Dominick's

Dominick's
Grocer, Subsidiary of Safeway Inc.
Industry Retail (Grocery)
Founded 1918 (1918) (Chicago, Illinois)
Founder Dominick DiMatteo
Defunct December 28, 2013 (2013-12-28)
Headquarters Oak Brook, Illinois
Products Bakery, dairy, deli, frozen foods, general grocery, meat, pharmacy, produce, seafood, snacks, liquor
Subsidiaries Omni Superstore

Dominick's was a Chicago-area grocery store chain and subsidiary of Safeway Inc.. Dominick's distribution center was located in Northlake, Illinois,[1] while its management offices were located in Oak Brook, Illinois.[2][3]

History

Founding

Dominick DiMatteo, born in Sicily, founded the chain in 1918. The second Dominick's opened in 1934. In 1950, the DiMatteos opened their first supermarket, a 14,000-square-foot (1,300 m2) store.[4]

Expansion

Dominick's Matteson, IL View towards Pharmacy (2012) Note the use of HID Lighting and exposed construction. This was typical of Dominick's and Omni Superstore designs of the late 1980s.

By 1968 the chain had reached 19 stores. The family elected to sell their store to the Cleveland company Fisher Foods.[5] The DiMatteos continued to operate the chain under the financial backing of Fisher Foods. Under Fisher, Dominick's acquired 24 stores plus a 462,000-square-foot distribution center in Northlake from Kroger in two separate transactions in 1970.[6][7] The new acquisitions from Kroger increased the number of stores to 45. The Northlake distribution center, which was original built by Kroger in 1961,[8] was used by Dominick's until the chain was closed in 2014.[9]

By the 1980s the family had become unhappy with the agreement and bought back the chain in 1981 for $100 million.[4][10] The DiMatteos continued to expand and had acquired 4 stores from Kohl's[11] and 16 stores from Eagle in 1982 and 1985 respectively.[12]

In 1986, Dominick's experiment with a discount grocery store concept called Jerry's Deep Discount Centers with just 3 units, but the experiment was terminated after a few months of operation.[13]

Store design during Dominick's heyday

Dominick's Matteson, IL View of Front Checkout area of Store (2012) Safeway's lack of interest in the Chicago market is apparent in the run down conditions of this location. Notice the 2nd floor break room area to the left of the pharmacy graphic.

In the 1980s and early 1990s, under the direction of Mr. Bob Mariano, Dominick's experimented with new large "food and drug" combo stores. Dominick's was one of the first to experiment with exposed-ceiling sales areas, exposed structural elements such as piping and HVAC ducts, large-scale state-of-the-art telephone systems and POS systems, video departments, one-hour photo, bulk foods, and many other "new" 1980s concepts.[14] This design carried over to the Omni Superstore Division of Dominick's.

Early 1985-1988 Dominick's food and drug combo stores contained a full glass front wall that overlooked the parking lot with a customer service desk in the middle of the glass wall. Between 1988-1993 Dominick's stores contained a 2 story area (similar to its sister format Omni Superstore) at the front of the store. The first floor contained the customer service desk area, entry/exit vestibules, the security room, the video department, and a bank. The 2nd level contained a break room, employee restrooms, office area, and windows that overlooked the sales floor. After 1993 and the introduction of the Dominick's Fresh Stores, the design was switched back to a single level store throughout.

Dominick's Matteson, IL View towards Bakery (2012)

In the 1990s, Dominick's took the "food and drug" combo to the next level with the introduction of the Dominick's Fresh Store in 1993.[15] The Dominick's "Fresh Store" introduced prepared foods, in-store restaurants/cafés, Starbucks cafés, soft lighting, upscale subtle graphics, uniform products signage, and a general European Market feel to the Dominick's stores. During the late 1990s, the Fresh Stores were the main expansion model for Dominick's and was rolled out to all new stores including former Omni Superstores, up until the purchase by Safeway.

Safeway bought Dominick's in 1998 and put an abrupt halt to the Fresh Stores, instead rolling out their own prototype with the Fresh Store logo on the outside of the store.[16] Safeway still put "The Fresh Store" cursive logo on the outside of the stores, and in many stores, the Fresh Store concepts such as cafés, fresh prepared foods and European store layout format were discontinued in favor of Safeway's national store model. Safeway implemented its own store layouts as stores were remodeled, and their own house brands such as Safeway Select.

