Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy

Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy
()
Articles
G. W. Bush administration officials involved
Involved administration officials who resigned
U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary
110th Congress
U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary
110th Congress

On December 7, 2006, the George W. Bush administration's Department of Justice ordered the unprecedented[1] midterm dismissal of seven United States Attorneys. Congressional investigations focused on whether the Department of Justice and the White House were using the U.S. Attorney positions for political advantage. Allegations were that some of the attorneys were targeted for dismissal to impede investigations of Republican politicians or that some were targeted for their failure to initiate investigations that would damage Democratic politicians or hamper Democratic-leaning voters.[2][3] The U.S. attorneys were replaced with interim appointees, under provisions in the 2005 USA PATRIOT Act reauthorization.[4][5][6] [7][8]

A subsequent report by the Justice Department Inspector General in October 2008 found that the process used to fire the first seven attorneys and two others dismissed around the same time was "arbitrary", "fundamentally flawed", and "raised doubts about the integrity of Department prosecution decisions".[9] In July 2010, the Department of Justice prosecutors closed the two-year investigation without filing charges after determining that the firing was inappropriately political, but not criminal, saying "Evidence did not demonstrate that any prosecutable criminal offense was committed with regard to the removal of David Iglesias. The investigative team also determined that the evidence did not warrant expanding the scope of the investigation beyond the removal of Iglesias."[10]

Issues in brief

By tradition, U.S. Attorneys are replaced only at the start of a new White House administration. U.S. Attorneys hold a "political" office, and therefore they are considered to "serve at the pleasure of the President." At the beginning of a new presidential administration, it is traditional for all 93 U.S. Attorneys to submit a letter of resignation. When a new President is from a different political party, almost all of the resignations will be eventually accepted.[11] The attorneys are then replaced by new political appointees, typically from the new President's party.[12][12][13] Despite this, their political impartiality in deciding which cases to prosecute and in arguing those cases before judges and juries with diverse views is essential.[14]

U.S. Senators were concerned about a little-noticed provision in the re-authorization of the USA PATRIOT Act in 2006 that eliminated the 120-day term limit on interim appointments of U.S. Attorneys made by the United States Attorney General to fill vacancies. The law permitted the Attorney General to appoint interim U.S. Attorneys without a term limit in office, and avoid a confirming vote by the Senate. The change gave the Attorney General greater appointment powers than the President, since the President's U.S. Attorney appointees are required to be confirmed by the Senate; the law undermined the confirmation authority of the Senate.[15] The U.S. Senate was concerned that, in dismissing the U.S. Attorneys, the administration planned to fill the vacancies with its own choices, thus bypassing Senate confirmation and the traditional consultation with Senators in the selection process. Congress rescinded the provision on June 14, 2007.[16]

Administration rationale unclear

The reasons for the dismissal of each individual U.S. Attorney were unclear. Two suggested motivations were that the administration wanted to make room for U.S. Attorneys who would be more sympathetic to the administration's political agenda, and the administration wanted to advance the careers of promising conservatives.[2][17][18] Critics said that the attorneys were fired for failing to prosecute Democratic politicians, for failing to prosecute claims of election fraud that would hamper Democratic voter registration, as retribution for prosecuting Republican politicians, or for failing to pursue adult obscenity prosecutions.[19] The administration and its supporters said that the attorneys were dismissed for job-performance reasons "related to policy, priorities and management", and that U.S. Attorneys serve at the pleasure of the President.[20] However, at least six attorneys had recently received positive evaluations of their performance from the Department of Justice.[21] In September 2008, the Department of Justice Inspector General's investigation concluded that the dismissals were politically motivated and improper.[9]

Administration testimony contradicted by documents

Members of Congress investigating the dismissals found that sworn testimony from Department of Justice officials appeared to be contradicted by internal Department memoranda and e-mail, and that possibly Congress was deliberately misled. The White House role in the dismissals remained unclear despite hours of testimony by Attorney General Gonzales and senior Department of Justice staff in congressional committee hearings.[22][23] The Bush administration issued changing and contradictory statements about the timeline of the planning of the firings, persons who ordered the firings, and reasons for the firings.[24][25][26] The origin and evolution of the list of attorneys to be dismissed remained unclear.[27][28][29][30] In response the Inspector General's report in September 2008, Attorney General Michael Mukasey appointed Acting United States Attorney for the District of Connecticut, Nora Dannehy as special prosecutor to determine if administration officials had perjured themselves in testimony to Congress.[31] Her investigation concluded that there was insufficient evidence to charge anyone with perjury.[10][32]

Politicization of hiring at the Department of Justice

Attorney General Gonzales, in a confidential memorandum dated March 1, 2006, delegated authority to senior DOJ staff Monica Goodling and Kyle Sampson to hire and dismiss political appointees and some civil service positions.

On May 2, 2007, the Department of Justice announced two separate investigations into hirings conducted by Goodling: one by the department's Inspector General, and a second by the Office of Professional Responsibility.[23] In testimony before the House Judiciary Committee, on May 23, 2007, Goodling stated that she had "crossed the line" and broken civil service laws regulating hiring for civil service positions, and had improperly weighed political factors in assessing applicants.[33]

According to a January 2009 Justice Department report, investigators found that Bradley Schlozman, as interim head of the Civil Rights Division at the Department of Justice, "favored applicants with conservative political or ideological affiliations and disfavored applicants with civil rights or human rights experience whom he considered to be overly liberal". The positions under consideration were not political, but career, for which the political and ideological views of candidates are not to be considered, according to federal law and guidelines.[34]

In a letter of May 30, 2007, to the Senate Judiciary Committee, the United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General and Counsel for the Office of Professional Responsibility confirmed that they were expanding their investigation beyond "the removals of United States Attorneys" to include "DOJ hiring and personnel decisions" by Monica Goodling and other Justice Department employees.[35]

Dismissed attorneys and elections

The controversy surrounding the U.S. Attorneys dismissals was often linked to elections or voter-fraud issues. Allegations were that some of the U.S. Attorneys were dismissed for failing to instigate investigations damaging to Democratic politicians, or for failing to more aggressively pursue voter-fraud cases.[3][36] Such allegations were made by some of the dismissed U.S. Attorneys themselves to suggest reasons they may have been dismissed.[37] The background to the allegations is the recent tendency for elections in parts of the United States to be very close; an election outcome can be affected by an announced investigation of a politician. It is explicit policy of the Department of Justice to avoid bringing voter-related cases during an election for this reason.[38] In September 2008, the Inspector General for the Department of Justice concluded that some of the dismissals were motivated by the refusal of some of the U.S. Attorneys to prosecute voter fraud cases during the 2006 election cycle.[9]

