Pallar

Pallar
Total population
2,272,265[1]
Regions with significant populations
Tamil Nadu
Languages
Tamil
Religion
Hindu, Christianity[2]

The Pallar (also known as Mallar, Pallan and Devendrakula Vellalar) is a caste from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The Pallar were and remain mostly agriculturalists, though some are labourers. They found among the Tamil diaspora and are densely populated in southern parts of Tamil Nadu.

In Tamil Nadu the Pallars are distributed mostly in the districts of Thanjavur, Madurai and Ramanathapuram and, as of 2001, numbered around 2.25 million.[3]

Origin and name

The name of the caste has previously been spelled as Pallan; however, some caste members replaced the Tamil non-honorific terminal-"n" with an honorific "r", resulting in the name Pallar; a similar process was seen in the fellow Dalit Paraiyar (or Paraiyan) community.[4]

The Pallar name may be derived from pallam, which means a pit or low-lying area. This aligns with their traditional occupation of cultivators of the low wetlands. However, there is literary evidence that suggests that Pallars are farmers who produced large quantities of food grains and they were traditional farmers.[5]

Their exact origin is obscure. According to some historians the Mallar resp. Pallars are descendants of Pallavas who ruled the Andhra and Tamil countries between the 6th and 9th centuries.[5][6]

The change of name from Mallar to Pallar is thought to have been imposed upon them after the decline of the rule, when the leaders (Nayaks) of competing tribes wanted to suggest a degradation in status. Some Pallars today prefer the Mallar name due to their belief that Pallar is a derogatory term.[5][6]

The ancient people were described as farmers and warriors. The leader of the group, called the Vendan (Indran), was later called the god of their land.[7][8][9] Nowadays, community members prefer to refer to themselves as Devendra Kula Vellalar (DKV), a name connoting that they were created by the god Devendra.[6] In support of a name change to DKV, Pallars have undertaken hunger strikes and rallies. In January 2011, the Government of Tamil Nadu appointed a one-man commission to consider this latest change mainly for their votes.[5][10]

In Tamil literature

Mallars are mentioned in Tamil literature from the ancient Sangam literature to the recent 19th century poems, including Purananuru, Kamba Ramayanam, Thirumurukkatruppatai, Silapathigaram, Agananuru, Pathirtrupattu, Kurunthogai, Aingurunooru, Kalithogai, Natrinai, and Paripaadal.

Pallu poetry

The Pallar are the focus of a genre of Tamil poetry known as Pallu. The genre developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, and depicts the Pallar hero dealing with the jealousies of his two wives and the oppression of his landlord in a satirical depiction of Pallar Zeitgeist. The pallu, while maintaining its basic storyline, developed into many forms, with the Mukkudal pallu the oldest, including depiction of the struggles between Shaivites and Vaishnavites.[11][lower-alpha 1]

Pallu poems are part of chitrilakiyangal in Tamil literature. Pallu poems were also known as 'aesal' (a kind of ironical poem). They were written during the Nayak rule. The first pallu poem was 'Mukkoodar pallu'. Many pallu poems were written which includes Vaiyapuri pallu, Sengottu pallu, Thandigai Kanagaraayan pallu. All the Pallu poems consist of a Pallar who has got two wives. It also explains about the farming and the life of a Pallar farmer.[13]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Among the Christian Tamils of Sri Lanka, the genre has been modified into nanapallu, a genre where the same story is told, but with the satirical and erotic elements replaced by Christian religious themes.[12]

Citations

  1. ↑ Tamil Nadu Date Highlights: The Scheduled Castes Census of India 2001 (pdf)
  2. ↑ Mosse, David (2012). The Saint in the Banyan Tree: Christianity and Caste Society in India. University of California Press. p. 385. ISBN 978-0-520-27349-8.
  3. ↑ http://www.ias.ac.in/jgenet/Vol87No2/171.pdf
  4. ↑ Dana, Leo Paul (2007). Handbook of Research on Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurship: A Co-Evolutionary View on Resource Management. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 602. ISBN 978-1-84542-733-7. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Ramaiah, A. (2004). "Untouchability and Inter-Caste Relations in Rural India: The Case of Southern Tamil Villages" (PDF). Journal of Religious Culture (70).
  6. 1 2 3 Political Change and Agrarian Tradition in South India. Mittal Publications. 1986. p. 51.
  7. ↑ Subrahmanian, N. (1996). Śaṅgam polity: the administration and social life of the Śaṅgam Tamils. Ennes.
  8. ↑ Viswanathan, S. (2005). Dalits in Dravidian land: Frontline reports on Anti-Dalit violence in Tamil Nadu, 1995-2004. Navayana. ISBN 978-81-89059-05-7.
  9. ↑ Sinha, Sachchidanand (1982). Caste system: myths, reality, challenge. Intellectual Pub. House.
  10. ↑ "Tamil Nadu government constitutes panel to rechristen sub-castes". New Kerala News. Chennai. 27 January 2012.
  11. ↑ Ayyappappanikkar; Sahitya Akademi (1997). Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology. Sahitya Akademi. p. 531. ISBN 978-81-260-0365-5. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
  12. ↑ Flores, Jorge Manuel; Gulbenkian, Fundação Calouste (2007). Re-Exploring the Links: History and Constructed Histories Between Portugal and Sri Lanka. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 44. ISBN 978-3-447-05490-4.
  13. ↑ Gnanasekran, Thiru. Pallu ilakiyam maruvasippu.
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