Dichocoenia stokesi

Dichocoenia stokesi

Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Cnidaria
Class:	Anthozoa
Order:	Scleractinia
Family:	Meandrinidae
Genus:	Dichocoenia
Species:	D. stokesi
Binomial name
*Dichocoenia stokesi* Milne Edwards & Haime ^[1]

Dichocoenia stokesi, commonly known as pineapple coral or elliptical star coral, is a species of stony coral in the family Meandrinidae. It is found in shallow parts of the Caribbean Sea, the Bahamas and southern Florida. Its form is a hemispherical hump. A rather similar species with a flatter form, the pancake star coral (Dichocoenia stellaris), is usually found in deeper water. Some authorities consider this to be a variant of Dichocoenia stokesi ^[2] while others recognise it as a distinct species.^[1]

Description

Dichocoenia stokesi is a massive colonial coral that forms rounded humps up to 40 centimetres (16 in) in diameter. It is recognisable by the fact that many of the corallites, the calcareous cups from which the polyps protrude, are oval or elongated. They can be up to 5 centimetres (2.0 in) long and only 0.5 centimetres (0.20 in) wide. Others are circular or Y-shaped and all have raised rims. The columella, the central axial structure in the corallite, is fragile and spongy. The polyps are large and well-separated with a diameter of about 4 millimetres (0.16 in). The colour of pineapple coral can be white, cream, orange or yellowish-brown and the septo-costae, the little ridges that surround the corallites, are white. Sometimes two individual corals grow side by side and intertwine, forming one hump, but in these circumstances they do not fuse and each retains its original colour.^[2]^[3]

Distribution and habitat

Dichocoenia stokesi is found in the western Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. Its range extends from Bermuda and southern Florida to the southern half of the Gulf of Mexico and along the coast of Central America to Venezuela. The fossil record shows that this species grew in the Caribbean region as long ago as the Oligocene Era (34 to 23 million years ago).^[4] It is a relatively uncommon species and tends to grow on fore reefs and back reefs but not on reef crests. It has a wide depth range of 2 to 72 metres (6 to 236 feet) but is commonest at 30 metres (98 ft) or less.^[4]

Biology

Dichocoenia stokesi is a zooxanthellate coral.^[1] Single celled symbiotic green algae live within the tissues. These use the coral's nitrogenous waste and supply the coral with the organic products of photosynthesis. During the day, the coral's polyps are retracted but at night they emerge and the tentacles are extended to catch plankton and small invertebrates.^[3] This coral is not much affected by predation but is eaten by some bivalve molluscs and is sometimes overgrown by sponges.^[4]

The sexes are separate in Dichocoenia stokesi. There seem to be two mass spawning events during the year, one at the end of August and the other in October. The free-swimming planula larvae eventually settle on the seabed and develop into juvenile polyps which found new colonies.^[4]

Status

Although Dichocoenia stokesi is susceptible to bleaching, it is considerably more tolerant of thermal stress than many other stony coral species. It is very susceptible to the disease white plague, especially at high water temperatures. In the Florida Keys in 1995 there was an epizootic of white plague type II and 75% of Dichocoenia stokesi colonies were killed.^[5] Because of its slow growth rate and low level of recruitment, recovery after this outbreak did not occur and the reef population seems to be permanently diminished.^[5] Dichocoenia stokesi is also susceptible to black band disease, ciliate infection and dark-spot syndrome.^[4]

References

1 2 3 van der Land, Jacob (2012). "Dichocoenia stokesi Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
1 2 "Elliptical star coral (Dichocoenia stokesi)". Interactive Guide to Caribbean Diving. Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
1 2 Colin, Patrick L. (1978). Marine Invertebrates and Plants of the Living Reef. T.F.H. Publications. p. 266–267. ISBN 0-86622-875-6.
1 2 3 4 5 "Dichocoenia stokesi Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848" (PDF). Corals status review: Western Atlantic. NOAA Fisheries Service. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
1 2 Richardson, Laurie L.; Voss, Joshua D. (2005). "Changes in a coral population on reefs of the northern Florida Keys following a coral disease epizootic" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 297: 147–156. doi:10.3354/meps297147.

Corals and coral reefs

Stony corals	Scleractinia Blue coral Brain coral Elkhorn coral Hermatypic coral Chalice coral Pillar coral Staghorn coral Table coral

Soft corals	Alcyonacea Black coral Bamboo coral Organ pipe coral Sea fans Sea pens

Coral reefs	Atoll reef Cay Fringing reef Microatoll Coral reef fish Census of Coral Reefs The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs Catlin Seaview Survey

Coral regions	List of reefs Deep-water coral African coral reefs Amazon Reef Andros, Bahamas Belize Barrier Reef Coral Sea Islands Coral Triangle Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Great Barrier Reef Maldives Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System New Caledonia Barrier Reef Pulley Ridge Raja Ampat Islands Red Sea Southeast Asian coral reefs

Coral diseases	Coral bleaching Black band disease Skeletal eroding band White band disease White pox disease

Protection	Coral Reef Alliance Coral reef protection Green Fins International Society for Reef Studies Project AWARE Reef Check Reef Ball

Other	Artificial reef Aquaculture of coral Coral dermatitis Precious coral Coral rag Coral reef organizations Coral sand Coralline alga Environmental issues with coral reefs Fire coral Reef resilience Rugosa (extinct) Symbiodinium Tabulata

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