Dnieper–Carpathian Offensive

Dnieper–Carpathian Offensive
Part of The Eastern Front of World War II

Soviet advances in 1943 and 1944.
DateDecember 24, 1943 – April 14, 1944
LocationSouth-western Ukrainian SSR
Result Soviet victory
Belligerents
 Nazi Germany
 Kingdom of Romania		  Soviet Union
Commanders and leaders
Nazi Germany Erich von Manstein
Nazi Germany Hans-Valentin Hube
Nazi Germany Walther Model
Nazi Germany Karl-Adolf Hollidt
Nazi Germany Maximilian de Angelis[1]
Nazi Germany Erhard Raus
Nazi Germany Otto Wöhler
Kingdom of Romania Petre Dumitrescu
Kingdom of Romania Ioan Mihail Racoviţă		 Soviet Union Nikolai Vatutin †
Soviet Union Georgi Zhukov
Soviet Union Ivan Konev
Soviet Union Rodion Malinovsky
Soviet Union Feodor Tolbukhin
Soviet Union Konstantin Rokossovsky[1]
Soviet Union Lev Vladimirsky
Strength
Nazi Germany Germany:
700,000 men; 500 tanks and assault guns; 600 aircraft[2]
Kingdom of RomaniaRomania:
c. 600,000		 2,406,100 men; including tanks, guns, mortars and SP guns[3]
Casualties and losses
Nazi Germany Germany:
96,000 dead or missing[4]
157,888 wounded and sick [4]
Total: 250,956 casualties[4]
Kingdom of RomaniaRomania:
Unknown but high

270,198 killed or missing[3]
839,330 wounded and sick[3]
Total: 1,192,000 casualties

7,532 guns and mortars
4,666 tanks and SP guns destroyed or damaged
676 aircraft [3]

The Dnieper–Carpathian Offensive, also known in Soviet historical sources as the liberation of right-bank Ukraine, fought from 24 December 1943 – 14 April 1944, was a strategic offensive executed by the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Ukrainian Fronts, along with the 1st Belorussian Front, against the German Army Group South, intended to retake all of the Ukrainian and Moldovian territories occupied by Axis forces. The operation brought the Red Army forces into Poland and Romania, completely destroyed 18 Wehrmacht and Romanian divisions, and reduced another 68 to below half of their establishment strength.[5]

Background

As part of the Lower Dnieper Offensive in autumn 1943, which secured the Left-bank, or eastern Ukraine and cut off the German 17th Army in the Crimea, several Soviet bridgeheads were established across the Dnieper River, which were then expanded throughout November and December to become the platforms from which the Dnieper—Carpathian Offensive was launched.[6] This offensive and its follow-ups, which continued into December, left several large German salients along the Dnieper, including one south of Kiev centered on the city of Korsun, between the areas of the 1st and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts, and another to the south, around Kryvyi Rih and Nikopol. Adolf Hitler's "No retreat" policy forced German troops to hold the tenuous positions, despite opposition from Erich von Manstein, commander of Army Group South.[1]

The German forces were also disadvantaged because of Hitler's Führer Directive 51 (see Führer Directives), which, while implying that he would allow his generals in the East to conduct a dynamic defense, in reality hurt them by directing all future reinforcements to the West, to counter the expected Anglo-American Invasion of Northwest Europe.[7] Hitler's insistence that his troops "fight where they stand" was especially strong in the Ukrainian sector, where he wished to maintain German positions near Kryvyi Rih and Nikopol for the mining operations there, and to maintain strong hold on the Crimea due to his fears that it could become a base for attacks on the oil refineries at Ploieşti and that its loss would convince Turkey to join the Allies.[7]

Correlation of forces

Axis

The Soviet goal was the destruction of the "East Wall" held by Erich von Manstein's Army Group South with (from north to south) 4th Panzer Army in the Zhitomir region commanded by Erhard Raus, Hans-Valentin Hube's 1st Panzer Army south of it as far as Cherkassy, the newly formed 8th Army commanded by Otto Wöhler in the region of Kirovograd, the 6th Army (recreated after its destruction at Stalingrad) under Maximilian de Angelis in the Kryvyi Rih-Nikopol salient, and the Third Romanian Army, also rebuilt after Stalingrad, under command of Petre Dumitrescu in the Tavridia area, just north of Crimea. In reserve, to the north, Manstein had the 1st Hungarian Army in the north-western Ukraine, and the 4th Romanian Army hastily assembled under command of Ioan Mihail Racoviţă in the area of Soviet Moldavian Republic. Air support was provided by the Luftwaffe's Luftflotte 4.

