Demographics of Montreal

The Demographics of Montreal concern population growth and structure for Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The information is analyzed by Statistics Canada and compiled every five years, with the most recent census having taken place in 2011.

Population history

Population of Montreal, and Metropolitan Area by year[1]
Year	City[2]	Island[3][4]	Metropolitan[2]
1660		407
1663		596
1666		624
1681		1,389
1700		2,969
1760		8,300
1771		9,770
1781		17,945
1791		18,000
1801	9,000
1811	13,300
1821	18,767
1831	27,297
1841	40,356
1851	57,715
1861	90,323
1871	130,022	144,044	174,090
1881	176,263	193,171	223,512
1891	254,278	277,525	308,169
1901	325,653	360,838	393,665
1911	490,504	554,761	594,812
1921	618,506	724,205	774,330
1931	818,577	1,003,868	1,064,448
1941	903,007	1,116,800	1,192,235
1951	1,021,520	1,320,232	1,539,308
1956	1,109,439	1,507,653	1,745,001
1961	1,201,559	1,747,696	2,110,679
1966	1,293,992	1,923,971	2,570,985
1971	1,214,352	1,958,595	2,743,208
1976	1,080,545	1,869,645	2,802,485
1981	1,018,609	1,760,120	2,862,286
1986	1,015,420	1,752,361	2,921,357
1991	1,017,666	1,775,871	3,127,242
1996	1,016,376	1,775,778	3,326,447
2001	1,039,534	1,812,723	3,426,350
2006	1,620,693	1,854,442	3,635,571
2011	1,649,519	1,886,481	3,824,221

According to Statistics Canada, at the time of the 2011 Canadian census the city of Montreal proper had 1,649,519 inhabitants.^[5] A total of 3,824,221 lived in the Montreal Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) at the same 2011 census, up from 3,635,556 at the 2006 census (within 2006 CMA boundaries), which means a population growth rate of +5.2% between 2006 and 2011.^[6] Montreal's 2012-2013 population growth rate was 1.135%, compared with 1.533% for all Canadian CMAs ^[7]

In the 2006 census, children under 14 years of age (621,695) constituted 17.1%, while inhabitants over 65 years of age (495,685) numbered 13.6% of the total population.^[8]

Future projections

According to a recently published report by the city of Montreal, the population of the island is expected to number 1,991,200 by 2012, with 3.9 million in the Greater Montreal Area, an increase of 15.8% over 2001. The current estimate of the Montreal CMA population, as of July 1, 2013, according to Statistics Canada is 3,981,802.^[9] According to StatsCan, by 2030, the Greater Montreal Area is expected to number 5,275,000 with 1,722,000 being visible minorities.^[10]

Ethnicities

Pie chart showing Montreal's visible minority composition (data from Canada Census 2006).

Some 26% of the population of Montreal and 16.5% that of Greater Montreal, are members of a visible minority (non-white) group.^[11] Blacks contribute to the largest minority group, with Montreal having the 2nd highest number of Blacks in Canada after Toronto. Other groups, such as Arabs, Latin Americans, South Asians, and Chinese are also large in number.^[12] "^[11][13] Visible minorities are defined by the Canadian Employment Equity Act as "persons, other than Aboriginals, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour."^[14]

Visible minority and Aboriginal population[15][16][17]
Population group		Population (2011)	% of total population (2011)	Population (2006)	% of total population (2006)
White		1,092,470	67.7%	1,171,295	73.5%
Visible minority group	South Asian	53,515	3.3%	51,255	3.2%
	Chinese	46,845	2.9%	47,980	3%
	Black	147,100	9.1%	122,880	7.7%
	Filipino	21,750	1.3%	17,100	1.1%
	Latin American	67,160	4.2%	53,970	3.4%
	Arab	102,625	6.4%	68,600	4.3%
	Southeast Asian	39,570	2.5%	30,850	1.9%
	West Asian	12,155	0.8%	8,310	0.5%
	Korean	3,330	0.2%	2,730	0.2%
	Japanese	2,020	0.1%	1,940	0.1%
	Visible minority, n.i.e.	4,435	0.3%	2,385	0.1%
	Multiple visible minorities	10,150	0.6%	6,820	0.4%
Total visible minority population		510,665	31.7%	414,830	26%
Aboriginal group	First Nations	35,165	2.2%	4,285	0.3%
	Métis	3,760	0.2%	2,650	0.2%
	Inuit	880	0.1%	205	0%
	Aboriginal, n.i.e.	595	0%	360	0%
	Multiple Aboriginal identities	220	0%	95	0%
Total Aboriginal population		40,620	2.5%	7,600	0.5%
Total population		1,612,645	100%	1,593,725	100%

