Drug culture

Drug subcultures are examples of countercultures that are primarily defined by recreational drug use.

Drug subcultures are groups of people united by a common understanding of the meaning and value (good or otherwise) of the incorporation into one's life of the drug in question. Such unity can take many forms, from friends who take the drug together, possibly obeying certain rules of etiquette, groups banding together to help each other obtain drugs and avoid arrest^[1] to full-scale political movements for the reform of drug laws.^[2] The sum of these parts can be considered an individual drug's "culture".

Many artists have used various drugs and explored their influence on human life in general and particularly on the creative process. Hunter S. Thompson's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas employs drug use as a major theme and provides an example of the drug culture of the 1960s.

Drinking culture

Main article: Drinking culture

Alcoholic beverages contain ethanol (simply called alcohol). Ethanol is a psychoactive drug^[3]^[4] primarily found in alcoholic beverages. Alcohol is one of the most commonly abused drugs in the world (Meropol, 1996)^[5] often used for self-medication,^[6] and as recreational drug use.^[7]

Cannabis culture

Main article: Cannabis culture

Cannabis culture has been responsible for the genre of films known as stoner films which has come to be accepted as a mainstream cinema movement.^[8]^[9] In the United States the culture has also spawned its own celebrities (such as Tommy Chong and Terence McKenna), magazines (Cannabis Culture and High Times), and, in North America, its own distinct holiday: April 20, which is marked as a day for calling for the legalization of cannabis and celebration of cannabis.^[10]^[11]

Witchcraft and drugs

The drugs used in witchcraft are different depending on the culture. Most of the research done on drug use in witchcraft has been done in the 60s during the hippie movement. And since then the ergot that was theoretically taken in Salem has been some what disproven. However, because the research was done in the hippie and drug movement in the 70s the theory is still a part of drug culture.^[12]

Ancient Greek love magic uses many rituals that show drug use in poisoning to deeper the emotion of love. Love magic was used by women during ancient Greek times to keep a man deeply in love or to gain love by a man. In this field researchers look a lot at the agency of the women. Greek love magic relates to drug culture as it deals with poisoning people. There can be similarities found in today's date rape drug. However, in ancient Greek time the women would slowly poison the men. Women would put the poisons on their robes to expose it to the men.^[13]

Shamanism used hallucinogens to further their spirituality. These hallucinogens were used for different ceremonies of the Indians in the Northwest Amazon. These ceremonies include funerals and initiation of the young. Shamans had a wider rage of use for these drugs. Shamans used these drugs to identify illnesses and find possible cures or to find an enemy.^[14]

There is a theory, seemingly disproven due to timeline of events and number of those who experience the symptoms, that the salem witch trials were cause by ergot poisoning. Ergot poisoning gives a similar effect to LSD.^[15]

References

↑ Grund, Jean-Paul (2010-11-20). "subculture of injecting drug use". Thebody.com. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
↑ Armentano, Paul. "norml.org". norml.org. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
↑ Robinson, DL; Howard, EC; McConnell, S; Gonzales, RA; Wightman, RM (2013-03-25). "Disparity between tonic and phasic ethanol-induced dopamine increases in the nucleus accumbens of rats". Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 33: 1187–96. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.00942.x. PMC 2947861. PMID 19389195.
↑ Drugs and society - Page 189, Glen (Glen R.) Hanson, Peter J. Venturelli, Annette E. Fleckenstein - 2006
↑ "Medscape: Medscape Access". medscape.com.
↑ Crum, R. M.; La Flair, L; Storr, C. L.; Green, K. M.; Stuart, E. A.; Alvanzo, A. A.; Lazareck, S; Bolton, J. M.; Robinson, J; Sareen, J; Mojtabai, R (2013). "Reports of drinking to self-medicate anxiety symptoms: Longitudinal assessment for subgroups of individuals with alcohol dependence". Depression and Anxiety. 30 (2): 174–83. doi:10.1002/da.22024. PMC 4154590. PMID 23280888.
↑ "Alcohol: The World's Oldest Recreational Drug - OUPblog". OUPblog.
↑ Peters, Jon. "top ten stoner movies". Killerfilm.com. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
↑ "top ten stoner movies". Ign.com. 2008-08-08. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
↑ "report on 420 holiday". MSNBC. 2008-04-16. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
↑ "Marijuana rally in trouble". Foxnews.com. 2012-04-20. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
↑ Breslaw, Elaine G., ed. Witches of the Atlantic World: A Historical Reader & Primary Sourcebook. (New York: New York University Press, 2000), 427-511
↑ Faraone, Christopher A.. Ancient Greek Love Magic. Cambridge, US: Harvard University Press, 2009. Accessed April 27, 2016. ProQuest ebrary.
↑ Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo. "The Cultural Context of an Aboriginal Hallucinogen: Banisteriopsis Caapi.. Flesh of the Gods: The Ritual Use of Hallucinogens. ed. Furst T., Peter. (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1972).
↑ Spanos, Nicholas P.; Gottlieb, Jack (1976). "Ergotism and the Salem Village Witch Trials". Science. 194 (4272): 1390–94. doi:10.1126/science.795029. JSTOR 1743999. PMID 795029.