Soviet

The Stavka committed four Fronts to the operation, with the Belorussian Front providing a strategic flank security to the north in the Gomel-Mogilev area, but taking little part in the actual operation. It included the 13th and 65th Armies. Vatutin's 1st Ukrainian Front had only the 60th, 1st Guards, 6th Guards Tank[1] and 40th Armies, but possessed massive armored reserves in the 3rd Guards Army and the 1st and 4th Tank Armies, backed up by the 18th and 38th Armies and the 2nd Air Army. Konev's 2nd Ukrainian Front to the south led with the 27th, 7th Guards and 53rd Armies, with reserves including the 5th Guards Tank and 2nd Guards Tank armies, and the 4th Guards Army, all supported by the 5th Air Army. Malinovsky had the 57th, 46th, 8th Guards and 37th armies leading his 3rd Ukrainian Front, with the 6th Army in reserve, and the 17th Air Army providing air support. Fyodor Tolbukhin's 4th Ukrainian Front would have the most difficult job in conducting combined operations of his Separate Coastal Army and the Black Sea Fleet while the 5th and 2nd Guards armies would cut off escape routes over land for the German 17th Army with air support from the 8th Air Army and the Black Sea Fleet naval aviation.

Battle

First phase

The initial phase of the offensive, it lasted from 24 December 1943, to 29 February 1944. It included the following operations:

Zhitomir–Berdichev Offensive

The offensive was launched on December 24, 1943, by General Nikolai Vatutin's 1st Ukrainian Front, with attacks against the German 4th Panzer Army, to the west and south-west of Kiev.[1][9] Manstein attempted to counter the attack with a flank attack by the Fourth Panzer Army, while simultaneously requesting reinforcements and permission to shorten the line by withdrawing.[10] Vatutin's offensive continued west, and the Fortieth Army passed south of Fastov.[11] Manstein's attempted counterattack failed when Erhard Raus, the commander of the Fourth Panzer Army, said that he did not have time to organize for an offensive and preferred to attempt to directly stop the attacking troops.[11] On December 27, Manstein directly asked Hitler for permission to pull back his troops, but he was ordered to hold.[1]

Soviet troops attacked Kazatin on December 28. After several hours of confused fighting, Soviet forces captured the town later that day.[11] Korosten fell on December 29, and Zhitomir followed on December 31.[1] The Fourth Panzer Army began to fall apart, as a 35-mile gap opened around Zhitomir between its southern flank and the XIII Corps.[12] Another gap developed between the XXXXII Corps and VII Corps.[12] Raus advised Manstein to forgo attempts to close the gaps, and instead focus on keeping the remaining Corps intact.[12] Around the time of the new year, however, Soviet forces began an attempt to encircle German forces, particularly the XIII, XXXXVIII, and XXIV Panzer Corps.[12] As attacks on areas surrounding Berdichev continued, the XIII Corps was reduced to the strength of one infantry regiment.[13] A gap of almost 70 miles was opened between Fourth Panzer Army and the First Panzer Army.[13] Planned German reinforcements were stopped by the Soviet Kirovograd Offensive.[13]

Kirovograd Offensive

General Ivan Konev's 2nd Ukrainian Front next joined the fray by launching the Kirovograd Offensive on January 5, 1944.[1] One of the first accomplishments was to stop III Panzer Corps' attempted reinforcement of the Fourth Panzer Army, which was simultaneously being attacked by Vatutin's Front in the Zhitomir–Berdichev Offensive.[13] At this point, Manstein flew to Hitler's headquarters in East Prussia to ask permission to withdraw, but was again refused.[1]

Rovno–Lutsk Offensive

Vatutin's forces continued attacking on the right flank, coming near to the important supply centers of Lvov and Ternopol in the Rovno–Lutsk Offensive,[9] which opened a 110-mile gap between Army Group South and Army Group Center, which was stationed to the north.[9]

Korsun–Shevchenkovsky Offensive

A large gun trapped in mud. Several men in long, heavy coats are pushing on it trying to get it free.
A thaw created very muddy conditions which encumbered both armies.