Ethnic origin

Ethnic Origin in Montreal CMA (2006)
Includes Multiple Responses ^[18]

Ethnic origin	Population
Canadian	1,670,655	47%
French	936,990	26%
Italian	260,345	7%
Irish	216,410	6%
English	148,095	4%
Scottish	119,365	3%
Arab	117,245	3%
Jewish	89,650	2%
Haitian	85,785	2%
Chinese	82,665	2%
German	78,315	2%
Latin American	75,400	2%
North American Indian	74,565	2%
Québécois	72,445	2%
South Asian	70,615	2%
Greek	61,770	2%
Spanish	56,770	2%
Lebanese	53,455	1%
Polish	51,920	1%
Berber	50,370	1%
Algerian	49,110	1%
Portuguese	46,535	1%
Southeast Asian	44,965	1%
Romanian	36,275	1%
Russian	35,800	1%
Moroccan	33,270	1%
Vietnamese	30,505
Ukrainian	26,150
Belgian	25,800
Filipino	23,510
Egyptian	16,550

Francophone

Montreal is the cultural centre of Quebec, French-speaking Canada and French-speaking North America as a whole, and an important city in the Francophonie. The majority of the population is francophone. Montreal is the largest French-speaking city in North America, and second in the world after Paris when counting the number of native-language Francophones (third after Paris and Kinshasa when counting second-language speakers). The city is a hub for French language television productions, radio, theatre, circuses, performing arts, film, multimedia and print publishing.

Montreal plays a prominent role in the development of French-Canadian and Québécois culture. Its contribution to culture is therefore more of a society-building endeavour rather than limited to civic influence. The best talents from French Canada and even the French-speaking areas of the United States converge in Montreal and often perceive the city as their cultural capital. Montreal is also the most important stop in the Americas for Francophone artists from Europe, Africa and Asia.

The cultural divide between Canada's Francophone and Anglophone culture is strong and was famously referred to as the "Two Solitudes" by Canadian writer Hugh MacLennan. Reflecting their deep-seated colonial roots, the Solitudes were historically strongly entrenched in Montreal, splitting the city geographically at Saint Laurent Boulevard.

Anglophone

Montreal is also the cultural capital for English Quebec. The Montreal Gazette newspaper, McGill University, and the Centaur Theatre are traditional hubs of Anglo culture. Notable English-speaking Montrealers such as Oliver Jones, Leonard Cohen, Oscar Peterson, William Shatner, Nick Auf der Maur, Melissa Auf der Maur and Mordecai Richler have been influential. Anglophones from the Eastern Townships, Ottawa Valley and Northern Quebec enjoy radio and television that is produced in English in Montreal.

Some 30 years after the adoption of the Charter of the French Language, French is the mandated lingua-franca of Montreal's various cultural communities. There are effectively two distinct kinds of English spoken in Montréal; the standard English, with its local idioms and eccentricities, passed down through Anglophone community and its institutions. Then there is 'frenglish' or 'franglais' - a highly malleable combination of both languages into cogent sentences, thoughts and expressions, well-seasoned with local slang borrowed (and often used inter-changeably) from both principal languages. The rate of bilingualism among Montréal Anglophones is estimated to be in excess of 67% with a rapidly growing number among them able to speak three or more languages. It is now common to hear the children of Vietnamese, Italian, Haitian and Arab immigrants speaking French with a distinct Québécois accent, as well as English and their own mother tongues.