Fallout

By April 2007, there was some speculation that the dismissal of the US attorneys might affect cases of public corruption and voter fraud. According to the National Law Journal,

"Just the appearance of political influence in cases related to those firings, combined with the recent, unusual reversal of a federal public corruption conviction in Wisconsin [c.f., Georgia Thompson], some say, will spur aggressive defense lawyers to question the political motivation of prosecutors in certain cases; make magistrates and judges more skeptical of the evidence before them; and perhaps even chill line prosecutors in their pursuit of some indictments."[14]

By mid-September 2007, nine senior staff of the Department of Justice associated with the controversy had resigned.[39][40][41][42] The most prominent resignations include:

Alberto Gonzales

In June 2008, a grand jury was empaneled to consider criminal indictments against officials involved in the firings. The grand jury was presented evidence from ongoing investigations at the Department of Justice Inspector General's office and at the DOJ's Office of Professional Responsibility.[46]

Inspector General Report and Special Prosecutor

On September 29, 2008 the Justice Department's Inspector General (IG) released a report on the matter that found most of the firings were politically motivated and improper. The next day Attorney General Michael Mukasey appointed a special prosecutor Nora Dannehy to decide whether criminal charges should be brought against Gonzales and other officials involved in the firings.[31] The IG's report contained "substantial evidence" that party politics drove a number of the firings, and IG Glenn Fine said in a statement that Gonzales had "abdicated his responsibility to safeguard the integrity and independence of the department."[47] The report itself stopped short of resolving questions about higher White House involvement in the matter, because of what it said were the refusal to cooperate of a number of key players, among them Karl Rove, Senator Pete Domenici and Harriet Miers and because the White House refused to hand over its documents related to the firings.[48]

On July 21, 2010, Dannehy concluded that "there was insufficient evidence to establish that persons knowingly made material false statements to [the Office of Inspector General] or Congress or corruptly endeavored to obstruct justice"[49] and that no criminal charges would be filed against Sampson or Gonzales.

Replacement of the U.S. Attorneys

Harriet Miers
Karl Rove

Initial planning

On January 6, 2005, Colin Newman, an assistant in the White House counsels office, wrote to David Leitch stating, "Karl Rove stopped by to ask you (roughly quoting) 'how we planned to proceed regarding U.S. Attorneys, whether we were going to allow all to stay, request resignations from all and accept only some of them or selectively replace them, etc.'". The email was then forwarded to Kyle Sampson, chief of staff to Attorney General Alberto Gonzales.[50][51]

In reply, Kyle Sampson, then Department of Justice counsel to Attorney General John Ashcroft, wrote that it would be "weird to ask them to leave before completing at least a 4-year term", that they "would like to replace 15–20 percent of the current U.S. Attorneys" and that the rest "are doing a great job, are loyal Bushies, etc."[51]

In March 2005, Sampson ...

"came up with a checklist. He rated each of the U.S. Attorneys with criteria that appeared to value political allegiance as much as job performance. He recommended retaining 'strong U.S. Attorneys who have... exhibited loyalty to the President and Attorney General.' He suggested 'removing weak U.S. Attorneys who have... chafed against Administration initiatives'".[52]

Sampson wrote in January 2006 to Miers that he recommended that the Department of Justice and the Office of the Counsel to the President work together to seek the replacement of a limited number of U.S. Attorneys, and that by limiting the number of attorneys "targeted for removal and replacement" it would "mitigat[e] the shock to the system that would result from an across-the-board firing".[53]

On February 12, 2006, Monica Goodling sent a spreadsheet of each U.S. Attorney's political activities and memberships in conservative political groups, in an email to senior Administration officials, with the comment "This is the chart that the AG requested".[54]

Sampson strongly urged using changes to the law governing U.S. Attorney appointments to bypass Congressional confirmation, writing in a September 17, 2006 memo to Harriet Miers:

"I am only in favor of executing on a plan to push some USAs out if we really are ready and willing to put in the time necessary to select candidates and get them appointed...It will be counterproductive to DOJ operations if we push USAs out and then don't have replacements ready to roll immediately...I strongly recommend that as a matter of administration, we utilize the new statutory provisions that authorize the AG to make USA appointments...[By avoiding Senate confirmation] we can give far less deference to home state senators and thereby get 1.) our preferred person appointed and 2.) do it far faster and more efficiently at less political costs to the White House."[53]

Implementation: The U.S. Attorney Removal List

In October 2006, George W. Bush told Alberto Gonzales that he had received complaints that some of the U.S. Attorneys had not pursued certain voter-fraud investigations. The complaints came from Republican officials, who demanded fraud investigations into a number of Democratic campaigns.[53]

According to Newsweek, "Kyle Sampson, Gonzales's chief of staff, developed the list of eight prosecutors to be fired last October—with input from the White House".[55]

On November 27, 2006, Gonzales met with senior advisers to discuss the plan.[56] The Justice Department did not receive White House approval for the firings until early December. As late as December 2, Sampson had written to Michael Elston that the Justice department was "[s]till waiting for green light from White House" with regards to the firing. Deputy White House counsel William K. Kelley responded on December 4, 2006, saying, "We're a go for the U.S. Atty plan... [the White House office of legislative affairs], political, communications have signed off and acknowledged that we have to be committed to following through once the pressure comes."[57]

On December 7, 2006, Justice Department official Michael A. Battle informed seven U.S. Attorneys that they were being dismissed.[58]

Although seven attorneys were dismissed on December 7, 2006, subsequent disclosures show that three or more additional attorneys were dismissed under similar circumstances between 2005 and 2006.[59] U.S. Attorney Bud Cummins in Arkansas had been informed in June 2006 that he was to be replaced, and he resigned, effective December 20, 2006, several days after the public announcement of the appointment of his successor Timothy Griffin.[60]