Recreational drug use

Major
recreational
drugs

Psychedelics	Bufotenin Psychoactive toads Vilca Yopo DMT Ayahuasca LSA LSD-25 Mescaline Peruvian Torch Peyote San Pedro Psilocybin / Psilocin Psilocybin mushrooms

Dissociatives	DXM Glaucine Inhalants Nitrous oxide alkyl nitrites poppers amyl nitrite Ketamine MXE Muscimol Amanita muscaria PCP Salvinorin A Salvia divinorum

Deliriants	Atropine and Scopolamine Atropa belladonna Datura Hyoscyamus niger Mandragora officinarum Dimenhydrinate Diphenhydramine

Cannabinoids	JWH-018 THC Cannabis Hashish Hash oil

Oneirogens	Calea zacatechichi Silene capensis

Drug culture

Cannabis culture	420 Cannabis cultivation Cannabis smoking Legal history of cannabis in the United States Legality of cannabis Marijuana Policy Project Medical cannabis NORML Religious and spiritual use of cannabis Stoner film

Coffee culture	Coffee break Coffeehouse Latte art Tea house

Drinking culture	Bartending Beer culture Beer festival Binge drinking Drinking games Drinking song Happy hour Hip flask Nightclub Pub crawl

Psychedelia	Art Drug Era Experience Literature Music Therapy

Smoking culture	Cigarette card Fashion cigarettes Cloud-chasing Loosie Smokeasy Smoking fetishism Tobacco smoking

Other	Club drug Counterculture of the 1960s Dance party Drug paraphernalia Drug tourism Entheogen Hippie Party and play Poly drug use Rave Self-medication Sex and drugs Whoonga

Drug
production
and trade

Drug production	Coca production in Colombia Drug precursors Opium production in Afghanistan Rolling meth lab

Drug trade	Illegal drug trade in Colombia

Issues with
drug use

Abuse
Date rape drug
Effects of cannabis
Addiction
Dependence
Drug-related crime
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Illegal drug trade
Long-term effects of cannabis
Neurotoxicity
Overdose
Passive smoking
- of tobacco or other substances

Legality of
drug use

International	1961 Narcotic Drugs 1971 Psychotropic Substances 1988 Drug Trafficking Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs

State level	Drug policy Decriminalization Prohibition Supply reduction Policy reform Demand reduction Drug Policy Alliance Harm reduction Law Enforcement Against Prohibition Liberalization Latin America Students for Sensible Drug Policy Transform Drug Policy Foundation

Drug policy by country	Australia Canada Germany India Netherlands Portugal Slovakia Soviet Union Sweden Switzerland United States Just Say No Office of National Drug Control Policy School district drug policies California Colorado Maryland Virginia

Other	Arguments for and against drug prohibition Capital punishment for drug trafficking Designer drug Drug court Drug harmfulness Drug possession Drug test Mexican Drug War Philippine Drug War Narc Politics of drug abuse War on Drugs Zero tolerance

Lists of
countries by...

