Dentistry in rural Alaska

There is a lack of dental care in rural Alaska because many Alaska Natives live in rural villages, most of which are only accessible by boat or bush plane. There are many programs to help Alaska Natives understand the importance of dental care while helping them to receive the professional care and guidance that is needed. There are many problem issues within the rural Alaska Native population such as tooth disease. To help with these health issues there are dentists, as well as dental therapist aides, who travel to these villages to perform care. These programs are funded by the United States federal government and the Alaska Native Corporations.

Oral health

One of the major dental problems among Alaska Natives in rural villages is tooth disease, which occurs when there is a buildup of plaque and tartar on the teeth. Plaque is the sticky mass of germs, which are bacteria found in the mouth. When plaque is left on the teeth for more than a few days it builds up a heavy growth of disease that causes bacteria, and then it rapidly starts infecting the teeth. Plaque that is left for too long turns into tartar, which is hardened plaque. Tartar then creates a layer of disease-carrying germs on the teeth and gums. When it gets to the gums, it causes gum disease, which makes gums bleed easily and become swollen. If gum disease is left untreated it will cause teeth to become diseased and fall out. In these rural villages tooth and gum disease is quite often left untreated due to lack of dental care.^[1]

There are many factors to why tooth disease and decay occur. When teeth aren’t cleaned or don’t get the proper care, food remains stuck between the teeth, and as the food decomposes on the tooth it generates acid that then decays the teeth. Leaving food in the teeth also causes more plaque growth. Due to the lack of education apparent in those areas, rural villagers don’t care for their teeth as often as needed. Another big reason for tooth disease is consuming foods and beverages that are high in sugar and starch which cause plaque to build up and spread very quickly over the teeth, thriving on the food remains. Soda products are especially bad for teeth, because they contain so much sugar and acid, and acid eats through anything including the enamel on teeth. Some symptoms of having tooth decay include: toothache, sensitivity, mild or sharp pain when eating or drinking sweets, hot or cold, or when biting down, visible holes or pits in the teeth, a bad taste in mouth, unexpected bad breath, loss of teeth, or have pain causing a person to avoid brushing or cleaning their teeth. In addition to these symptoms, this can become very painful causing tooth disease to interfere with daily living, such as attending school or work. As decay progresses, foods may become too painful to eat, and malnutrition may occur.^[2]

The Alaska Native population has one of the highest rates of oral disease in the world. Children 2 to 5 years of age have almost five times the amount of tooth decay as do children of the same age elsewhere in the United States. Children ages 6 to 14 have 4.5 times the amount, and adults are 2.5 times higher.^[3] There are over 200 Native Alaskan Villages, many of which are very remote. Travelling to these villages are usually by boat, airplane, or snow machine. The cost of transportation is expensive and prohibits many of the villagers from leaving to get dental care and having dental care reached out to them for more than a few weeks a year. These villages are so remote, that all of their groceries are flown in causing them to be very expensive as well and it’s really hard for these families to afford the healthy foods that they need. Another problem in these villages is not having running water that contains fluoride, which helps keep teeth healthy. All of these factors lead to poor dental health. Plus, Alaska’s rural villages don’t have the resources readily available to them, and most native populations have little to no access to education.^[4]

Funding for rural dentistry

As traveling to rural areas of Alaska’s wilderness can be expensive, especially with all of the gear that a dentist requires, there is much funding that goes to this program. The first of this money came from The Snyder Act of 1921.^[5] This was the first Act of Congress to appropriate funds to care for the health of the Indian population.^[5] The next Act to come was the Indian Health Care Improvement Act of 1976, signed on October 1 by President Gerald R. Ford.^[5] this Act would recognize the need for better health care among the Indian population,^[6] as their general health registered far below that of the general population of the United States^[6] The Improvement Act also appropriated funds for the facilities used for Indian and Alaska Native health care as most of these facilities were far below the quality obtained by other, non-Indian, health care facilities.^[5]

The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 allowed Alaska Native Tribes and Regional Native corporations to contract with certain federal agencies to fund health programs and to allow these entities to deliver health, medical, and educational services to the American Indian and Alaska Native People.^[7] These efforts were combined in 1997 when the United States government required a few Alaska Native groups to form a tribal health consortium.^[7] This was accomplished with the creation of the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium which would manage the distribution of Indian Health Services money, allowing the Alaskan Native community to self-govern their own funds.^[7]

Funding for aide program

The Dental Health Aide Therapists Program is sponsored by multiple outlets, among them: The W.K. Kellogg Foundation,^[8] Alaska Native regional health organizations- sponsors of the students attending the program,^[8] and the United States Government through various Acts of Congress.^[9] One specific Act of Congress, the Indian Health Care Improvement Act of 2007, included funds specifically for continuing the Dental Aide program.^[9] The Dental Health Aide Program is viewed as vital by delegates who are attempting to keep dental care in the villages of Alaska.^[10]Once Dental Health Aides complete their program, they are permitted, under a Federal Agreement, to directly bill Medicaid for services provided.^[11]

Scientists from RTI International and the University of North Carolina performed a study in June 2011 to evaluate Alaska's DHAT initiative on behalf of the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium. The study found that "Alaska's dental therapists are now providing safe, competent and appropriate care in their scope of practice." According to the study, the DHAT program provided broader access to care and contributed to the local economy, whereas the itinerant dental care system had been failing for fifty years.^[12][13]

Dentists

Unlike a traditional dentist, a dental therapist isn't by technical definitions a true dentist, and can work independently of a licensed dentist's supervision. A certified dental therapist in Alaska receive two years of intensive training in a program uniquely suited to the challenges of Alaskan dentistry. After receiving this training, the graduate may perform basic dental work - this includes drilling, administering fillings, and extraction. More complicated procedures however, such as root-canals and more complex extractions, must be referred to a fully trained dentist.^[14]