Dismissed U.S. attorneys summary ()
Dismissed
attorney		 Effective date
of resignation		 Federal district Replacement1
Dismissed December 7, 2006
1. David Iglesias Dec 19, 2006 New Mexico Larry Gomez
2. Kevin V. Ryan Jan 16, 2007 Northern California Scott Schools
3. John McKay Jan 26, 2007 Western Washington Jeffrey C. Sullivan
4. Paul K. Charlton Jan 31, 2007 Arizona Daniel G. Knauss
5. Carol Lam Feb 15, 2007 Southern California Karen Hewitt
6. Daniel Bogden Feb 28, 2007 Nevada Steven Myhre
7. Margaret Chiara Mar 16, 2007 Western Michigan Russell C. Stoddard
Others dismissed in 2006
1. Todd Graves Mar 24, 20062 Western Missouri Bradley Schlozman6
2. Bud Cummins Dec 20, 20063 Eastern Arkansas Timothy Griffin5
Dismissed in 2005
1. Thomas M. DiBiagio Jan 2, 20054 Maryland Allen F. Loucks
2. Kasey Warner Jul 20054 Southern W. Virginia Charles T. Miller
1Source: Department of Justice, U.S. Attorneys Offices

2Informed of dismissal January 2006.
3Informed of dismissal June 2006.
4Date resignation requested by the Department of Justice is unknown.
5Subsequently submitted resignation on May 30, 2007, effective June 1, 2007.
6Subsequently returned to positions at the Department of Justice in Washington

David Iglesias (R) believes he was removed from office at the behest of two NM Republican congressmen when he refused to prosecute state Democratic senators before the November 2006 election.[61]

Kevin Ryan (R) Though described as "loyal to the Bush administration," he was allegedly fired for the possible controversy that negative job performance evaluations might cause if they were released.[62]

John McKay (R) Was given a positive job evaluation 7 months before he was fired. After a close WA governor's race resulted in a Democratic victory, local Republicans criticized McKay for not investigating allegations of voter fraud.[63]

Paul K. Charlton (R) Was given a positive job performance evaluation before he was dismissed. He may have been fired because he had started a corruption investigation about Rick Renzi (R) AR.[64]

Carol Lam (R) oversaw the Rep. Randy "Duke" Cunningham military contracting corruption case. Congressman Darrell Issa complained (falsely) that Lam was not prosecuting illegal border crossings aggressively enough.[65]

Daniel Bogden (R) was dismissed after 17 years because of a vague sense that a "stronger leader" was needed. His loyalty to President Bush was questioned by Kyle Sampson(R) Chief of Staff and Counselor to Attorney General Alberto Gonzales(R).[66]

Margaret Chiara(R) Was given a positive job evaluation in 2005, and told she was being removed to "make way" for another individual.[67]

Todd Graves (R) had been pressed to bring a civil suit against Missouri Secretary of State Robin Carnahan, (D) for allegedly failing to crack down on voting fraud.[68]

Bud Cummins (R) allegedly was asked to leave so Timothy Griffin, an aide to Karl Rove, could have his job.[69]

Thomas M. DiBiagio (R) believes he was asked to step down due to his corruption investigations into the administration of Gov. Robert L. Ehrlich Jr. (R).[70]

Reactions and congressional investigation

Initial reaction

The initial reaction was from the senators of the affected states. In a letter to Gonzales on January 9, 2007, Senators Feinstein (D, California) and Leahy (D, Vermont; Chair of the Committee) of the Senate Judiciary Committee expressed concern that the confirmation process for U.S. attorneys would be bypassed, and on January 11, they, together with Senator Pryor (D, Arkansas), introduced legislation "to prevent circumvention of the Senate's constitutional prerogative to confirm U.S. Attorneys", called Preserving United States Attorney Independence Act of 2007, S. 214 and H.R. 580.[71] [72] The initial concern was about the USA PATRIOT Act and the confirmation process, rather than the politicization of the U.S. Attorneys.

Gonzales testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee on January 18. He assured the committee that he did not intend to bypass the confirmation process and denied the firings were politically motivated.[73]

The concerns expressed by Senators Feinstein and Pryor were followed up by hearings before the Senate Judiciary Committee called by Senator Schumer (D, New York) in February.[74][75] Deputy Attorney General Paul McNulty testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee on February 6. He said that the seven were fired for job performance issues and not political considerations; these statements lead several of the dismissed attorneys, who had been previously silent, to come forward with questions about their dismissals, partially because their performance reviews prior to their dismissal had been highly favorable.[76]

In subsequent closed-door testimony on April 27, 2007 to the committee, McNulty said that days after the February hearing, he learned that White House officials had not revealed to him White House influence and discussions on creating the list.[76][77] McNulty in February called Senator Schumer by telephone to apologize for the inaccurate characterization of the firings.[78] McNulty testified that Bud Cummins, the U.S. Attorney for Arkansas, was removed to install a former aide to Karl Rove and Republican National Committee opposition research director, Timothy Griffin.[69] Cummins, apparently, "was ousted after Harriet E. Miers, the former White House counsel, intervened on behalf of Griffin".[76][79]

McNulty's testimony that the attorneys were fired for "performance related issues" caused the attorneys to come forward in protest.[76][80][81] There is some evidence that the administration was concerned about the attorneys' going public with complaints prior to this time.[82]

Salon.com reported: "[A]t least three of the eight fired attorneys were told by a superior they were being forced to resign to make jobs available for other Bush appointees, according to a former senior Justice Department official knowledgeable about their cases."[83]

Further investigation and resignations

Battle resignation

On March 5, 2007 effective March 16, Michael A. Battle resigned his position of Director of the Executive Office for United States Attorneys (EOUSA).[58][84] On March 6, 2007, Gonzales responded to the controversy in an op-ed in USA Today in which he wrote:

"To be clear, [the firing] was for reasons related to policy, priorities and management — what have been referred to broadly as "performance-related" reasons — that seven U.S. attorneys were asked to resign last December.... We have never asked a U.S. attorney to resign in an effort to retaliate against him or her or to inappropriately interfere with a public corruption case (or any other type of case, for that matter). Like me, U.S. attorneys are political appointees, and we all serve at the pleasure of the president. If U.S. attorneys are not executing their responsibilities in a manner that furthers the management and policy goals of departmental leadership, it is appropriate that they be replaced...While I am grateful for the public service of these seven U.S. attorneys, they simply lost my confidence. I hope that this episode ultimately will be recognized for what it is: an overblown personnel matter."[20]

Sampson resignation

On March 12, 2007, Sampson resigned from the Department of Justice.[57]

On March 13, Gonzales stated in a news conference that he accepted responsibility for mistakes made in the dismissal and rejected calls for his resignation that Democratic members of Congress had been making. He also stood by his decision to dismiss the attorneys, saying "I stand by the decision and I think it was the right decision".[57] Gonzales admitted that "incomplete information was communicated or may have been communicated to Congress" by Justice Department officials,[85][86] and said that "I never saw documents. We never had a discussion about where things stood."