In 2005 the Safeway Lifestyle Store concept was brought to the Dominick's brand and in turn, many stores were remodeled with many of the same elements that Mr. Bob Mariano (the CEO of Dominick's during the Safeway takeover) had instituted prior to Safeway's acquisition but were in turn removed in 1998 by Safeway. Items such as hot prepared foods, salad bars, localized merchandise, and enhanced customer service, once removed by Safeway, were put back into service to try and win back the Chicago consumer. Mariano, currently the CEO of Roundy's Mariano's (as of 2016), expanded under the Mariano's banner and put pressure onto the Dominick's stores, which eventually closed in late 2013.

In Store Communication Systems

Dominick's and its sister operation, Omni Superstore, was a pioneer in experimenting with unique ways for in store communication method between employees and methods for announcing messages to customers. Most retail stores in the early to mid 1980s still employed the use of analog 1A2 telephone systems with separate analog paging handsets or even microphones.

Starting in 1986 Dominick's employed the use of ROLM Redwood digital telephone systems that were interconnected between stores via Tie Lines. Stores could be dialed using short codes and without long distance charges.[17]

Also used, was the overhead paging feature, built into the ROLM Redwood systems. An employee at the service desk would announce "Produce you have a call on 630" and then the employee in produce would simply go to any phone in the entire store and dial 630 to retrieve a call. Around 1986 this was highly advanced as most grocery stores still relied on analog 1A2 phone systems with a separate intercom handset that only had one or two voice paths. In addition to the overhead paging and parking capabilities of the phone system, employees could directly dial to each telephone in the store via an intercom extension such as 604 or 627, etc. For example, general merchandise would be extension 627. The store manager could dial 627 to directly dial general merchandise without having to overhead page across the entire store.[17]

While paging was frequent, Dominick's operations also experimented with walkie talkie radios. The radios weren't meant to replace the overhead paging, but to cut down on a few announcements, but overall, overhead paging was the most common way for Dominick's employees to communicate.

Dominick's employed a unique in store background music/paging system as well. While the typical lay in ceilings stores used standard ceiling mounted loud speakers, the exposed structure stores used unique high powered Atlas Soundolier paging horns directed downward from the roof trusses in the 1980s stores. Most of the 1990s stores used white Soundsphere spherical speakers attached to the bottom of the roof deck. There was some experimentation with column mounted boxed speakers at customer level as well.[17]

Later stores from 1991 and on were outfitted with Nortel Meridian 1 Option 11 PBX systems in place of the ROLM Redwood product, which was discontinued by IBM ROLM in 1990. With the Option 11 systems, an even higher advanced feature package was outfitted into the Dominick's and Omni Superstore stores. Park and Paging using extension codes such as 627 and 601 were still common but the voice quality of the M2616 and M2008 Meridian 1 telephone sets was unsurpassed in quality and paging audio was tied into Soundsphere speakers and extremely clear.[17]

The ROLM, Meridian 1 and even some 1A2 telephone systems were replaced in 2006-2007 by Safeway's Nortel BCM200 telephone systems, some of which are still in use at the Dominick's stores purchased by Roundy's and converted to Mariano's. In addition to reusing the Nortel BCM200 system from Safeway, Roundy's Mariano's tied in wireless SIP handsets for department managers and store directors to carry around on the sales floor.

Dominick's innovative park and page feature has a legacy that most large retail stores use today, including Walgreens, Home Depot, Nordstrom, Jewel-Osco, Albertsons, Meijer, and Whole Foods.

