Dogs in religion

A dog after being decorated in Kukur tihar

Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), which are mankind's first and most common domestic animals, have played a role in many religious traditions.

Religions and cultures

Below entries are arranged in alphabetical order.

Ancient Egyptian religion

The Ancient Egyptians are often more associated with cats in the form of Bastet, yet here too, dogs are found to have a sacred role and figure as an important symbol in religious iconography.^[1]

Dogs were associated with Anubis, the jackal headed god of the underworld. At times throughout its period of being in use the Anubieion catacombs at Saqqara saw the burial of dogs.^[2]

Aztec religion

Dogs had a major religious and symbolic significance to the Aztec peoples of central Mexico. Several ancient burial sites for dogs have been discovered in Mexico.^[3] Xolotl, an Aztec god of death, was depicted as a dog-headed monster.

Chinese tradition

The dog is one of the 12 animals honored in Chinese astrology. The second day of the Chinese New Year is considered to be the birthday of all dogs and Chinese people often take care to be kind to dogs on that day.

Christianity

Statue of Saint Roch with his dog, in Prague, Czech Republic.

A dog is mentioned in the deuterocanonical Book of Tobit, faithfully accompanying Tobias, Tobit's son and the angel Raphael on their journeys.

Jesus told the story of the poor man Lazarus, whose sores were licked by street dogs. This has traditionally been seen as showing Lazarus's wretched situation.

The Catholic Church recognizes Saint Roch (also called Saint Rocco), who lived in the early 14th century in France, as the patron saint of dogs. It is said that he caught the plague while doing charitable work and went into the forest, expecting to die. There he was befriended by a dog which licked his sores and brought him food, and he was able to recover. The feast day of Saint Roch, August 16, is celebrated in Bolivia as the "birthday of all dogs."^[4]

Saint Guinefort was the name given to a dog who received local veneration as a saint at a French shrine from the 13th to the 20th centuries.^[5]

A black and white dog is sometimes used as an informal symbol of the Dominican order of friars, religious sisters and nuns. This stems from a Latin pun: though the order's name is actually the Friars Preachers (Ordus Praedicatorum - order of preachers), it is generally called the Dominicans (after St. Dominic, their founder): Domini canes in Latin means "the dogs/hounds of the Lord."

Hinduism

Bhairava with his dog.

The dogs are worshipped as a part of a five-day Tihar festival that falls roughly in November every year. The dog (Shvan) is also the vahana or mount of the Hindu god Bhairava. Yudhishthira had approached heaven with his dog,^[6] therefore among many Hindus, the common belief exists that caring for or adopting dogs can also pave way to heaven.

Greek mythology

Dogs were closely associated with Hecate in the Classical world. Dogs were sacred to Artemis and Ares. Cerberus was the three-faced guard dog of the Underworld.

Islam

The majority of both Sunni and Shi'a Muslim jurists consider dogs to be ritually unclean.^[7] It is uncommon for practising Muslims to have dogs as pets.^[8] They are viewed as scavengers.^[9]

In 2015 city councillor Hasan Küçük of The Hague called for dog ownership to be made illegal in that city.^[10][11][12] Islamic activists in Lérida, Spain, lobbied for dogs to be kept out of Muslim neighborhoods, saying their presence violated Muslims' religious freedom.^{[10][11][13][14][15]} In Britain, police sniffer dogs are carefully used, and are not permitted to contact passengers, only their luggage. They are required to wear leather dog booties when searching mosques or Muslim homes.^[10][11][16]

There are a number of traditions concerning Muhammad's attitude towards dogs. He said that the company of dogs, except as helpers in hunting, herding, and home protection, voided a portion of a Muslim's good deeds.^[17] On the other hand, he advocated kindness to dogs and other animals. ^[18][19] Abu Huraira narrated that the Prophet said:

"While a man was walking he felt thirsty and went down a well, and drank water from it. On coming out of it, he saw a dog panting and eating mud because of excessive thirst. The man said, 'This (dog) is suffering from the same problem as that of mine.' So, he (went down the well), filled his shoe with water, caught hold of it with his teeth and climbed up and watered the dog. Allah thanked him for his (good) deed and forgave him. The people asked ``O Allah's Apostle! Is there a reward for us in serving (the) animals? He replied: ``Yes, there is a reward for serving any animate (living being).^[19]

Judaism

In Judaism, Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets.^[20] Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves, and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them.^[20] The Book of Exodus (22:31) includes the exhortation "And ye shall be holy men unto me: neither shall ye eat any flesh that is torn of beasts in the field; ye shall cast it to the dogs" which implies that dogs have an accepted role in Hebrew society, and that God does not expect them to observe the dietary restrictions imposed on their human masters. The name of the Biblical character Caleb is written the same way as keleb (Hebrew: כָּ֫לֶב‎‎), meaning "dog" - written Hebrew having no vowels. The Bible was written down centuries before Hebrew diacritics were introduced, and there is thus no certain knowledge of how the name was pronounced during the man's own lifetime - leaving open the possibility that at that time it was no dishonor for a major tribal leader to be named "Dog".