Gonzales lost more support when records subsequently challenged some of these statements. Although the Department of Justice released 3,000 pages of its internal communications related to this issue, none of those documents discussed anything related to a performance review process for these attorneys before they were fired.[87] Records released on March 23 showed that on his November 27 schedule "he attended an hour-long meeting at which, aides said, he approved a detailed plan for executing the purge".[88]

Executive Privilege claims

Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Patrick Leahy stated that Congress has the authority to subpoena Justice Department and White House officials including chief political advisor to the president Karl Rove and former White House counsel Harriet Miers.[89] On March 20, President Bush declared in a press conference that his aides would not testify under oath on the matter if subpoenaed by Congress.[90] Bush explained his position saying,

"The President relies upon his staff to provide him candid advice. The framers of the Constitution understood this vital role when developing the separate branches of government. And if the staff of a President operated in constant fear of being hauled before various committees to discuss internal deliberations, the President would not receive candid advice, and the American people would be ill-served.... I will oppose any attempts to subpoena White House officials.... My choice is to make sure that I safeguard the ability for Presidents to get good decisions."[91]

Despite the President's position against aides testifying, on March 21 the House Judiciary Committee authorized the subpoena of five Justice Department officials,[92] and on March 22, the Senate Judiciary Committee authorized subpoenas as well.[93]

Goodling resignation

Main article: Monica Goodling

Sampson's replacement as the Attorney General's temporary chief of staff was U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia, Chuck Rosenberg. Rosenberg initiated a DOJ inquiry into possibly inappropriate political considerations in Monica Goodling's hiring practices for civil service staff. Civil service positions are not political appointments and must be made on a nonpartisan basis. In one example, Jeffrey A. Taylor, former interim U.S. attorney for the District of Columbia, tried to hire a new career prosecutor, Seth Adam Meinero, in the fall of 2006. Goodling judged Meinero too "liberal" and declined to approve the hire.[94] Meinero, a Howard University law school graduate who had worked on civil rights cases at the Environmental Protection Agency, was serving as a special assistant prosecutor in Taylor's office. Taylor went around Goodling, and demanded Sampson's approval to make the hire. In another example, Goodling removed an attorney from her job at the Department of Justice because she was rumored to be a lesbian, and, further, blocked the attorney from getting other Justice Department jobs she was qualified for.[95] Rules concerning hiring at the Justice department forbid discrimination based on sexual orientation.

On March 26, 2007, Goodling, who had helped coordinate the dismissal of the attorneys with the White House, took leave from her job as counsel to the attorney general and as the Justice Department's liaison to the White House.[96][97] Goodling was set to testify before Congress, but on March 26, 2007, Goodling cancelled her appearance at the Congressional hearing, citing her Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination.[98] On April 6, 2007, Ms. Goodling resigned from the Department of Justice.[96]

On April 25, 2007, the House Judiciary Committee passed a resolution, by a 32–6 vote, authorizing lawyers for the House to apply for a court order granting Goodling immunity in exchange for her testimony and authorizing a subpoena for her.[99] On May 11, 2007, U.S. District Court Chief Judge Thomas Hogan signed an order granting Goodling immunity in exchange for her truthful testimony in the U.S. Attorney firings investigation, stating that "Goodling may not refuse to testify, and may not refuse to provide other information, when compelled to do so" before the Committee.[100]

Gonzales resignation

A number of members of both houses of Congress publicly said Gonzales should resign, or be fired by Bush. On March 14, 2007, Senator John E. Sununu (R, New Hampshire) became the first Republican lawmaker to call for Gonzales' resignation. Sununu cited not only the controversial firings but growing concern over the use of the USA PATRIOT Act and misuse of national security letters by the Federal Bureau of Investigation.[101] Calls for his ousting intensified after his testimony on April 19, 2007. By May 16, at least twenty-two Senators and seven Members of the House of Representatives — including Senators Hillary Clinton (D, New York) and Mark Pryor (D, Arkansas)— had called for Gonzales' resignation.[102]

Gonzales submitted his resignation as Attorney General effective September 17, 2007,[103] by a letter addressed to President Bush on August 26, 2007. In a statement on August 27, Gonzales thanked the President for the opportunity to be of service to his country, giving no indication of either the reasons for his resignation or his future plans. Later that day, President Bush praised Gonzales for his service, reciting the numerous positions in Texas government, and later, the government of the United States, to which Bush had appointed Gonzales.[103]

On September 17, 2007, President Bush announced the nomination of ex-Judge Michael Mukasey to serve as Gonzales' successor.[39]

Testimony of Sara Taylor: Claims of executive privilege

On July 11, 2007, Sara Taylor, former top aide to Karl Rove, testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee. Throughout Taylor's testimony, she refused to answer many questions, saying "I have a very clear letter from [White House counsel] Mr. [Fred] Fielding. That letter says and has asked me to follow the president's assertion of executive privilege."[104] Chairman Patrick Leahy (D-VT) dismissed the claims and warned Taylor she was "in danger of drawing a criminal contempt of Congress citation".[104] Senator Ben Cardin (D-MD) took issue with the claim as well, telling Taylor

"You seem to be selective in the use of the presidential privilege. It seems like you're saying that, 'Yes, I'm giving you all the information I can,' when it's self-serving to the White House, but not allowing us to have the information to make independent judgment."[104] Leahy added "I do note your answer that you did not discuss these matters with the president and, to the best of your knowledge, he was not involved is going to make some nervous at the White House because it seriously undercuts his claim of executive privilege if he was not involved."[104] He also said "It's apparent that this White House is contemptuous of the Congress and feels it does not have to explain itself to anyone, not to the people's representatives in Congress nor to the American people."[105]