1990s: Takeovers

In 1993, Dominick DiMatteo, Jr. died from lung cancer.[18] According to the local press, his daughters and son did not have the same passion for the supermarket business. There was corporate infighting that also contributed to the family selling the chain. It took three years before the company was sold to a Los Angeles-based grocery investment firm headed by Yucaipa Companies.[19][20]

In 1998, the chain's then 116 stores were acquired by Safeway Inc.[21] Safeway soon began to sell its own private-label brands at Dominick's locations, replacing Dominick's former private-label brands. According to a grocery business consultant, "Dominick’s focused on purchasing produce and meat on quality first, price second. Safeway did just the opposite."[16] Dominick's lost market share and profits following the Safeway takeover. Safeway tried to imitate the model that had been successful in California, but Chicago's strong ethnic background did not mesh well with the California shopping experience. Between 2002 and 2007, Dominick's market share in the Chicago region declined from 24.4 percent to 14.5 percent (Jewel-Osco's 40.5 percent was the market's leader).[22] Safeway unsuccessfully attempted to sell the Dominick's chain in 2003.[23] Safeway then reported Dominick's financial information as a discontinued operation,[24] but later, Safeway announced that it was retaining the chain.[25]

After closing more than 20 stores since its acquisition, Safeway announced in February 2007 that it would close another 14 stores in the Chicago area and convert 20 existing stores to the lifestyle format.[26][27] After these store closings, Dominick's operated in 83 locations until they were closed on December 28, 2013.

Omni Superstore

Omni Superstore, Schererville, IN, 1991: canopy for loading groceries
Main article: Omni Superstore

In 1987, the chain opened Omni Superstore locations,[13][28] which were "warehouse-style" supermarkets to stave off Cub Foods supermarkets. Besides traditional food items, these stores featured non-food items, movie rental stores, and bulk items. The stores' design was stark in comparison to Dominick's and featured cost-cutting techniques.

These stores began to lose money due to lack of loss prevention and throwaway inventorying. Around 1996 then-owner Yucaipa decided to convert them to the Dominick's "Fresh Store" concept. Omni Superstores were converted to Dominick's Stores in 1997.[29][30]

After Dominick's was acquired by Safeway, some locations were closed. The Clybourn Avenue Dominick's in Chicago was the only remaining Omni Superstore building which was occupied by Dominick's until the store was closed on December 28, 2013.

Brands

After being acquired by Safeway, Dominick's private-label brands varied between those branded for Safeway (such as "Safeway Select" and "O Organics") and ones branded for Dominick's.

Lifestyle branding

On April 18, 2005, Safeway, Dominick's parent company, began a $100 million brand re-positioning campaign labeled "Ingredients for Life". Although the campaign was used in the Chicago area, the "Ingredients for Life" slogan was still positioned with the store's logo as in Safeway's other divisions (i.e. at the end of commercials and on billboards Dominick's logo was flashed combined with the slogan). Under this campaign many Dominick's were remodeled to the new format. Lifestyle stores featured more upscale trends than on Dominick's last re-branding, "Fresh Stores", such as an olive bar, carving station, Starbucks, and a salad bar.[31] Architectural changes included hardwood flooring and new direct lighting schemes that tend to be less abrasive. The first Dominick's to be branded a Lifestyle store was in Northfield[20][32] which opened after closing 12 poorly-performing stores.[33] Safeway later spent an additional $150 million in upgrades to the Lifestyle brand.[34]

Banking

After seeing the success that their Omni division had with their in-store banking partnership with St. Paul Federal Bank since 1988,[35] Dominick's formed an agreement with First Chicago Corp. in 1993.[36] Until final closure in 2013, many Dominick's featured in-store bank locations and ATMs of First Chicago's successor, Chase.[4]

Sales of Expired Food Controversy

On February 17, 2011 CBS Chicago News aired a report[37] picked up on from Chicago blogger Jill Cataldo[38] about a widespread issue with the sale of expired products in Dominick's stores. Legions of Dominick's customers had apparently been contacting Dominick's about these issues for some time to no avail. In two separate shopping trips to two different Dominick's stores, Ms. Cataldo, along with two of her readers, documented over 700 expired items on the store shelves, some more than 2 years past their expiration dates.[39]

On that same day The Chicago Tribune featured an article[40] on the Dominick's expired-food issue. In that article, Safeway, as parent company of Dominick's, released the following statement to the media: “Dominick’s customers rightly expect they will find only high-quality, fresh products at all of our stores. Our organization is committed to meeting those expectations. While expiration dates on food products are largely based on quality, not food safety, that does not diminish the fact that we are displeased with the out-of-date products found at our stores. This is not indicative of how we do business. A high-level and highest-priority team has been assembled to immediately address these issues.”