While socio-cultural differences and a demonstrable general income disparity between Anglophones and Francophones have led to violence in the past, contemporary Montréal is home to a diverse collection of cultures and peoples who live together quite amicably. Montréal, like many American and Canadian cities, has experienced racial and cultural conflicts during the same specific periods of time as other cities such as the increased racial and linguistic tensions towards the late-1980s and early-1990s, concurrent with similar periods of racial violence in New York City or Los Angeles, or in the late-1960s and early-1970s, at the height of the Civil Rights Era, when Montréal was beset with strikes, armed confrontations with revolutionaries, occupations etc.

Italian

Montreal's Italian community is one of the largest in Canada, second only to Toronto. With 250,000 residents of Italian ancestry, Montreal has many Italian districts, such as Little Italy, Saint-Leonard (Città Italiana), R.D.P., and LaSalle. Italian is the 3rd most spoken language in Montreal and in the province of Quebec. There is such a large number of Italian Canadians in Montreal that when Italy won the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the number of Italian Montrealers taking to the streets to celebrate en masse resulted in the closure of many major streets, such as Saint Lawrence Boulevard.

Black Canadians and West Indians

Additional West Indian women, from both the Francophone and Anglophone Caribbean, came to Montreal after the Domestic Immigration Program of 1955 was established.^[19] Most settled in Little Burgundy.

Haitian

Montreal's Haitian community of 100,000 people is the largest in Canada. Large percentages of Haitians live in Montréal-Nord, Saint-Michel and R.D.P. Today, Haitian Creole is the sixth most spoken language in Montreal and the seventh most spoken language in the province of Quebec.

Indo-Canadians

As of 1985 there were 9,000 Sikhs in the Montreal area. Around 35 of Air India Flight 182's passengers were Sikhs from Greater Montreal.^[20] A memorial to AI182, located in Lachine, Montreal, opened in 2010.^[21]

Arab

According to CH (Montreal's multicultural channel) there are now over 117,000 people of Arab origin in Montreal. Montreal has sizeable communities of Lebanese, Moroccan, Syrian and Egyptian origin. The main Arab district is the borough of St. Laurent, which contains an Arab population of about 32,000 (52 percent of the population).

In 1931 the Syro-Lebanese were the largest non-French and non-British ethnic group in Ville Marie.^[22]

Lebanese

According to the 2011 Census there were 190,275 Canadians who claimed Lebanese ancestry, with the largest concentration in Montreal, making them by far the largest group of people with Arabic-speaking roots.

Moroccans

As of the 2001 Canadian Census there were over 16,000 Canadians of Moroccan descent in Montreal, about 75% of the total Moroccan population of Canada.^[23]

Other European ethnic groups

In 1931 the largest non-French, non-British ethnic group in St. Eusebe and St. Gabriel was the Poles.^[22]

In 1931 the largest non-French, non-British ethnic group in Cremaizi was the Czecho-Slovaks.^[22]

In 1931 the largest non-French, non-British ethnic group in St. Marie was the Lithuanians.^[22]

In 1931 the largest non-French, non-British ethnic group in St. Georges was the Finns.^[22]

Armenian

L'École Arménienne Sourp Hagop

As of 2005 there were almost 30,000 ethnic Armenians in Montreal.^[24]

There are Armenian community institutions such as schools, youth organizations, and churches. The authors of "The Chameleon Character of Multilingual Literacy Portraits: Researching in "Heritage" Language Places and Spaces" wrote that in Montreal "there is no recognizable materially bounded Armenian neighborhood".^[25] As of 2005 there are three Armenian schools in Montreal, one of which is a day school,^[26] L'École Arménienne Sourp Hagop.