Mesopotamia

There is a temple in Isin, Mesopotamia, named é-ur-gi7-ra which translates as “dog house”^[21] Enlilbani, a king from the Old Babylonian First Dynasty of Isin, commemorated the temple to the goddess Ninisina.^[22] Although there is a small amount of detail known about it, there is enough information to confirm that a dog cult did exist in this area.^[23] Usually, dogs were only associated with the Gula cult, but there is some information, like Enlilbani’s commemoration, to suggest that dogs were also important to the cult of Ninisina, as Gula was another goddess who was closely associated to Ninisina.^[24] More than 30 dog burials, numerous dog sculptures, and dog drawings were discovered when the area around this Ninisina temple was excavated. In the Gula cult, the dog was used in oaths and was sometimes referred to as a divinity.

Philistines

At archaeological diggings at the Philistine city of Ashkelon, dog burials were discovered in the layer dating from when the city was part of the Persian Empire. It is believed the dogs may have had a sacred role - however, evidence for this is not conclusive.

Zoroastrianism

In Zoroastrianism, the dog is regarded as an especially beneficent, clean and righteous creature, which must be fed and taken care of.^[25] The dog is praised for the useful work it performs in the household,^[26] but it is also seen as having special spiritual virtues. A dog's gaze is considered to be purifying and to drive off daevas (demons). It is also believed to have a special connection with the afterlife: the Chinwad Bridge to Heaven is said to be guarded by dogs in Zoroastrian scripture,^[26] and dogs are traditionally fed in commemoration of the dead.^[27] Ihtiram-i sag, "respect for the dog", is a common injunction among Iranian Zoroastrian villagers.^[25]

Detailed prescriptions for the appropriate treatment of dogs are found in the Vendidad (a subdivision of the Zoroastrian holy scripture Avesta), especially in chapters 13, 14 and 15, where harsh punishments are imposed for harm inflicted upon a dog and the faithful are required to assist dogs, both domestic and stray, in various ways; often, help or harm to a dog is equated with help and harm to a human.^[28] The killing of a dog ("a shepherd's dog, or a house-dog, or a Vohunazga [i.e. stray] dog, or a trained dog") is considered to lead to damnation in the afterlife.^[28] A homeowner is required to take care of a pregnant dog that lies near his home at least until the puppies are born (and in some cases until the puppies are old enough to take care of themselves, namely six months). If the homeowner does not help the dog and the puppies come to harm as a result, "he shall pay for it the penalty for wilful murder", because "Atar (Fire), the son of Ahura Mazda, watches as well (over a pregnant dog) as he does over a woman".^[29] It is also a major sin if a man harms a dog by giving it bones that are too hard and become stuck in its throat, or food that is too hot, so that it burns its throat.^[30] Giving bad food to a dog is as bad as serving bad food to a human.^[31] The believers are required to take care of a dog with a damaged sense of smell, to try to heal it "in the same manner as they would do for one of the faithful" and, if they fail, to tie it lest it should fall into a hole or a body of water and be harmed.^[26]

Both according to the Vendidad and in traditional Zoroastrian practice, dogs are allotted some funerary ceremonies analogous to those of humans.^[27] In the Vendidad, it is stated that the spirits of a thousand deceased dogs are reincarnated in a single otter ("water dog"), hence the killing of an otter is a terrible crime that brings drought and famine upon the land and must be atoned either by the death of the killer^[26] or by the killer performing a very long list of deeds considered pious, including the healing of dogs, raising of puppies, paying of fines to priests, as well as killing of animals considered noxious and unholy (cats, rats, mice and various species of reptiles, amphibians, and insects).^[32]

Sagdid is a funeral ceremony in which a dog is brought into the room where the body is lying so that it can look on it. “Sagdid” means “dog sight” in the Middle Persian language of Zoroastrian theological works. There are various spiritual benefits thought to be obtained by the ceremony. It is believed that the original purpose was to make certain that the person was really dead, since the dog’s more acute senses would be able to detect signs of life that a human might miss. A “four-eyed” dog, that is one with two spots on its forehead, is preferred for sagdid.^[33][34]

The traditional rites involving dogs have been under attack by reformist Zoroastrians since the mid-19th century, and they had abandoned them completely by the late 20th century. Even traditionalist Zoroastrians tend to restrict such rites to a significant extent nowadays (late 20th - early 21st century).^[27]

Criticism of religion

The Ancient Greek philosopher and critic of social mores Diogenes of Sinope was recorded as living with many dogs, seeing their freedom from self-consciousness and sincere enjoyment of simple physical pleasure to be admirable role models.