Reports of shoppers witnessing Dominick's employees in the aisles of their stores filling carts with expired products began popping up in the comments sections of these articles.

On February 18, 2011 various Chicago market media outlets also ran reports on this problem including NBC Chicago,[41] WGN Morning News[42] and WBBM AM Radio.

Scores of customers had taken to the Dominick's Facebook page demanding answers about the volume of expired products on their shelves, but Dominick's remained silent on the issue prior to Ms. Cataldo's blog posts and the subsequent media coverage.

Store Closings

Over time, Dominick's closed stores due to lack of sales and overall poor performance. In 2011, three locations were closed in Orland Park, Oak Lawn, and Carpentersville. In 2012, stores were closed in Hoffman Estates, Vernon Hills, North Chicago and Bloomingdale. Most employees were either transferred to different stores or offered a severance package.

It was announced that most Dominick's stores would be closed in the Chicago area by December 28, 2013.[43] The announcement has spurred its competitors into seeking out employees and store locations that they could expand into once Dominick's exits the market.[44] On December 2, 2013, Milwaukee-based Roundy's, which operates under the Mariano's Fresh Market brand in the Chicago market and is chaired by former Dominick's CEO Bob Mariano, announced the purchase of eleven stores in the chain, though employees would have to re-apply to work for Roundy's.[45]

In December 2013, Dominick's employee Steve Yamamoto was suspended one day prior to his store closure date for having published a satirical, science-fiction themed video on the closure.[46]

One location remained open in Bannockburn, Illinois until January 25, 2014, and another in Westchester, Illinois, until January 28.[47] Whole Foods purchased 7 of the closed locations in 2014.[48]

Return of Pre Safeway Dominick's Style under new Mariano's Banner

Due to the elimination of Dominick's in the Chicago area, former Dominick's CEO and now CEO of Mariano's, Mr. Bob Mariano, along with Mr. Donald Rosanova, executive vice president of operations for Roundy's and himself a former Dominick's executive, resurrected the former Dominick's structure under their management. Mariano's stores are run extremely close to that of Mr. Bob Mariano's former Dominick's stores. Some elements include:

Former Mr. Bob Mariano run Dominick's (open 1998), now Mariano's. Cumberland and Higgins Road, Park Ridge, IL. View of Produce Area)

-Black and white uniforms for store associates. This included a white dress shirt, black tie and black slacks for men. Women are more liberal with black and white loose dress shirts and black pants and black aprons.

-The return of many family run Dominick's managers and employees that worked directly for Mariano and Rosanova at Dominick's, but who left during Safeway's tenure.

-Overhead paging is common and frequent as a fast way to get help and show customers employees are getting their jobs done. Managers page in a demanding style similar to that of the old Dominick's days.

-Prepared hot foods such as a hot bar and meal deals are available in the deli.

-In store cafes.

-Instrumental Smooth Jazz Overhead Music.

-Live Piano Player in the store.

-Management style similar to the former Mariano run Dominick's.

-Intense localization of merchandise similar to the Mariano run Dominick's.

-Creative and warehouse loft styled interior store design with exposed structures, ductwork and elements describes above in the 1980s Dominick's store designs.

The pre Safeway/Di Matteo family run Dominick's are still alive and well with Mariano's, under Mr. Bob Mariano's and Mr. Don Rosanova's leadership.[49]