Thus far, the dental therapist program has been quite successful in providing safe, competent care for rural Alaskans. A 2011 study published by the RTI International found that dental therapists are technically competent to do their jobs effectively and safely, that their mission to successfully treat cavities and help relieve pain for people who have extremely limited access to health care has been successful, that patient satisfaction was very high, and that they are a well-accepted institution in tribal villages.^[15]

These programs that offer a short period of training and rapid deployment into the field provide the rural Alaska bush with desperately needed health professionals, but are not without controversy. The Alaska Dental Association opposes the program, claiming that dental therapists, with their less than substantial training, offer sub-standard care, and have the capability to cause more harm than good with irreversible procedures. The ADA still continues to oppose dental therapist practicing without the supervision of a licensed dentist anywhere in the lower 49 states, and currently, therapists can only operate in Alaska.^[16]

Work in the villages

The daily work of the dental therapist is in the rural village – tiny, almost certainly lacking in comfortable amenities, and usually completely cut off from the rest of the world, accessible only by small aircraft and snowmobile in the winter. Rarely do the size of these villages exceed 750 people, and the populations of some number merely in the dozens.

To practice dentistry here, the dental therapist must fly in both him or herself and most all of the equipment needed. Not all villages have dedicated clinics where the therapists can work. Instead, once there, the therapist must utilize back rooms, living rooms, stores, and even garages to set up the operation, and, quite often, this area also becomes the therapist's living quarters for the duration of his/her stay in the village. A therapist is lucky if this temporary living space comes equipped with running water or a working septic system – often, more primitive solutions are required. Their stay can often resemble a camping trip, and a therapist is expected to bring his or her own sleeping bag and toiletries.

Once there, the work must be done quickly in order to make sure everyone who needs care receives it before the dental therapist's supplies are exhausted. This often makes for an intense work schedule, and patients are operated on and sent on their way as quickly as possible.

The typical dentist office in a rural village varies slightly for what one would expect from a traditional dental office. In a customary neighborhood dentist’s office one would expect a clean area devoted solely to the practice of dentistry, however, when dentists travel out to rural villages they are usually given an extra room somewhere in which to practice their trade.^[17] Many of these extra rooms are found in a local school or other communal establishments.^[17] These pictures illustrate some of the random places that a traveling dentist would receive in which to care for as many of the villagers as they can cover in the span of a week or two. In some of the larger villages there are offices established and devoted to the health care of the individuals living in and around these specific villages.^[17] In such establishments there are rooms that are to be used to administer the dental care needed. This building is one such building that has been erected to better carry out health care in rural Alaska.^[17]

References

1. Tooth And Teeth. Donald Urquhart, 2005. Web. 5 April 2011.
2. Mayo Clinic. Cavities/tooth Decay. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 1998. Web. 7 Apr. 2011.
3. Kantrowitz, Jonathan. Oral Health Care Model in Rural Alaska Villages. N.p., 6 Apr. 2011. Web.6 Apr. 2011.
4. W.K. Kellogg Foundation. Dental Health Aide Therapist Program. Michigan: Battle. Print.
5. Marx, Kitty. “Overview of Indian Health IHS, Tribes, and Urbans”. Native American Child Health. American Academy of Pediatrics. Web. 6 April 2011.
6. “IHS Fact Sheet: Indian Health Care Improvement Act”. Indian Health Service: The Federal Health Program for American Indians and Alaska Natives. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Jan 2010. Web. 7 April 2011.
7. Rindner, Mark. “The Alaska Dental Society, et al. v. SOA, et al.”. In the Superior court for the State of Alaska: Third Judicial District at Anchorage. Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, 27 June 2007. Web. 6 April 2011.
8. Cox, Rose. “Rural Dental Program Filling Gaps in Care”. Alaska News. Alaska Newspapers Inc., 17 Dec 2010. Web. April 6, 2011.
9. Young, Don. “Don Young: Congressman for Alaska”. US Congress. Alaska Republicans, 2010. Web. April 6, 2011.
10. “Representative Don Young Praises Senate Passage of Indian Health Care Legislation.” Green Environment News. Green Environment, 26 Feb 2008. Web. April 6, 2011.
11. “Dental Health Aide Program Improves Access to Oral Health Care for Rural Alaska Native People” AHRQ Health Care. Innovations Exchange, 19 Jan 2011. Web. April 6, 2011.
12. Wetterhall, Scott; Burrus, Barri; Shugars, Daniel; Bader, James (2011). "Cultural Context in the Effort to Improve Oral Health Among Alaska Native People: The Dental Health Aide Therapist Model". American Journal of Public Health. 101 (10): 1836–1840. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300356. ISSN 0090-0036.
13. Rakos, Barbro (July 11, 2013). "Dental health aides make impact around state". The Bristol Bay Times. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
14. “The Alaska Dental Health Aide Therapist Initiative” Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium. Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium. accessed 4/23/2011 <http://www.anthc.org./chs/chap/dhs>
15. WK Kellog Foundation. “New Study Finds Alaska Dental Therapists Provide Safe, Competent, And Appropriate Care.” WK Kellog Foundation. October 26, 2010. April 23, 2011. <http://www.wkkf.org/news/Articles/2010/10/Alaska-Dental-Therapist-Program-Study.aspx>
16. Berenson, Alex. “Dental Clinics, Meeting A Need With No Dentist.” New York Times. April 28, 2009. April 23, 2011. <http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/28/business/28teeth.html>
17. Burke, Dale. “Village Health Care” Message to Author. 4 April 2011. E-mail.