The Armenians first settled Canada in 1880. The first Armenian community in Montreal originally had 225 people.^[24]

Japanese

As of 2005 there were an estimated 2,360 ethnic Japanese in Montreal.^[27] As of 2003 there was no particular place where ethnic Japanese were concentrated,^[28] E. Bourgault wrote in Perspectives on the Japanese Canadian Experience in Quebec (Repartir a Zero; Perspectives sur/ L’Experience des Canadiens d’Origine Japonaise au Quebec) that Japanese in Montreal historically "lived relatively anonymously" and that they "have avoided visible concentration as a collective, hoping to blend in, unnoticed into the larger population."^[29]

Greek

Greek is the eighth language in importance. The Greek community remains vibrant: several neighbourhoods contain a number of Greek-owned businesses and local festivals and churches add to the multicultural character of the city. The neighbouring city of Laval also has a sizable Greek community, predominantly residing in the borough of Chomedey.

Chinese

As of 2006 Montreal has Canada's third largest ethnic Chinese population at 72,000 members.^[30] As of 2005 there is an estimate of 42,765 ethnic Chinese in Montreal. Of the ethnic minorities, the Chinese are the fourth largest. National origins include Hong Kong, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, and Singapore.^[31]

The South Shore suburb of Brossard in particular has a high ethnic Chinese population, at 12% of its population.^[32] Montreal also has a small Chinatown sandwiched in between Old Montreal, the Quartier international and downtown.

Epoch Times is the most widely distributed Chinese language newspaper in Great Montreal area. Several Chinese-language special schools are in Montreal.^[33] The Montreal Chinese Hospital is located in the city.

Latin Americans

Montreal is host to the second largest Latin American community in Canada at 75,400 (Toronto ranks first, with 99,290). The majority of Latin American Canadians are recent immigrants arriving in the late 20th century who have come from El Salvador, Colombia, Mexico, Chile and Guatemala with relatively smaller communities from the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Venezuela, Nicaragua and Ecuador.^[34] Spanish is currently the fifth most spoken language in Montreal.

On the other hand, the city is also home to 4,425 Brazilians who are part of the Portuguese-speaking community of Montreal.^[35]

Berbers

Especially from Algeria and Morocco, this immigration is recent and almost 50,000 Berbers live in Montreal.

Cambodians

As of 1999 the Communauté Khmere du Canada (Khmer Community Association) and the Pagode Khmer du Canada (Khmer Buddhist Temple) cooperate with one another.^[36]

Some Muslim Cham people also moved to Montreal.^[37]

As of 1999 in Montreal duan chee give active help in resolving emotional issues with Khmer women, while this is not the case with duan chee in Toronto.^[38]

Jewish

Montreal's Jewish community is one of the oldest and most populous in the country, formerly first but now second to Toronto and numbering about 100,000 according to the 2001 census. The community is quite diverse, and is composed of many different Jewish ethnic divisions that arrived in Canada at different periods of time and under differing circumstances.

Language

Census tracts in Montreal identified by mother tongue language.

  Francophone (majority)

  Francophone (minority)

  Anglophone (majority)

  Anglophone (minority)

  Allophone (majority)

  Allophone (minority)

In terms of mother language (first language learned), the 2006 census reported that in the Greater Montreal Area, 66.5% spoke French as a first language, followed by English at 13.2%, while 0.8% spoke both as a first language.^[39] The remaining 22.5% of Montreal-area residents are allophones, speaking languages including Italian (3.5%), Arabic (3.1%), Spanish (2.6%), Haitian Creole (1.3%), Chinese (1.2%), Greek (1.2%), Portuguese (0.8%), Romanian (0.7%), Vietnamese (0.7%), and Russian (0.5%).^[39] In terms of additional languages spoken, a unique feature of Montreal among Canadian cities, noted by Statistics Canada, is the working knowledge of both French and English possessed by most of its residents.

Language most spoken at home
in the Montreal metropolitan area (CMA)

	1996[40]	2001[41]	2006[42]	2011[43]
French	71.2%	72.1%	70.5%	70.4%
English	15.4%	14.8%	14.9%	14.0%
Other language	13.4%	13.1%	14.6%	16.6%
Note that percentages add up to more than 100% because some people speak two or more languages at home.