In summary, Taylor told the Senate that she

"did not talk to or meet with President Bush about removing federal prosecutors before eight of them were fired", she had no knowledge on whether Bush was involved in any way in the firings, her resignation had nothing to do with the controversy, "she did not recall ordering the addition or deletion of names to the list of prosecutors to be fired", and she refuted the testimony of Kyle Sampson, Attorney General Alberto Gonzales' chief of staff, that she sought "to avoid submitting a new prosecutor, Tim Griffin, through Senate confirmation."[104][106]

Contempt of Congress charges

On July 11, 2007, as Sara Taylor testified, George Manning, the attorney to former White House Counsel Harriet Miers, announced that Miers intended to follow the request of the Bush Administration and not appear before the Committee the following day. Manning stated Miers "cannot provide the documents and testimony that the committee seeks." [107]

In response to the announcement, Committee Chairman John Conyers (D-MI) and Rep. Linda Sánchez (D-CA) Chair of the Subcommittee on Commercial and Administrative Law, released a letter saying the decision "could subject Ms. Miers to contempt proceedings." Conyers wrote

"I am extremely disappointed in the White House's direction to Ms. Miers that she not even show up to assert the privilege before the Committee. We understand that the White House has asserted privilege over both her testimony and documents, and we are prepared to consider those claims at tomorrow's hearing."

Sánchez wrote

"It is disappointing that Ms. Miers has chosen to forego this opportunity to give her account of the potential politicization of the justice system.", Sánchez added "Our investigation has shown - through extensive interviews and review of documents - that Ms. Miers played a central role in the Bush Administration's decision to fire chief federal prosecutors. I am hopeful that Ms. Miers will reconsider the White House's questionable assertion of executive privilege and give her testimony on the firing of U.S. Attorneys."

On July 17, 2007 Sanchez and Conyers notified White House Counsel Fred Fielding that they were considering the executive privilege claims concerning a "subpoena issued on June 13 to Joshua Bolten, White House Chief of Staff, to produce documents."[108] They warned, "If those objections are overruled, you should be aware that the refusal to produce the documents called for in the subpoena could subject Mr. Bolten to contempt proceedings".[108] The panel ruled the claims of privilege as invalid on a party-line vote of 7–3.[109]

The White House has consistently refused to provide the sought-after documents but has "offered to permit former and current aides to talk with lawmakers behind closed doors—but without a transcript and not under oath."[109] This offer has been rejected by the Democratic Leadership in the House as unacceptable.[109]

On July 25, 2007 the United States House Committee on the Judiciary voted along party lines 22-17 to issue citations of Contempt of Congress to White House Chief of Staff Joshua Bolten and former White House Counsel Harriet Miers.[110] Committee Republicans voted against the measure, calling it "a partisan waste of time", while Democrats said "this is the moment for Congress to rein in the administration."[110]

White House Press Secretary Tony Snow said of the action,

"For our view, this is pathetic. What you have right now is partisanship on Capitol Hill that quite often boils down to insults, insinuations, inquisitions and investigations rather than pursuing the normal business of trying to pass major pieces of legislation...now we have a situation where there is an attempt to do something that's never been done in American history, which is to assail the concept of executive privilege, which hails back to the administration of George Washington".[111]

Committee Chairman John Conyers said

"Unlike other disputes involving executive privilege, the president has never personally asserted privilege. The committee has never been given a privilege log, and there is no indication the president was ever personally involved in the termination decisions."[110]

Having passed the Committee, the motion went to the full House, where it was unlikely to receive a vote until after Congress's August recess.[110] If the measure passes the full House, the case would be given to the U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia. "The administration has said it will direct federal prosecutors not to prosecute contempt charges."[110]

On February 14, 2008, the United States House of Representatives voted 223–32 along party lines to pass the contempt resolutions against White House Chief of Staff Bolten and former White House Counsel Miers.[112][113] Most Republicans staged a walkout during the vote.

Aftermath

Subpoenas and lost emails

White House spokesman stated that some of the emails that had involved official correspondence relating to the firing of attorneys may have been lost because they were conducted on Republican party accounts and not stored properly. "Some official e-mails have potentially been lost and that is a mistake the White House is aggressively working to correct." said Scott Stanzel, a White House spokesman. Stonzel said that they could not rule out the possibility that some of the lost emails dealt with the firing of U.S. attorneys.[114] For example, J. Scott Jennings, an aide to Karl Rove communicated with Justice Department officials "concerning the appointment of Tim Griffin, a former Rove aide, as U.S. attorney in Little Rock, according to e-mails released in March, 2007. For that exchange, Jennings, although working at the White House, used an e-mail account registered to the Republican National Committee, where Griffin had worked as a political opposition researcher."[115]

CNN reported a larger question concerning the lost e-mails: "Whether White House officials such as political adviser Karl Rove are intentionally conducting sensitive official presidential business via non-governmental accounts to evade a law requiring preservation—and eventual disclosure—of presidential records."[116]

On May 2, 2007, the Senate Judiciary Committee issued a subpoena to Attorney General Gonzales compelling the Department of Justice to produce all email from Karl Rove regarding evaluation and dismissal of attorneys that was sent to DOJ staffers, no matter what email account Rove may have used, whether White House, National Republican party, or other accounts, with a deadline of May 15, 2007, for compliance. The subpoena also demanded relevant email previously produced in the Valarie Plame controversy and investigation for the CIA leak scandal (2003).[117]

In August 2007, Karl Rove resigned without responding to the Senate Judiciary Committee subpoena claiming, "I just think it's time to leave."[118]

Appointment of U.S. Attorneys and the 2005 Patriot Act reauthorization

The President of the United States has the authority to appoint U.S. Attorneys, with the consent of the United States Senate, and the President may remove U.S. Attorneys from office.[119] In the event of a vacancy, the United States Attorney General is authorized to appoint an interim U.S. Attorney. Before March 9, 2006, such interim appointments expired after 120 days, if a Presidential appointment had not been approved by the Senate. Vacancies that persisted beyond 120 days were filled through interim appointments made by the Federal District Court for the district of the vacant office.[120]

The USA PATRIOT Act Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005, signed into law March 9, 2006, amended the law for the interim appointment of U.S. Attorneys by deleting two provisions: (a) the 120-day maximum term for the Attorney General's interim appointees, and (b) the subsequent interim appointment authority of Federal District Courts. With the revision, an interim appointee can potentially serve indefinitely (though still removable by the President), if the President declines to nominate a U.S. Attorney for a vacancy, or the Senate either fails to act on a Presidential nomination, or rejects a nominee that is different than the interim appointee.