References

  1. ↑ "Distribution Centers" (PDF). Safeway Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 15, 2011. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
  2. ↑ Gallun, Alby (June 17, 2002). "Dominick's losing its local flavor". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved December 23, 2009.
  3. ↑ Hoover's Masterlist of Major US Companies, A-Z. Hoover's. 2005. ISBN 9781573111072. OCLC 62147766. Retrieved 14 February 2011 – via Google Books. DOMINICK'S FINER FOODS, INC. 711 Jorie Blvd. Oak Brook, IL 60523
  4. 1 2 3 "Dominick's Finer Foods, LLC". Answers.com. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007.
  5. ↑ "Fisher-Fazio and Dominick's Agree to Merge". Chicago Tribune. May 14, 1968. p. C7. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
  6. ↑ "Seven Kroger Units Bought By Dominick's". Chicago Tribune. July 18, 1970. p. B7. Dominick's Finer Foods Stores has completed purchase of a 462,000-square-foot Kroger distribution center...and six Kroger retail supermarkets. The acquisition of the six retail outlets will bring the number of stores operated by Dominick's to 27. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
  7. ↑ "Dominick's Buys 18 Kroger Food Stores". Chicago Tribune. November 13, 1970. p. C11. Dominick's Finer Foods has announced it bought 18 more Kroger stores, to increase its food chain to 45 stores. Dominick's purchased Kroger's Northlake distribution center and several other stores. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
  8. ↑ "Begin Kroger Expansion In Chicago Area: Distributor Unit, Store Started". Chicago Daily Tribune. June 23, 1960. p. b5. Kroger company Wednesday broke ground for a giant distribution center in Northlake from which it will service 67 Chicago area stores. The distribution center, on a 55 acre site in Northlake industrial district, will have 10-1/2 acres of warehousing facilities and offices under one roof. The structure is scheduled for completion late in 1961. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
  9. ↑ Matthews, David Lee (August 13, 2014). "Developer plans $90 million warehouse project on Dominick's site". Crain's Chicago Business. Pleasanton, California-based Safeway Inc., which sold the property, exited the Chicago market last year and closed its 72 Dominick's stores here. At least 28 stores were still vacant as of yesterday.
  10. ↑ "Dominick's is sold to its former owner". Chicago Tribune. December 31, 1981. p. B2. The operation has grown from 17 stores in 1968 to 71 stores today. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
  11. ↑ Lazarus, George (April 22, 1982). "Scot Lad Foods eyes purchase of Butera". Chicago Tribune. p. b6. Butera recently sought unsuccessfully in acquiring four stores of the Kohl's Food Stores Chicago area operation but those units were picked up by the Dominick's chain. Kohl's eight other Chicago area stores were sold to Eagle. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
  12. ↑ Lazarus, George & Gorman, John (May 24, 1985). "Dominick's To Purchase 16 Eagle Food Stores". Chicago Tribune.
  13. 1 2 Lazarus, George (February 24, 1987). "Dominick's Won't Keep Jerry's Afloat". Chicago Tribune.
  14. ↑ Pegler, Martin (1989). Market, Supermarket & Hypermarket Design. Retail Reporting Corp. ISBN 9780934590334. OCLC 21565944.
  15. ↑ Ryan, Nancy (November 14, 1993). "Dominick's Takes Stab At Takeout". Chicago Tribune.
  16. 1 2 Jargon, Julie (2005-12-16). "Safeway's mistakes offer lesson for new Jewel owner". Crain's Chicago Business.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Eric E.- Dominick's Telecom Manager 1988-1998
  18. ↑ Heise, Kenan (November 9, 1993). "Dominick Dimatteo Jr.: Built Supermarket Chain". Chicago Tribune.
  19. ↑ Lazarus, George (February 3, 1995). "California Giant To Snap Up Home-grown Dominick's: Old-line Family Firm To Bring $500 Million". Chicago Tribune.
  20. 1 2 Duff, Mike (March 28, 2005). "A taste of Calif. lifestyle in Dominick's Chicago stores". DSN Retailing Today. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
  21. ↑ Bigness, Jon (October 14, 1998). "For Dominick's, Sale A New Start: $1.85 Billion Safeway Deal May Fuel Growth". Chicago Tribune.
  22. ↑ Schmeltzer, John (February 13, 2007). "Roundy's joins Chicago grocery fray". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
  23. ↑ Goll, David (March 7, 2005). "Talk of Safeway sale of Dominick's gets louder". East Bay Business Times. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