Mother tongue languages (2006)^[39]
Includes Multiple Responses

Language	Greater Montreal	Quebec	Canada
French	65.8%	79.7%	22.0%
English	13.2%	9.0%	58.6%
Arabic	3.9%	2.1%	1.1%
Spanish	3.1%	1.8%	1.3%
Italian	3.1%	1.6%	1.3%
Creole	1.5%	0.8%	0.2%
Greek	1.1%	0.5%	0.4%
Chinese	1.1%	0.6%	1.3%
Portuguese	0.8%	0.5%	0.7%
Romanian	0.7%	0.4%	0.3%
Vietnamese	0.7%	0.4%	0.5%
Russian	0.6%	0.3%	0.5%
Persian	0.5%	0.3%	0.5%
Tagalog	0.4%	0.2%	1.2%
Armenian	0.4%	0.2%	0.1%
Polish	0.4%	0.2%	0.6%
Tamil	0.4%	0.2%	0.4%
Punjabi	0.3%	0.2%	1.4%
German	0.3%	0.2%	1.3%
Bengali	0.3%	0.1%	0.2%
Cantonese	0.3%	0.1%	1.2%
Urdu	0.3%	0.1%	0.6%
Mandarin	0.3%	0.1%	0.8%

Religion

The Greater Montreal Area is predominantly Roman Catholic; however, weekly church attendance in Quebec is among the lowest in Canada.^[44] Historically Montreal has been a centre of Catholicism in North America with its numerous seminaries and churches, including the Notre-Dame Basilica, the Cathédrale Marie-Reine-du-Monde, and Saint Joseph's Oratory. Some 65.8% of the total population is Christian,^[45] largely Roman Catholic (52.8%), primarily due to descendants of original French settlers, and others of Italian and Irish origins. Protestants which include Anglican, United Church, Lutheran, owing to British and German immigration, and other denominations number 5.90%, with a further 3.7% consisting mostly of Orthodox Christians, fuelled by a large Greek population. There is also a number of Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox parishes. Islam is the largest non-Christian religious group, with 154,540 members,^[46] the second-largest concentration of Muslims in Canada at 9.6%. The Jewish community in Montreal has a population of 35,785. In cities such as Côte Saint-Luc and Hampstead, Jewish people constitute the majority, or a substantial part of the population. As recently as 1971 the Jewish community in Greater Montreal was as high as 109,480.^[3] Political and economic uncertainties led many to leave Montreal and the province of Quebec.^[47]

The religious breakdown of the population of Montreal is:^[45]

Religion (2011)

Religion	Population	Percentage (%)
Christianity	1,061,605	65.8%
No religious affiliation	296,215	18.4%
Islam	154,540	9.6%
Judaism	35,785	2.4%
Buddhism	32,220	2.0%
Hinduism	22,580	1.4%
Sikhism	5415	0.3%
Other religions	4205	0.3%

See also

• Demographics of Quebec

References

• Maguire, Mary H., Ann J. Beer, Hourig Attarian, Diane Baygin, Xiao Lan Curdt-Christiansen, and Reiko Yoshida (McGill University). "The Chameleon Character of Multilingual Literacy Portraits: Researching in "Heritage" Language Places and Spaces" (Chapter 7). In: Anderson, Jim, Maureen Kendrick, Theresa Rogers, and Suzanne Smythe (editors). Portraits of Literacy Across Families, Communities, and Schools: Intersections and Tensions. Routledge, May 6, 2005. Start page 141. ISBN 1135615535, 9781135615536.