The main effort was to the south, where the Korsun–Shevchenkovsky Offensive was launched on January 24. After a massive bombardment,[1] 2nd Ukrainian Front's 4th Guards and 53rd Armies attacked to the south of the Korsun bulge, and were joined the next day by the 5th Guards Tank Army. They broke through and easily repelled a German counter-attack.[1] On January 26, 1st Ukrainian Front dispatched 6th Guards Tank Army from the north, which met up with the forces advancing from the south on January 28, encircling about 60,000 Germans in XI and XXXXII Army Corps around Korsun, in a pocket named "Little Stalingrad" due to the ferocity of the fighting in it.[1][14] In total, twenty-seven Soviet divisions were assigned to destroy the pocket.[15] Soviet efforts, however, were hindered by the onset of an early thaw, which made the ground muddy.[15] On February 4 Manstein dispatched Hans Hube, commanding the 1st Panzer Army,[15] including XLVII and III Panzer Corps to assist in a breakout attempt. XLVII Panzer Corps attacked from the south-east, while III Panzer Corps attacked the west, but they were both bogged down by the mud.[1] Zhukov issued a surrender demand to the forces trapped in the pocket on February 8, but was turned down.[15] III Panzer Corps was eventually, after a hard battle of attrition, able to reach Lysyanka, close to the trapped forces,[1] and German forces in the pocket attempted to break out, with a majority perhaps escaping, albeit with heavy losses in abandoned wounded and heavy equipment. Running out of supplies and harried by airstrikes and advancing ground forces, Wilhelm Stemmermann, commander of the trapped forces, decided to attempt a final break-out on the night of February 16–17.[1] The Soviets took approximately 15,000 prisoners, and killed at least 10,000 Germans, including Commander Wilhelm Stemmermann. The battle was waged under incredibly brutal conditions, with Russian POWs shot by the Germans during the retreat, and Konev admitted to allowing his cavalry to massacre troops attempting surrender with upraised hands.

Many destroyed or damaged trucks scattered around a field. Snow and dirt cover everything.
Some of the destroyed German equipment following the attempt to break out from Korsun.

Nikopol–Kryvyi Rih Offensive

The Nikopol–Kryvyi Rih Offensive was meanwhile launched by 3rd Ukrainian Front to the south against forces in Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist's Army Group A, and proceeded slowly at first.[7] However, it eventually destroyed the salient projecting around Kryvyi Rih and Nikopol, costing the Germans the important mining operations there as well as nearly encircling the defenders.[7]

While the offensive appeared to slow down in late February, the Soviets were preparing for the second phase of the offensive, soon to be launched on an even larger scale.[14]

Second phase

These operations were included in the second phase by Soviet planners:

Uman–Botoshany Offensive

On March 5 Koniev launched the Uman–Botoshany Offensive,[1] advancing rapidly and soon cutting off the supply line for First Panzer Army by capturing Chortkov on March 23.[1] On March 10, the 2nd Ukrainian Front destroyed two Panzer Corps by capturing them at the fall of Uman.[16]

Proskurov–Chernovtsy Offensive

After the slackening of the Soviet effort at the end of February, the OKH, the headquarters for the Eastern Front believed any further offensive effort in that sector unlikely.[14] However, the Soviets were secretly preparing an even greater offensive, bringing in all six tank armies stationed in Ukraine.[5] The Soviet deception measures were successful and most Germans were surprised when, on March 4, the 1st Ukrainian Front–commanded by Marshal Georgy Zhukov after Vatutin's death–launched the Proskurov–Chernovtsy Offensive (see Kamenets-Podolsky pocket), with a fierce artillery barrage.[1] Due to the extremely muddy conditions, it was hard for the defending Germans to remain mobile, but the Soviet forces had adequate supplies of tracked tanks and trucks, giving them the advantage.[1]