On June 14, 2007, President Bush signed a bill into law that re-instated the 120-day term limit on interim attorneys appointed by the Attorney General. [16]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Although Bush and President Bill Clinton each dismissed nearly all U.S. attorneys upon taking office, legal experts and former prosecutors say the firing of a large number of prosecutors in the middle of a term appears to be unprecedented and threatens the independence of prosecutors." Gonzales: 'Mistakes Were Made' The Washington Post, March 14, 2007
  2. 1 2 Bowermaster, David (2007-05-09). "Charges may result from firings, say two former U.S. attorneys". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
  3. 1 2 Eggen, Dan; Amy Goldstein (2007-05-14). "Voter-Fraud Complaints by GOP Drove Dismissals". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
  4. ↑ Scelfo, Julie (2007-03-15). "'Quite Unprecedented': Former U.S. Attorney Mary Jo White explains why the firing of eight federal prosecutors could threaten the historic independence of federal law-enforcement officials.". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2007-05-28.
  5. ↑ Eggen, Dan;; Paul Kane (March 14, 2007). "Gonzales: 'Mistakes Were Made': But Attorney General Defends Firings of Eight U.S. Attorneys". The Washington Post. pp. A01. Retrieved 2007-05-28.
  6. ↑ "Fired U.S. Attorneys". The Washington Post. 2007-03-06.
  7. ↑ Montopoli, Brian (2007-03-14). "So Is This U.S. Attorney Purge Unprecedented Or Not?". Public Eye. CBS News. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
  8. ↑ Jordan, Lara Jakes; (Associated Press) (2007-09-15). "Attorney general bids farewell to Justice: Praises work of department". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  9. 1 2 3 "An Investigation into the Removal of Nine U.S. Attorneys in 2006" (PDF). DOJ Inspector General. pp. 355–358. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
  10. 1 2 "Justice Dept. Opts Not to File Charges for Bush-Era U.S. Attorney Firings". Fox News.
  11. ↑ "White House and Justice Department begin U.S. Attorney transition" (Press release). Office of the Attorney General, U.S. Department of Justice. March 14, 2001.
  12. 1 2 Gerson, Stuart M. (2007-03-14). "Inside the Justice Department and the U.S. Attorneys Controversy". The Washington Post Live Online (discussion transcript). The Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
  13. ↑ "Current situation is distinct from Clinton firings of U.S. attorneys". McClatchy Newspapers. March 13, 2007.
  14. 1 2 Marcia Coyle (2007-04-27). "Scandal Over U.S. Attorneys' Firing Could Cloud Other Cases". The National Law Journal.
  15. ↑ Marisa Taylor; Greg Gordon (2007-01-26). "New U.S. attorneys come from Bush's inner circle". McClatchy Newspapers. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.
  16. 1 2 Eggen, Dan (June 17, 2007). "In U.S. Attorney's Offices, Help Wanted: Justice Dept. Seeking Replacements for Departing Temporary Prosecutors". The Washington Post. pp. A04. Retrieved 2007-06-17.
  17. ↑ Jane Ann Morrison (2007-01-18). "Bush administration's ouster of U.S. attorneys an insulting injustice". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-16.
  18. ↑ Marisa Taylor; Greg Gordon (2007-01-26). "Gonzales appoints political loyalists into vacant U.S. attorneys slots". McClatchy Newspapers. Archived from the original on March 25, 2007.
  19. ↑ Mark Follman (2007-04-19). "The U.S. attorneys scandal gets dirty". Salon.com. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
  20. 1 2 Alberto R. Gonzales (March 7, 2007). "They lost my confidence: Attorneys' dismissals were related to performance, not to politics". USA Today. p. A10. Retrieved 2007-03-07.
  21. ↑ David Johnston (2007-02-25). "Dismissed U.S. Attorneys Praised in Evaluations". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-26.
  22. ↑ Mike Allen (2007-03-20). "Dems' Strategy On Attorneys Takes Shape". CBS News. Retrieved 2007-03-20.
  23. 1 2 Lipton, Eric; David Johnston (2007-05-03). "Justice Department announces inquiry into its hiring practices". The New York Times. pp. A18. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
  24. ↑ Sheryl Gay Stolberg (March 17, 2007). "With Shifting Explanations, White House Adds to Storm". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-03-17.
  25. ↑ "Republican Support for Gonzales Erodes". The New York Times. Associated Press. March 17, 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-17.
  26. ↑ Dan Eggen (March 17, 2007). "Accounts of Prosecutors' Dismissals Keep Shifting". The Washington Post. p. A01. Retrieved 2007-03-17.
  27. ↑ Congressional Quarterly Transcript Service (2007-04-19). "Gonzales Testifies Before Senate Panel". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-06-08.
  28. ↑ Jordan, Lara Jakes; (Associated Press) (2007-05-15). "Gonzales: Deputy Was Pointman on Firings". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-06-07.
  29. ↑ Scherer, Michael (2007-05-23). "McNulty hits back at Goodling". Salon. Salon.com. Retrieved 2007-05-25.
  30. ↑ Jordan, Lara Jakes; (Associated Press) (2007-03-29). "Ex-aide contradicts Gonzales on firings". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-05-27.
  31. 1 2 Lichtblau, Eric (2008-09-29). "U.S. appoints special prosecutor". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
  32. ↑ Reilly, Ryan. "No criminal charges in US attorney firings". Main Justice. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  33. ↑ Stout, David (2007-05-23). "Ex-Gonzales Aide Testifies, 'I Crossed the Line'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-05-23.
  34. ↑ Cook, Theresa (2009-01-13). "Report Raps Bradley Schlozman, Former Justice Department Official, for Political Bias". ABC News. ABC News. Retrieved 2009-02-09.
  35. ↑ Eggen, Dan (2007-05-30). "Justice Dept. Widens Firings Probe". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
  36. ↑ Roesler, Richard (2007-05-20). "No evidence of election crime, former U.S. attorney says". The Spokesman Review. Retrieved 2007-05-26.