Notes

1. "Montréal en statistiques - Population totale". Ville de Montréal. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
2. "Montréal En Bref". City of Montreal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-05. Retrieved June 2007. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
3. "Statistical Tables — Religion". Statistics Canada Census. Gouvernement du Québec. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
4. "Vol. 1 - Table 2" (XLS). 1951 Canadian Census. University of Toronto. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
5. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=2466023&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=24&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1
6. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=462&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Population&Custom=&TABID=1
7. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/140226/longdesc-cg140226b001-eng.htm
8. "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data". Statistics Canada, 2006 Census of Population. 2007-03-13. Retrieved 2007-03-13.
9. "Annual population estimates by census metropolitan area, Canada — Population at July 1". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
10. "Appendix: Table A1 Population by visible minority group and place of residence, scenario C (high growth), Canada, 2006". Statcan.gc.ca. 2010-03-09. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
11. "Canada's Ethnocultural Mosaic, 2006 Census: Canada's major census metropolitan areas". Canada 2006 Census. Statistics Canada. 2010-02-11. Retrieved 2011-07-21.
12. Statistics Canada (2002). "Selected Ethnic Origins, for Census Subdivisions". Retrieved 2007-02-22.
13. Visible Minority Population and Population Group Reference Guide, 2006 Census
14. "Visible Minority Population and Population Group Reference Guide, 2006 Census". 2.statcan.ca. 2009-08-11. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
15. , Aboriginal Population Profile from the 2006 Census, Statistics Canada - Census Subdivision
16. , Community Profiles from the 2006 Census, Statistics Canada - Census Subdivision
17. , National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
18. "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada, Highlight Tables, 2006 Census: Montreal (CMA)". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
19. Dubinsky, Karen. ""We Adopted a Negro": Interractial Adoption and the Hybrid Baby in 1960s Canada" (Chapter 11). In: Rutherdale, Robert and Magda Fahrni. Creating Postwar Canada: Community, Diversity, and Dissent, 1945-75. UBC Press, July 1, 2008. ISBN 077485815X, 9780774858151. Start: p. 268. CITED: p. 279. Retrieved on October 7, 2014.
20. "Sikhs mourn Air-India victims." The Montreal Gazette. Wednesday June 26, 1985. p. A1. Retrieved on Google News (p. 1/111) on October 22, 2014.
21. "Memorial to victims of Air India bombing inaugurated in Lachine." CTV Montreal. Sunday December 5, 2010. Retrieved on December 7, 2014.
22. Rosenberg, Louis and Morton Weinfeld. Canada's Jews: A Social and Economic Study of Jews in Canada in the 1930s (Volume 16 of McGill-Queen's Studies in Ethnic History). McGill-Queen's Press (MQUP), Oct 12, 1993. ISBN 0773563946, 9780773563940. p. 33.
23. Powell, John. Encyclopedia of North American Immigration (Facts on File library of American history). Infobase Publishing. January 1, 2009. ISBN 143811012X, 9781438110127. p. 195.
24. Maguire, et al, p. 151.
25. Maguire, et al, p. 154.
26. Maguire, et al, p. 152.
27. Maguire, et al, p. 161.
28. Maguire, Mary H. (McGill University). "Identity and Agency in Primary Trilingual Children’s Multiple Cultural Worlds: Third Space and Heritage Languages" (Archive). In: Cohen, James, Kara T. McAlister, Kellie Rolstad, and Jeff MacSwan (editors). ISB4: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism. Conference held from April 30 to May 3, 2003. Published May 2005. p. 1423-1445. CITED: p. 1439 (PDF p. 17/24). "The other two schools, the Chinese Shonguo and Japanese Hoshuko are privately funded, rent space for their Saturday schools from mainstream educational institutions, and thus have no visible identifiable logo or physical presence as a particular ”heritage language school”."
29. Maguire, Mary H. (McGill University). "Identity and Agency in Primary Trilingual Children’s Multiple Cultural Worlds: Third Space and Heritage Languages" (Archive). In: Cohen, James, Kara T. McAlister, Kellie Rolstad, and Jeff MacSwan (editors). ISB4: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism. Conference held from April 30 to May 3, 2003. Published May 2005. p. 1423-1445. CITED: p. 1438 (PDF p. 16/24). "The other two schools, the Chinese Shonguo and Japanese Hoshuko are privately funded, rent space for their Saturday schools from mainstream educational institutions, and thus have no visible identifiable logo or physical presence as a particular ”heritage language school”."
30. "Visible minority groups, 2006 counts, for Canada and census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations - 20% sample data". Canada 2006 Census. Statistics Canada. April 2, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
31. Maguire, et al, p. 155.
32. 2006 Canadian Census: Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Highlights Tables: Brossard, Quebec
33. Maguire, et al, p. 156.
34. "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada — Data table". 2.statcan.ca. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
35. Statistics Canada. "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables (Montréal)". Retrieved 26 August 2015.
36. McLellan, Janet (University of Toronto). "Cambodian Buddhists in Toronto" (Chapter 5). In: McLellan, Janet. Many Petals of the Lotus: Five Asian Buddhist Communities in Toronto. University of Toronto Press, 1999. ISBN 0802082254, 9780802082251. Start p. 133. - CITED: p. 141.
37. McLellan, Janet. "CAMBODIANS/KHMER." In: Magosci, Paul R. (editor). Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples (G - Reference,Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series). University of Toronto Press, 1999. ISBN 0802029388, 9780802029386. CITED: p. 296.
38. McLellan, Janet (University of Toronto). "Cambodian Buddhists in Toronto" (Chapter 5). In: McLellan, Janet. Many Petals of the Lotus: Five Asian Buddhist Communities in Toronto. University of Toronto Press, 1999. ISBN 0802082254, 9780802082251. Start p. 133. - CITED: p. 148.
39. "Montreal (CMA) - Detailed Mother Tongue". Canada 2006 Census. Statistics Canada. April 1, 2008. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
40. Institut de la statistique du Québec. "Tableau 2 - Langue maternelle et langues parlées à la maison, connaissance des langues officielles, 1996, 1991 et 1986 - Régions métropolitaines de recensement" (PDF) (in French). Retrieved 2007-03-16.
41. "Language Spoken Most Often at Home (8), Language Spoken at Home on a Regular Basis (9), Sex (3) and Age Groups (15) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas 1 and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data". Statistics Canada, 2001 Census of Population. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
42. "Population by language spoken most often at home and age groups, 2006 counts, for Canada and census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations – 20% sample data". Retrieved 2007-12-05.
43. "Montréal, Quebec (Code 462) and Quebec (Code 24) (table). Census Profile.". Retrieved January 11, 2013.
44. CBC Article - Church attendance declining in Canada
45. "Profil Sociodémographique Montréal 2011" (PDF). Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
46. "2001 Community Highlights for Montréal". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
47. "The Jewish Communities of Canada". Am Yisrael. Retrieved 2008-05-20.