In an article in the New York Times Magazine atheist Natalie Angier quoted Frans de Waal, a primatologist at Emory University:

"I've argued that many of what philosophers call moral sentiments can be seen in other species. In chimpanzees and other animals, you see examples of sympathy, empathy, reciprocity, a willingness to follow social rules. Dogs are a good example of a species that have and obey social rules; that's why we like them so much, even though they're large carnivores."^[35]

A Newfoundland, the breed Byron eulogized, painted by Edwin Henry Landseer, 1802–1873

In 1808 the English poet Lord Byron expressed similar thoughts in his famous poem Epitaph to a Dog:

But the poor dog, in life the firmest friend,

The first to welcome, foremost to defend,

Whose honest heart is still his master's own,

Who labors, fights, lives, breathes for him alone,

Unhonored falls, unnoticed all his worth,

Denied in heaven the soul he held on earth –

While man, vain insect! hopes to be forgiven,

And claims himself a sole exclusive heaven.^[36]

See also

• Black dog (ghost)
• The dingo in Aboriginal folklore and mythology
• Hellhound
• All Dogs Go to Heaven

References

1. Frankfort, H. (2011). Ancient Egyptian Religion: An Interpretation. Dover Publications. p. 9. ISBN 9780486411385. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
2. Bard, K.A. (1999). Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780203982839. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
3. Olga R. Rodriguez (Feb 14, 2014). "Aztec dog burial site found in Mexico City". Associated Press.
4. Webmaster ([email protected]). "Cultural Catholic - Saint Roch (Saint Rocco)". culturalcatholic.com. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
5. Stephen de Bourbon (died 1262): De Supersticione
6. Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism, p. 53, by Wendy Doniger, publisher = Manchester University Press
7. Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, s.v. "Dogs in the Islamic Tradition and Nature." New York: Continuum International, forthcoming 2004. By: Dr. Khaled Abou El Fadl
8. Susan J. Armstrong, Richard G. Botzler, The Animal Ethics Reader, p.237, Routledge (UK) Press
9. Sherman, Josepha (August 2008). Storytelling: An Encyclopedia of Mythology and Folklore. Sharpe Reference. pp. 118–121. ISBN 978-0-7656-8047-1.
10. Soeren Kern (January 31, 2012). "Muslims Declare Jihad on Dogs in Europe". Gatestone Institute.
11. Steve Dale (March 2, 2015). "Muslims Object to Dogs". ChicagoNow.
12. "Hague: Muslim party wants dog ban; via Spitsnieuws (Dutch)". National Express Malaysia. January 31, 2012.
13. Dale Hurd (October 10, 2011). "Who is Poisoning Dogs in Spain?". CBN News.
14. Buck Sexton (October 11, 2011). "Are Spanish Muslims Waging an Anti-Dog Jihad by Poisoning Them?". The Blaze.
15. Rebecca Bynum (October 8, 2011). "Muslims Are Poisoning Dogs in Spain". New English Review.
16. "Muslims will be searched by sniffer dogs despite religious objections, say police". Daily Mail. 27 June 2008.
17. Malik ibn Anas, al-Muwatta (Egypt: al-Babi al-Halabi, n.d.), 2:969. Reported in El Fadl
18. Abu Huraira Volume 3, Book 40, Number 551.
19. http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/040.sbt.html Compendium of Muslim Texts - Abu Huraira, Volume 3, Book 40, Number 551
20. "Judaism & The Treatment of Animals". Jewish Virtual Library.
21. Livingstone, A (1988). "The Isin “Dog House” Revisited", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 40 (1), p54
22. Shaffer, Aaron (1974). "Enlilbaniand the ‘DogHouse’ in Isin", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 26(4) p. 251-252)
23. Livingstone ibid, 1988, p. 58
24. Shaffer, Aaron (1974) Ibid, p. 253
25. Boyce, Mary 1989. A History of Zoroastrianism: The Early Period. P.303
26. Joseph H. Peterson. "AVESTA: VENDIDAD (English): Fargard 13.". avesta.org. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
27. Encyclopaedia Iranica:Dog. In Zoroastrianism. By Mary Boyce.
28. Joseph H. Peterson. "AVESTA: VENDIDAD: Table of Contents". avesta.org. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
29. Vendidad, Fargard 15, passim, e.g. 21.
30. Vendidad, Fargard 15, 2-4.
31. http://www.avesta.org/vendidad/vd15sbe.htm Vendidad, Fargard 13, 20-28
32. Joseph H. Peterson. "AVESTA: VENDIDAD (English): Fargard 14.". avesta.org. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
33. Jivanji Jamshedji Modi, 1928, The Funeral Ceremonies of the Parsees, Anthropological Society of Bombay
34. The Zoroastrian Faith: Tradition and Modern Research, by Solomon Alexander Nigosian, Published by McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, 1993, ISBN 0-7735-1144-X, 9780773511446 page 102 (page can be viewed via Google books)
35. "Confessions of a Lonely Atheist". partners.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
36. "Poetry Lovers' Page: George Gordon Byron". poetryloverspage.com. Retrieved 2015-05-12.