Cannabis plant

General

Usage

General	Medical cannabis History of medical cannabis Timeline of cannabis Religious and spiritual use Chalice

Hemp	Hanfparade Hempcrete List of hemp diseases Hemp for Victory Hemp Industries Association Hemp jewelry Hemp oil The Emperor Wears No Clothes

Preparations

Extracts by potency

Pro-Cannabis
organizations

Use demographics

Politics

General	Bootleggers and Baptists Drug testing Global Marijuana March Legality Legality by country Legal and medical status Legal history in the United States Marijuana Anonymous (MA) Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act Marihuana Tax Act of 1937

Major legal reforms	UK: Return to class B Uruguay: Law No. 19172 USA: Decriminalization of non-medical use Places that have decriminalized non-medical use Removal from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act

Politicians and parties	Cannabis political parties List of British politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use List of U.S. politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use

Lawsuits and legal cases	ADPF 187 Gonzales v. Raich Kyllo v. United States (thermal imaging)

Media	KKCL

Category
Portal

Culture

Outline

Sciences	Cultural anthropology Cultural astronomy Cultural ecology Cultural geography Cultural neuroscience Cultural studies Culturology Culture theory Neuroculture

Subfields	Bioculture Cross-cultural studies Cross-cultural communication Cross-cultural leadership Cross-cultural psychiatry Cross-cultural psychology Cultural analytics Cultural economics Cultural entomology Cultural health Cultural history Cultural mapping Cultural mediation Cultural psychology Culturomics Intercultural learning Intercultural relations Philosophy of culture Popular culture studies Semiotics of culture Sociology of culture Sound culture Theology of culture Transcultural nursing

Types	Constructed culture Dominant culture Folk culture High culture Individualistic culture Legal culture Low culture Microculture Official culture Political culture Civic Popular culture Urban Primitive culture Subculture Alternative culture list Super culture Vernacular culture Culture by location

Aspects	Acculturation Cultural appropriation Cultural area Cultural artifact Cultural baggage Cultural behavior Cultural bias Cultural capital Cross-cultural Cultural communication Cultural conflict Cultural cringe Cultural dissonance Cultural emphasis Cultural framework Cultural heritage Cultural icon Cultural identity Cultural industry Cultural invention Cultural landscape Cultural learning Cultural leveling Cultural memory Cultural pluralism Cultural practice Cultural property Cultural reproduction Cultural system Cultural technology Cultural universal Cultureme Enculturation High- and low-context cultures Interculturality Manuscript culture Material culture Non-material culture Organizational culture Print culture Protoculture Safety culture Technoculture Trans-cultural diffusion Transculturation Visual culture

Politics	Colonial mentality Consumer capitalism Cross cultural sensitivity Cultural assimilation Cultural attaché Cultural backwardness Cultural Bolshevism Cultural conservatism Cultural contracts Cultural deprivation Cultural diplomacy Cultural environmentalism Cultural exception Cultural feminism Cultural genocide Cultural globalization Cultural hegemony Cultural imperialism Cultural intelligence Cultural liberalism Cultural nationalism Cultural pessimism Cultural policy Cultural racism Cultural radicalism Cultural retention Cultural Revolution Cultural rights Cultural safety Cultural silence Cultural subsidy Cultural Zionism Culture change Culture minister Culture of fear Culture war Deculturalization Dominator culture Interculturalism Intraculturalism Monoculturalism Multiculturalism Biculturalism Pluriculturalism Security culture Transculturism

Related	Animal culture Archaeological culture Bennett scale Bullying culture Cannabis culture Circuit of culture Coffee culture Cross-cultural Cultural center Cultural Christian Cultural Mormon Cultural competence Cultural critic Cultural Detective Cultural determinism Cultural diversity Cultural encoding Cultural evolutionism Cultural homogenization Cultural institution Cultural jet lag Cultural Judaism Cultural lag Cultural literacy Cultural mosaic Cultural movement Cultural mulatto Cultural Muslim Cultural probe Cultural relativism Culture speculation Cultural tourism Pop-culture Cultural translation Cultural turn Cultural sensibility Culture and positive psychology Culture and social cognition Culture gap Culture hero Culture industry Culture shock Culturgen Children's culture Culturalism Cyberculture Death and culture Disability culture Deaf culture Emotions and culture Intercultural communication Intercultural competence Languaculture Living things in culture Media culture Oppositional culture Participatory culture Permission culture Rape culture Remix culture Tea culture Transformation of culture Urban culture Welfare culture

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Drug culture

Drinking culture

Cannabis culture

Witchcraft and drugs

See also

References