Further reading

General:

• Lavoie, Nathalie and Pierre Serre. "From Bloc Voting to Social Voting: The case of Citizenship Issues of Immigration to Montreal, 1995-1996." Peace Research Abstracts 39, no. 6 (2002): 763-957.
• Linteau, Paul-André. Histoire de la ville de Montréal depuis la Confédération. Montreal, Boreal, 1992.
• Marois, Claude. "Cultural Transformations in Montreal since 1970." Journal of Cultural Geography 8, No. 2 (1988): 29-38.
• McNicoll, Claire. Montréal, une société multiculturelle. Paris: Belin, 1993.
• Monette, Pierre. L'immigrant Montréal. Montreal: Triptyque, 1994.

On specific ethnic groups:

• Berdugo-Cohen, Marie and Yolande Cohen. Juifs marocains à montreal: témoignages d'une immigration moderne. Montreal: VLB, 1987.
• Lam, Lawrence. From Being Uprooted to Surviving: Resettlement of Vietnamese-Chinese "Boat People" in Montreal, 1980-1990. Toronto: York Lanes Press, 1996.
• Penisson, Bernard. "L'émigration française au Canada." In: L'émigration française: études de cas: Algérie-Canada-Etats-Unis. Paris: Université de Paris I, Centre de recherches d'histoire nord-américaine, 1985.
• Robinson, Ira, Pierre Anctil, and Mervin Butovsku (editors). An Everyday Miracle: Yiddish Culture in Montreal. Montreal: Véhicule Press, 1990.
• Robinson, Ira and Mervin Butovsky (editors). Renewing Our Days Montreal Jews in the Twentieth Century. Montreal: Véhicule Press, 1995.