Dayr al-Qassi

Dayr al-Qassi
Dayr al-Qassi
Arabic دير القاسي
Name meaning The convent of Wady el Kasy[1]
Also spelled Deir al-Qasi[2] Deir el-Kasy[3]
Subdistrict Acre
Coordinates 33°02′06.60″N 35°19′30.11″E / 33.0351667°N 35.3250306°E / 33.0351667; 35.3250306Coordinates: 33°02′06.60″N 35°19′30.11″E / 33.0351667°N 35.3250306°E / 33.0351667; 35.3250306
Palestine grid 181/271
Population 2,300 (1945)
Area 34,011 dunams
34.0 km²
Date of depopulation 30 October 1948[2]
Cause(s) of depopulation Military assault by Yishuv forces
Current localities Mattat, Elkosh, Abirim, Netu'a

Dayr al-Qassi' or Deir el-Qasi (Arabic: دير القاسي‎‎) was a Palestinian Arab village located 26 km northeast of the city of Acre, which was depopulated during 1948 Arab-Israeli war.

Geography

The village was located 26 km northeast of the city of Acre, on a rocky hill about 5 km south of the Lebanese border. It was linked by a paved road to Fassuta in the north and Tarshiha in the southwest. The road divided the town into an eastern and one western quarter, or haras, the eastern quarter being higher up.[4]

History

The first part of the village name, Dayr ("monastery") suggest that the village might have had a monastery and a Christian population. However, in modern times the population was Muslim. According to the residents of the village, ancient artifacts from the Canaanite, Israelite and Roman period were unearthed in the Ottoman and British Mandate period.[4]

In the Crusader era it was known as Cassie, and in 1183 it was noted that Godfrey de Tor sold the land of the village to Joscelin III.[5] In 1220 Jocelyn III´s daughter Beatrix de Courtenay and her husband Otto von Botenlauben, Count of Henneberg, sold their land, including Cassie, to the Teutonic Knights.[6]

Ottoman era

Dayr al-Qassi was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 and it belonged to the Jira Nahiya (Subdistrict of Jira), part of the Safad Sanjak (District of Safed), In 1596, Dayr al-Qassi had a population of 132. It paid taxes on a number of crops, including wheat and barley, as well as on goats and beehives.[7][8]

In the early 18th century, Dayr al-Qassi was a fortified village controlled by a local sheikh (chief) named Abd al-Khaliq Salih. In 1740, Sheikh Zahir al-Umar, an Arab mutasallim (tax collector) from the al-Zayadina clan whose strength was growing throughout the Galilee, struggled to gain control of Dayr al-Qassi. Later that year, he made the village part of his domain by marrying Sheikh Salih's daughter, thereby sealing an alliance with the latter's clan.[9] In late 1767, Zahir's son Ali of Safad requested control of Dayr al-Qassi from his father after his request for Dayr Hanna was rejected. Zahir refused and the two entered into an armed conflict, which Zahir won. Nonetheless, Zahir pardoned Ali and ultimately ceded the village to him.[10]

The French explorer, Victor Guérin, visited Dayr al-Qassi in 1875, and he estimated that the village had 350 Muslim inhabitants.[3] In the late nineteenth century, Dayr al-Qassi was described in the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine as being situated on a ridge, encircled by fig trees, olive trees and arable land. It then had a population of about 200.[11]

British Mandate period

At the time of the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate, Dair Wal Qasi had a population of 663, all Muslims,[12] increasing in the 1931 census, when Deir el Qasi had a population of 865, still all Muslims, living in a total of 169 houses.[13]

Later, Dayr al-Qassi was mostly Muslim but had a large Palestinian Christian minority. According to the 1945 census it had 1,250 inhabitants; 370 Christians and 880 Muslims.[14] Together with the two villages of Fassuta (existent) and al-Mansura, the population was 2,300 and their total land area was 34,011 dunums.[15] 1,607 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 6,475 used for cereals,[16] while 247 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[17]

1948 war and aftermath

During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War Dayr al-Qassi was defended by the Arab Liberation Army but the village was captured by the Israeli Army during its offensive Operation Hiram on October 30, 1948. The village's residents were expelled on 27 May 1949 and most migrated north into Lebanon. Elkosh, established in 1949, occupies part of the village site. Netu'a, founded in 1966, Mattat, founded in 1979 and Abirim, founded in 1980, are also on village land. Netu'a is near the neighboring village of al-Mansura.[18]

The Palestinian historian, Walid Khalidi, described the remaining structures on the village land in 1992: "A few stone houses still are used as residences or warehouses by the inhabitants of Elqosh. The debris of destroyed houses is strewn over the site. The school building stands deserted. Fig and olive trees and cactuses grow on the site."[18] In 2004, some of the remains of the village were removed by mechanical equipment during excavations by the Israel Antiquities Authority.[19]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Palmer, 1881, p. 71
  2. 1 2 Morris, 2004, p. xvii, village #63. Also gives cause of depopulation.
  3. 1 2 Guérin, 1880, p. 71
  4. 1 2 Khalidi, 1992, p. 12
  5. ↑ Strehlke, 1869, pp. 15-16, No. 16; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 125, No. 624; cited in Frankel, 1988, pp. 257, 264
  6. ↑ Strehlke, 1869, pp. 43- 44, No. 53; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 248, No. 934; cited in Frankel, 1988, pp. 257, 264.
  7. ↑ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 177. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 12
  8. ↑ Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9
  9. ↑ Joudah, 1987, p. 24.
  10. ↑ Joudah, 1987, p. 53.
  11. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p.197. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 12
  12. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Safad, p. 41
  13. ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 106.
  14. ↑ Village Statistics April 1945, The Palestine Government, p. 2
  15. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 40
  16. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 80
  17. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 130
  18. 1 2 Khalidi, 1992, p. 13
  19. ↑ Braun, 2004, Elqosh Archive Report- Final Report

Bibliography

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