  37. ↑ "Fired U.S. attorney alleges political pressure". The Dallas Morning News. 2007-02-28. Archived from the original on 2007-05-30. Retrieved 2007-05-26.
  38. ↑ Serrano, Richard (2007-06-06). "Justice Department reportedly bent rules on voter fraud charges". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
  39. 1 2 Eggen, Dan; Elizabeth Williamson (September 19, 2007). "Democrats May Tie Confirmation to Gonzales Papers". The Washington Post. pp. A10. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  40. ↑ Jordan, Lara Jakes (June 15, 2007). "Official Close to Attorney Firings Quits". Los Angeles Times.
  41. ↑ Eggen, Dan (June 23, 2007). "Third-in-Command at Justice Dept. Resigns: Mercer to Leave Washington Job but Keep U.S. Attorney's Position in Montana". The Washington Post. pp. A04. Retrieved 2007-06-25.
  42. ↑ Gordon, Greg (2007-08-22). "Justice Department lawyer accused of partisanship resigns". McClatchy Washington Bureau. McClatchy Newspapers. Retrieved 2007-08-28.
  43. ↑ Nizza, Mike (2007-08-27). "Gonzales, a Surprisingly Unexpected Resignation". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-08-27.
  44. ↑ Meyers, Steven Lee (2007-08-27). "Embattled Attorney General Resigns". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-08-27.
  45. ↑ Phillips, Kate (2007-08-27). "Gonzales Is Resigning". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-08-27.
  46. ↑ Lichtblau, Eric (2008-06-17). "Grand Jury Said to Look at Attorneys' Dismissals". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-19.
  47. ↑ "Prosecutor to probe role of politics in attorney firings". Mcclatchydc.com. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
  48. ↑ "An Investigation into the Removal of Nine U.S. Attorneys in 2006" (PDF). DOJ Inspector General. pp. 356–7. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
  49. ↑ Weich. "Assistant Attorney General Ronald Weich" (PDF). p. 5.
  50. ↑ David Johnston; Eric Lipton (March 16, 2007). "Rove discussed firing U.S. attorneys earlier than he indicated, e-mails show". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-03-13.
  51. 1 2 Jan Crawford Greenberg (2007-03-15). "E-Mails Show Rove's Role in U.S. Attorney Firings". ABC News.
  52. ↑ Serrano, Richard A. (2007-03-14). "E-mails detail White House plans to oust U.S. attorneys". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2007-05-21.
  53. 1 2 3 Eggen, Dan; John Solomon (March 13, 2007). "Firings Had Genesis in White House Ex-Counsel Miers First Suggested Dismissing Prosecutors 2 Years Ago, Documents Show". The Washington Post. p. Page A01. Retrieved 2007-03-13.
  54. ↑ Jordan, Laura Jakes (April 13, 2007). "Agency weighed prosecutors' politics". ABC News (AP). Archived from the original on June 16, 2008. Retrieved 2007-05-21.
  55. ↑ Isikoff, Michael (2007-03-19). "Fuel to the Firings". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 2007-03-14. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
  56. ↑ Johnston, David and Eric Lipton (2007-03-24). "Gonzales Met With Advisors on Ouster Plan". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-03-24.
  57. 1 2 3 Lara Jakes Jordan (March 13, 2007). "Gonzales: Prosecutors firings mishandled". Associated Press.
  58. 1 2 Hartley, Allegra (2007-03-21). "Timeline: How the U.S. Attorneys Were Fired". US News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 28, 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-26.
  59. ↑ "List of 8 dismissed U.S. prosecutors". Associated Press. March 6, 2007.
  60. ↑ Q & A from Committee for Bud Cummins (no date). United States House Committee on the Judiciary Retrieved May 18, 2007. (Written responses by Bud Cummins to committee interrogatories, post-hearing.) Archived May 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  61. ↑ Taylor, Marisa. "Political interference is alleged in the sacking of a U.S. attorney", McClatchy Newspapers - February 28, 2007
  62. ↑ Dolan, Maura (March 22, 2007). "Bush loyalist among fired U.S. attorneys," Los Angeles Times, Retrieved 2007-03-23.
  63. ↑ David Bowermaster (February 7, 2007). "McKay got good review 7 months before ouster," Seattle Times
  64. ↑ Blumenthal, Max (2007-03-20). "The Porn Plot Against Prosecutors", The Nation, Retrieved 2007-03-21.
  65. ↑ U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Legislative Affairs (2007-03-06). "Letter from Justice Department to Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) Regarding Performance of Carol Lam". ThinkProgress.org.
  66. ↑ ‘Loyalty’ to Bush and Gonzales Was Factor in Prosecutors’ Firings, E-Mail Shows
  67. ↑ Lipton, Eric (March 23, 2007). "U.S. Attorney in Michigan Disputes Reason for Removal", The New York Times, Retrieved 2007-03-23.
  68. ↑ "The Scales Of Justice". NATIONAL JOURNAL - News.nationaljournal.com. 2007-05-31. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
  69. 1 2 Kevin Johnson (2007-02-06). "Prosecutor fired so ex-Rove aide could get his job". USA Today.
  70. ↑ The New York Times, Eric Lichtblau; "Ex-Prosecutor Says Departure Was Pressured", March 6, 2007
  71. ↑ Senators Feinstein, Leahy, Pryor to Fight Administration’s Effort to Circumvent Senate Confirmation Process for U.S. Attorneys (Press Release). Office of Senator Dianne Feinstein. January 11, 2007. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
  72. ↑ Thornton, Kelly; Onell R. Soto (January 12, 2007). "Job performance said to be behind White House firing". San Diego Union Tribune.
  73. ↑ Dan Eggen (2007-01-19). "Prosecutor Firings Not Political, Gonzales Says". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-04-16.
  74. ↑ Notice of Rescheduled Committee Hearing, Tuesday, February 6, 2007 at 9:30 a.m Hearing on "Preserving Prosecutorial Independence: Is the Department of Justice Politicizing the Hiring and Firing of U.S. Attorneys?" United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary January 30, 2007. Retrieved April 16, 2007. Archived February 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  75. ↑ Tom Brune (2007-03-31). "Schumer again takes aim on White House". Newsday.com.