Bereznegovatoye–Snigirevka Offensive

Malinovsky joined with the Bereznegovatoye–Snigirevka Offensive the next day,[1] while Tolbukin was detached to begin preparations for the Crimean Offensive.[17] These Fronts advanced rapidly, while Konev moved to cut off the withdrawal of the First Panzer Army. The First Panzer Army, now commanded by Hans Hube, was entirely encircled by March 28.[1] During the encirclement, Eric von Manstein flew to Hitler's headquarters and asked him to revoke his directive that required all encircled formations to form "fortresses" where they were.[18] He was successful, and received II Panzer Corps as reinforcements, the first transfer of forces to the Eastern Front at the expense of the Western Front since Hitler's Führer Directive 51.[5] On March 30, Hube's forces struck out of the pocket, and, because Soviet military intelligence was unaware of the arrival of II Panzer Corps[5] and he moved west, instead of south as Soviet commanders were expecting,[18] he was successful, and, by April 10, Hube's forces had met up with the Fourth Panzer Army.[18] Despite this small success, Hitler blamed his generals for the overall strategic success of Soviet forces, fired the commanders of Army Group South and Army Group A (von Manstein and von Kleist, respectively), replaced them with Walter Model and Ferdinand Schörner, and renamed them Army Groups North and South Ukraine, indicating his plans to recapture this territory.[19]

Polesskoe Offensive

Meanwhile, towards the south, the 3rd Ukrainian Front was advancing on Odessa and into the Romanian-administered Transnistria.[18] After three days of heavy fighting, his spearheading Eight Guards Army had advanced only 5 miles (8.0 km), but it had broken the crust of Karl-Adolf Hollidt's Sixth Army, and quickly advanced 25 miles (40 km) towards Novyi Buh, nearly encircling the defenders.[18] Despite Hitler's orders forbidding retreat, German forces fell back to the Bug River by March 11. The same day, Hollidt managed to break out from his encirclement — primarily because Malinovsky had divided his forces at Mykolaiv (Nikolaev)[18] — and was able to improvise a defensive line on the Bug by March 21. However, he had lost Hitler's confidence, and was sacked, to be replaced with Maximilian de Angelis.[18] On March 28, pressed hard all over the line, German troops began to fall back from the Bug.[18]

Odessa Offensive

Soviet tanks near Odessa

By March 25, the Prut had fallen and the 3rd Ukrainian Front was dispatched to secure Odessa.[16] On April 2, Vasili Chuikov's Eighth Guards Army and Forty-Sixty Army attacked through a blizzard[18] and, by April 6, had driven the defenders past the Dniester River and isolated Odessa.[18] Odessa capitulated on April 10, and Soviet troops began entering Romania proper.[18]

Aftermath

The operation, along with the Crimean Offensive resulted in very heavy casualties for the unmotorized Romanian troops stationed in Ukraine.[18] The heavy casualties and the proximity of Soviet forces to the Romanian border were the primary motivations for Romanian leaders when they began secret peace talks in Moscow soon after the completion of the offensive.[18]

Territory recaptured

In the course of the operation the Vinnytsia (Vinnitsa), Volyn, Zhytomyr (Zhytomir), Kiev, Kirovohrad, Rivne (Rovno), Khmelnytskyi (Khmelnitskiy) and parts of Poltava oblasts, and the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic were taken by the Red Army, an area of some 204,000 km2.

Modern view

During the Cold War the operation was not very widely recognized for the significant strategic victory that it really is in Western history.[5] After the end of World War II, some of the commanders involved were disgraced, and Stalin widely eliminated most references of the operation. Also, under the influence of German historiography and biographies, Western historians until the end of the Cold War focused on the German successes in the extrication of the 1st Panzer Army instead of the Soviet operations themselves that reconquered much of Ukraine.[5]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Pimlott, p. 332
  2. ↑ Frieser, p. 446
  3. 1 2 3 4 Glantz, p. 298
  4. 1 2 3 Frieser, p. 447
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Willmott, p. 374
  6. ↑ Pimlott, p. 251
  7. 1 2 3 4 Keegan, p. 476.
  8. 1 2 3 Bellamy, p. 604–605
  9. 1 2 3 Willmott, p. 371.
  10. ↑ Ziemke, p. 218.
  11. 1 2 3 Ziemke, p. 220.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Ziemke, p. 222.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Ziemke, p. 223.
  14. 1 2 3 Willmott, p. 372.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Bellamy, p. 606
  16. 1 2 Willmott, p. 373
  17. ↑ Pimlott, p. 334
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Pimlott, p. 333
  19. ↑ Liddell Hart, p. 148

Sources

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