  24. ↑ "Safeway Inc., Form 10Q". Securities and Exchange Commission. May 6, 2003. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
  25. ↑ Knowles, Francine (May 5, 2007). "Safeway has no intention to sell Dominick's chain". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
  26. ↑ Yue, Lorene (February 2, 2007). "Dominick's to close 14 local stores". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
  27. ↑ Manor, Robert (February 3, 2007). "Dominick's to close 14 area stores by April". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
  28. ↑ Van Vynckt, Virginia (April 16, 1987). "Omni offers (nearly) all things to shoppers". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 7. (subscription required (help)). Imagine an all-night drugstore, department store, supermarket, specialty shop and deli under one roof. That's the idea behind Omni, an 86,000-square-foot superstore opened by Dominick's Finer Foods last week in southwest suburban Orland Park.
  29. ↑ Millman, Nancy (October 10, 1997). "Dominick's Omni Stores Go Upscale: 'Fresh' Stores Offer Consumers More To Choose From, Such As Deli Counters And Cafes, And May Give Firm Higher Margins". Chicago Tribune.
  30. ↑ Podmolik, Mary Ellen & Cruze, Tom (October 10, 1997). "Omni off Dominick's menu - Chain plans conversion to 'fresh stores'". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 59. (subscription required (help)). Dominick's Supermarkets Inc., announced plans Thursday to do away with its 17 Omni discount food stores and convert most of them to Dominick's "fresh stores" by next summer. For Dominick's, the switch is likely to further increase profit margin. The renovated "fresh stores," introduced in 1994 with trendy food products and a wider selection of produce, have been extremely popular with customers.
  31. ↑ Schmeltzer, John (March 3, 2006). "Dominick's wants slice of the high-end market: New city store puts emphasis on easy, fresh prepared foods". Chicago Tribune.
  32. ↑ Schmeltzer, John (December 24, 2005). "Squeeze of the supercenter: New players bite into market share of traditional grocers". Chicago Tribune.
  33. ↑ Alexander, Delroy (March 5, 2005). "Roundy's may again look to buy Dominick's". Chicago Tribune.
  34. ↑ Hughlett, Mike (March 31, 2008). "Dominick's sets 'lifestyle' goals: Supermarket chain is spending more than $200 million remodeling sites, proof that it is not for sale, store says". Chicago Tribune.
  35. ↑ "St. Paul Bancorp Inc., Parent of St. Paul Federal Bank for...". Chicago Tribune. October 18, 1988.
  36. ↑ Stangenes, Sharon (May 13, 1993). "1st Chicago Branches At Dominick's". Chicago Tribune.
  37. ↑ "Mom Blogger Finds Cartloads of Expired Date Food At Popular Grocer". CBS Chicago. February 17, 2011.
  38. ↑ Cataldo, Jill (February 18, 2011). "Expired Food at Dominick's First In A Series". JillCataldo.com (blog).
  39. ↑ Cataldo, Jill (February 18, 2011). "Expired Food at Dominick's Second Second In A Series". JillCataldo.com (blog).
  40. ↑ Karp, Gregory (2011-02-18). "Outdated Items At Dominick's Angers Customers". Chicago Tribune.com.
  41. ↑ Elich, Jaime. "Angry Customers Complain Dominick's Sold Them Expired Items". NBC Chicago.
  42. ↑ "Dominick's Addresses Expired Food Concerns". WGN TV. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011.
  43. ↑ Pathieu, Diane (December 28, 2013). "Dominick's stores close doors at noon Saturday across Chicago". ABC7Chicago.com. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
  44. ↑ Channick, Robert (October 16, 2013). "Jewel to keep workers from 4 Dominick's stores it's acquiring". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
  45. ↑ Channick, Robert & Bomkamp, Samantha (December 2, 2013). "Mariano's owner Roundy's buying 11 Dominick's stores". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
  46. ↑ Graef, Jon (December 28, 2013). "Suburban Dominick's Employee Suspended On Last Day For Satirical YouTube clip". Chicagoist. Retrieved December 31, 2013.
  47. ↑ Channick, Robert (December 28, 2013). "Final closing time for Dominick's on Saturday". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
  48. ↑ Channick, Robert (February 3, 2014). "Whole Foods confirms plan to buy 7 former Dominick's stores". Chicago Tribune.
  49. ↑ Kukec, Anna (April 4, 2014). "How Mariano's CEO created his grocery empire". Daily Herald.
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