Devil's coach horse beetle
| Devil's coach-horse beetle | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Staphylinidae |
| Genus: | Ocypus |
| Species: | O. olens |
| Binomial name | |
| Ocypus olens (O. F. Müller, 1764) | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Staphylinus olens O. F. Müller, 1764 | |
The Devil's coach-horse beetle, sometimes known as the cocktail beetle[1] (Ocypus olens) is a very common and widespread European beetle, belonging to the large family of the rove beetles (Staphylinidae).[2] It was originally included in the genus Staphylinus in 1764,[3] and some authors and biologists still use this classification. The species has also been introduced to the Americas and parts of Australasia.
This black beetle usually shelters during the day under stones, logs, or leaf litter. It is most often seen in forests, parks, and gardens between April and October.
Description
It is a long-bodied beetle. At about 25–28 millimetres (1.0–1.1 in), it is one of the larger British beetles. Its wing covers (elytra) are short, covering only its thorax, exposing the abdominal segments. The abdominal musculature is powerful and the abdominal segments are covered with sclerotized plates. It is capable of flight, but its wings are rarely used. It is covered with fine, black hairs.
It is well known for its habit of raising its long and uncovered abdomen and opening its jaws,[2] rather like a scorpion when threatened. This explains one of its alternative names, the cock-tail beetle. Although it has no sting, it can give a painful bite with its strong, pincer-like jaws. It also emits a foul-smelling odour, as a defensive secretion, from a pair of white glands at the end of its abdomen.[2]
Diet
It is a predator, hunting mainly by night, feeding on invertebrates including worms and woodlice, as well as carrion. The prey is caught in the mandibles which are also used to cut and together with the front legs to manipulate the food into a bolus. The bolus is repeatedly chewed and swallowed, emerging covered with a brown secretion from the foregut, until it is reduced to a liquid which is digested. Skin (in the case of earthworms) and hard materials (from arthropods) are left. The larvae are also carnivorous with similar eating habits.
Reproduction
Females lay their eggs from 2–3 weeks after first mating. They are large (4 millimetres or 0.16 inches) and white with a darker band and laid singly in damp conditions under moss, stones, cow pats, or leaf litter, typically in the autumn. After around 30 days, the eggs split and the larvae emerge, white with a straw-coloured head. The larva lives largely underground, and feeds on similar prey to the adult and has the same well-developed mandibles. It adopts the same display with open jaws and raised tail when threatened. The larva goes through three stages of growth (instars), the final stage ranging from 20 to 26 mm in length. Around 150 days old, the larva pupates for about 35 days and emerges as an adult with its final colouring, fully formed except for the wings which cannot be folded neatly beneath the elytra for several hours. Adults can survive a second winter, some by hibernating in burrows and not emerging until March, while others remain active.
Etymology
This beetle has been associated with the Devil since the Middle Ages. Hence its common name, which has been used at least since 1840.[4] Other names include Devil's footman, Devil's coachman, and Devil's steed. One dictionary proposed the name developed in parallelism with ladybird and its Norse cognates.[5] In Irish, the beetle is called dearga-daol[6] or darbh-daol.[7] British folklore has it that a beetle has eaten the core of Eve's apple, and that a person who crushes such beetle is forgiven seven sins.[8]
References
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Wikispecies has information related to: Devil's coach horse beetle |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ocypus olens. |
- ↑ Wooton. A. , (2000) Spotter's Guide to Bugs and Insects, 3rd ed, London: Usborne Publishing Limited, page 25
- 1 2 3 C. E. Nield (1976). "Aspects of the biology of Staphylinus olens (Müller), Britain's largest staphylinid beetle". Ecological Entomology. 1 (2): 117–126. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1976.tb01212.x.
- ↑ Staphylinus olens, Fauna Europaea
- ↑
- ↑ A Dictionary of English Etymology. Trübner & Company, 1862
- ↑ Ainmeacha Plandaí agus Ainmhithe (1978) Oifig an tSoláthair
- ↑ Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla: an Irish-English dictionary, being a thesaurus of the words, phrases and idioms of the modern Irish language; compiled and edited by Patrick S. Dinneen. New edition, revised and greatly enlarged. xxx, 1344 p. Dublin: published for the Irish Texts Society by the Educational Company of Ireland, 1927.
- ↑ Cora Linn Daniels; C. M. Stevans (2003). Encyclopfdia of Superstitions, Folklore, and the Occult Sciences of the World. Minerva. p. 688. ISBN 978-1-4102-0915-3.