March 22, 1959. p. X15.
  34. ↑ "Gallery Shows, Museum Exhibits". New York Times. November 8, 1964. p. X22.
  35. ↑ Preston, Stuart (February 7, 1965). "Rebels in Vienna". New York Times. p. X19.
  36. ↑ Cinq siècles de dessins: catalogue d'une exposition Paris, Galerie Lutèce, avril-mai 1966. Galerie Lutèce. 1966.
  37. ↑ Raynor, Vivian (May 15, 1981). "Art: A Tranquil Show Of American Landscapes: Artists Aid Dance". New York Times. p. C20.
  38. 1 2 "Oral history interview with Hermine Ford, 2010 Feb. 18–19". Oral Histories; Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution aaa.si.edu. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
  39. ↑ Alain (Daniel Brustlein) (1956). The Elephant and the Flea. New York: McGraw-Hill Co., Whittlesey House.
  40. ↑ "THE ELEPHANT AND THE FLEA by Alain". Kirkus Reviews. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
  41. ↑ Janice (Janice Biala) (1956). It's Spring! It's Spring!. New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shephard Co.
  42. ↑ E.L.B. (April 22, 1956). "The Happy Season". New York Times. p. 272.
  43. ↑ C.E. Van Norman (July 21, 1957). "New Books for Younger Readers; Legendary Down". New York Times. p. BR11.
  44. ↑ Alain (Daniel Brustlein) (2004). The Magic Stones. A.A. Knopf. pp. 177–78, 289–90. ISBN 978-1-4000-4175-6.
  45. ↑ "New Titles for Children and Young People". Bulletin of the Children's Book Center, University of Chicago Library (PDF). X (11): 133. July 1957.
  46. ↑ E.L.B. (January 24, 1960). "Clowder of Cats: Minette. Story by Janice. Pictures by Alain". New York Times. p. BR38.
  47. ↑ Alain (1975). One, Two, Three, Going to Sea, an adding and subtracting book. New York: Young Scott Books (Scholastic).
  48. ↑ "ONE, TWO, THREE, GOING TO SEA: An Adding and Subtracting Book by Alain- Illus.". Kirkus Reviews. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  49. 1 2 3 "Daniel Brustlein, New York City Passenger and Crew Lists, 1909, 1925–1957". FamilySearch, Jules Daniel Brustlein, 1927; citing Immigration, New York City, United States, NARA microfilm publication T715 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.); FHL microfilm 1,755,921. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  50. 1 2 "Daniel Brustlein, Passenger and Crew Lists of Vessels Arriving at New York City, 1897–1957". FamilySearch, Affiliate Publication Number: T715 , Affiliate Film Number: 5371, GS Film number: 1757109 , Digital Folder Number: 004873477, Image Number: 00543.
  51. ↑ "Daniel Brustlein, 1949, Passenger and Crew Lists of Vessels Arriving at New York City, 1897–1957". FamilySearch, Affiliate Publication Number: T715 , Affiliate Film Number: 7744 , GS Film number: 002296456 , Digital Folder Number: 007255818 , Image Number: 00254.
  52. ↑ Metzger, Albert (1883). La république de Mulhouse, son histoire, ses anciennes familles bourgeoises et admises à résidence, depuis les origines jusqu'à 1798. Henri Georg.
  53. ↑ Ehrsam, Nicolas (1883). Livre d'or de la ville de Mulhouse. p. 40.
  54. ↑ "Carte: Habitants – Revenu moyen / Commune: Mulhouse / Quartier: Brustlein – 68200 : avis, cartes et statistiques". Retrieved March 8, 2015.
  55. ↑ "New York City Passenger and Crew Lists, 1909, 1925–1957, index and images, Daniel Brustlein, 1934". FamilySearch, citing Immigration, New York City, United States, NARA microfilm publication T715 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.); FHL microfilm 1,757,270. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  56. ↑ "New York City Passenger and Crew Lists, 1909, 1925–1957," index and images, Daniel Brustlein, 1939". FamilySearch, citing Immigration, New York City, United States, NARA microfilm publication T715 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.); FHL microfilm 1,758,026. Retrieved March 23, 2015.
  57. ↑ Bevington, Helen (1988). The Journey Is Everything: A Journal of the Seventies. Duke University Press. pp. 168–69. ISBN 0-8223-0847-9.
  58. ↑ Smith, Roberta (October 12, 2000). "Biala, 97, Whose Paintings Were Cryptic and Luscious". New York Times.
  59. ↑ Greenwald, Xico (September 17, 2013). "The Courage of Her Convictions". New York Sun.
  60. ↑ "Biala and Brustlein". Tibor de Nagy. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  61. ↑ James Coddington; Susan Lake (2011). De Kooning: A Retrospective. The Museum of Modern Art. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-87070-797-1.
  62. 1 2 3 Mark Stevens; Willem De Kooning; Annalyn Swan (1957). De Kooning: An American Master. New York: Wittlesey House. pp. 177–78, 289–90. ISBN 978-1-4000-4175-6.
  63. ↑ "Chronology, Janice Biala". Janice Biala, a website dedicated to the life and work of American painter Janice Biala. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
  64. ↑ Pearlman, Ellen (April 24, 2012). Nothing and Everything – The Influence of Buddhism on the American Avant Garde: 1942 – 1962. North Atlantic Books. pp. 99–103. ISBN 978-1-58394-379-3.

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