  76. 1 2 3 4 Johnston, David (2007-05-15). "Gonzales's Deputy Quits Justice Department". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
  77. ↑ Taylor, Marisa; Margaret Talev (2007-05-03). "Former deputy attorney general official defends fired U.S. attorneys". McClatchy Newspapers. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
  78. ↑ "MTP Transcript for Mar. 18, 2007". MSNBC Meet the Press. 2007-03-18. Retrieved 2007-04-16.
  79. ↑ David Johnston (2007-02-16). "White House Is Reported to Be Linked to a Dismissal". The New York Times.
  80. ↑ Adrienne Packer (2007-02-08). "U.S. attorney rebuts claim performance led to firing". Las Vegas Review Journal. Retrieved 2007-04-16.
  81. ↑ Dan Eggen (2007-02-09). "Fired Prosecutor Disputes Justice Dept. Allegation". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-04-16.
  82. ↑ Michael Isikoff (2007-03-19). "Fuel to the Firings: Eight U.S. attorneys lost their jobs. Now investigators are assessing if the dismissals were politically motivated". Newsweek. Archived from the original on March 14, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-16.
  83. ↑ Mark Follman (2007-02-28). "Inside Bush's prosecutor purge".
  84. ↑ David Johnston (2007-03-06). "Messenger in Prosecutors' Firings Quits". The New York Times.
  85. ↑ "Transcript of Media Availability With Attorney General Alberto R. Gonzales" (Press release). U.S. Department of Justice. March 13, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2007-03-18.
  86. ↑ "Prosecutor Firings Are My Bad — Gonzales". New York Post. Associated Press. March 13, 2007. Archived from the original on October 15, 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-13.
  87. ↑ Ari Shapiro (2007-03-20). "E-Mails Show Justice Dept. in Damage-Control Mode". National Public Radio.
  88. ↑ Lara Jakes Jordan (2007-03-26). "White House backs AG as support wanes". Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 24, 2008.
  89. ↑ "Subpoenas target Justice; White House could be next". CNN. 2007-03-15.
  90. ↑ Sheryl Gay Stolberg (March 20, 2007). "Bush Clashes With Congress on Prosecutors". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
  91. ↑ "President Bush Addresses Resignations of U.S. Attorneys - The Diplomatic Reception Room". 2007-03-20.
  92. ↑ Hulse, Carl (2007-03-21). "Panel Approves Five Subpoenas on Prosecutors". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-03-23.
  93. ↑ Paul Kane (2007-03-23). "Senate Panel Approves Subpoenas for 3 Top Bush Aides". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
  94. ↑ Eggen, Dan; Carol D. Leonnig (2007-05-23). "Officials Describe Interference by Former Gonzales Aide". The Washington Post. pp. A04. Retrieved 2007-05-23.
  95. ↑ Shapiro, Ari (2009-02-02). "Justice Rehires Attorney Fired Amid Gay Rumor". National Public Radio. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
  96. 1 2 Stout, David; Johnson, David (2007-04-06). "A Top Aide to the Attorney General Resigns". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
  97. ↑ Talev, Margaret; Hutcheson, Ron; Taylor, Marisa (2007-03-26). "Gonzales aide will invoke Fifth Amendment and refuse to testify". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
  98. ↑ Dan Eggen (2007-03-26). "Gonzales's Senior Counselor Refuses to Testify". The Washington Post.
  99. ↑ Gonzales aide gets immunity Archived April 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  100. ↑ Dan Eggen; Paul Kane. "Judge Gives Immunity to Gonzales Aide". Washington Post. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  101. ↑ Suzanne Malveaux, Dana Bash, Ed Henry and Terry Frieden (2007-03-14). "GOP senator calls for Gonzales' head". CNN.
  102. ↑ Dana Bash, Ed Henry, Terry Frieden and Suzanne Malveaux (2007-03-15). "Sen. Pryor: Attorney General lied to the Senate". CNN.
  103. 1 2 "Bush Ally Gonzales resigns post". BBC News. 2007-08-27. Retrieved 2007-08-28.
  104. 1 2 3 4 5 Kwame Holman (July 11, 2007). "New Testimony on Fired Federal Prosecutors". PBS Newshour.
  105. ↑ "Excerpts from the Sara M. Taylor hearing". Associated Press. 2007-07-11.
  106. ↑ Laurie Kellman (2007-07-11). "Aide: Didn't Talk to Bush About Firings". London. Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 25, 2007.
  107. ↑ "Bush orders Miers to defy house subpoena". NBC News. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  108. 1 2 Linda Sánchez; John Conyers, Jr. (2007-07-17). "Conyers, Sánchez Respond to RNC on Subpoena, Alerts White House of Potential Ruling on Immunity, Privilege Claims". Archived from the original on July 25, 2007.
  109. 1 2 3 "Bush chief of staff faces possible contempt charge". Reuters. 2007-07-20.
  110. 1 2 3 4 5 Ari Shapiro (2007-07-25). "Bush Aides in Contempt; Will They Be Prosecuted?". All Things Considered. National Public Radio.
  111. ↑ "Press Briefing by Tony Snow, James S. Brady Briefing Room". 2007-07-25. The White House. Retrieved July 25, 2007.
  112. ↑ Paul Kiel (2008-02-14). "House passes contempt resolution against white house officials".
  113. ↑ Original text of the Letter from House Speaker Nancy Pelosi to Attorney General Michael Mukasey informing him of the contempt resolution passing the House Archived May 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  114. ↑ "White House: E-mails on firings may have been killed". Reuters. 2007-04-11.
  115. ↑ Scott Higham; Robert O'Harrow Jr (2007-03-26). "GSA Chief Is Accused of Playing Politics: Doan Denies 'Improper' Use of Agency for GOP". The Washington Post. p. A01.
  116. ↑ "Leahy: Aides lying about White House-Justice e-mails". CNN. 2007-04-12.
  117. ↑ Lahey, Patrick Rove Email Subpeona United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary' (via Findlaw) May 2, 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2007.
  118. ↑ "Bush Adviser Karl Rove to Resign at End of Month". FOXNews.com. 2007-08-13. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
  119. ↑ 28 U.S.C. § 541
  120. ↑ 28 U.S.C. § 546 (U.S. Code prior to amendments of the USA PATRIOT Act, as of the retrieval date March 15, 2007.)

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