Dungeness (headland)

This article is about the headland in Kent, England. For the sand spit in Washington, United States, see Dungeness Spit. For the headland on the border of Chile and Argentina, see Punta Dúngeness.
Dungeness

Aerial view of Dungeness
Dungeness
 Dungeness shown within Kent
OS grid referenceTR0917
Civil parishLydd
DistrictShepway
Shire countyKent
RegionSouth East
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post town Romney Marsh
Postcode district TN29
Dialling code 01797
Police Kent
Fire Kent
Ambulance South East Coast
EU Parliament South East England
UK ParliamentFolkestone and Hythe
Websitehttp://www.dungeness.org.uk/
List of places
UK
England
Kent

Coordinates: 50°55′00″N 0°58′00″E / 50.916667°N 0.966667°E / 50.916667; 0.966667

Dungeness (UK /ˌdʌndʒəˈnɛs/[1]) is a headland on the coast of Kent, England, formed largely of a shingle beach in the form of a cuspate foreland. It shelters a large area of low-lying land, Romney Marsh. Dungeness is also the name of the power station, of the hamlet within the location, and of an important ecological site at the same location. It lies within the civil parish of Lydd.

Etymology

The name Dungeness derives from Old Norse nes: "headland", with the first part probably connected with the nearby Denge Marsh. Popular etymology ascribes a French origin to the toponym, giving an interpretation as "dangerous nose".

Ecology

Dungeness is one of the largest expanses of shingle in Europe.[2] It is of international conservation importance for its geomorphology, plant and invertebrate communities and birdlife. This is recognised and protected mostly through its conservation designations as a national nature reserve (NNR), a Special Protection Area (SPA), a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and part of the Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) of Dungeness, Romney Marsh and Rye Bay.

There is a remarkable variety of wildlife living at Dungeness, with over 600 different types of plant: a third of all those found in Britain. It is one of the best places in Britain to find insects such as moths, bees and beetles, and spiders; many of these are very rare, some found nowhere else in Britain.

The short-haired bumblebee, Bombus subterraneus, was last found in the UK in 1988, but has survived in New Zealand after being shipped there more than 100 years ago. After unsuccessful attempts to reintroduce the New Zealand bees at Dungeness in 2009-2010, the Bumblebee Conservation Trust, Hymettus, Natural England and the RSPB teamed up with the Swedish government in a second attempt and introduced 51 of them in 2012 and 49 in 2013 to the Dungeness Reserve. This will be continued each year to ensure a successful integration.[3]

The flooded gravel pits on Denge Beach, both brackish and fresh water, provide an important refuge for many migratory and coastal bird species. The RSPB has a bird reserve there, and every year thousands of bird watchers visit the peninsula and its bird observatory.

One of the most remarkable features of the site is an area known as 'the patch' or, by anglers, as 'the boil'. The waste hot water and sewage from the Dungeness nuclear power stations are pumped into the sea through two outfall pipes, enriching the biological productivity of the sea bed and attracting seabirds from miles around.

Beach fishing is popular at Dungeness, with the area being a nationally recognised cod fishing venue in the winter.

The Dungeness area will potentially be affected by plans to lengthen the runway of Lydd Airport to accommodate larger passenger jets.[4]

It has previously been reported that Dungeness had such low rainfall as to qualify as the only desert in the UK. However a spokesperson for the Met Office refuted this in 2015.[5]

Lighthouses

There have been seven lighthouses at Dungeness, five high and two low, with the fifth high one still fully operational today. At first only a beacon was used to warn sailors, but this was replaced by a proper lighthouse in 1615. As the sea retreated, this had to be replaced in 1635 by a new lighthouse nearer to the water's edge known as Lamplough's Tower.

As more shingle was thrown up, a new and more up-to-date lighthouse was built near the sea in 1792 by Samuel Wyatt. This lighthouse was about 35 m (115 ft) high and of the same design as the third Eddystone Lighthouse. From the mid-19th century, it was painted black with a white band to make it more visible in daylight; similar colours have featured on the subsequent lighthouses here. This lighthouse was demolished in 1904, but the lighthouse keepers' accommodation, built in a circle around the base of the tower, still exists.

In 1901 building of the fourth lighthouse, the High Light Tower, started. It was first lit on 31 March 1904 and still stands today. It is no longer in use as a lighthouse but is open as a visitor attraction. It is a circular brick structure, 41 m (135 ft) high and 11 m (36 ft) in diameter at ground level. It has 169 steps, and gives visitors a good view of the shingle beach.

As the sea receded further, and after building the nuclear power station which obscured the light of the 1904 lighthouse, a fifth lighthouse, Dungeness Lighthouse was built.

Power stations

Dungeness B

There are two nuclear power stations at Dungeness, the first built in 1965 and the second in 1983. They are within a wildlife sanctuary deemed a Site of Special Scientific Interest and birds flourish in the warmer water created by the station's outflow.

The older power station closed on 31 December 2006,[6] while the newer station has had its licence extended to 2028.[7]

There is a public visitors centre and tours of 'B' station are available. British Energy stopped tours in 2001, and subsequently closed the visitors centre in 2003, in the wake of the September 11 attacks. EDF opened a new visitors centre in 2013, also resuming tours, albeit with security pre-clearance procedures which have to be arranged some weeks in advance of visiting.

Transport

Dungeness is accessible by two roads, one along the coast from New Romney to the north, and another from Lydd to the north-west. Both roads converge near the Pilot public house, from where a single road runs some 1 mi (1.6 km) south to the tip of Dungeness.[8]

Dungeness is also served by the Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway, a 15 in (381 mm) gauge light railway that covers the 13.5-mile (21.7 km) distance from Hythe. The line, which had opened to New Romney in 1927, was extended to Dungeness station a year later. It still provides a service for tourists, and to take children to and from school.[8][9]

The peninsula has a second, standard gauge, railway, but this is now truncated at Lydd and only used to carry waste from the power stations. It formerly linked Dungeness (and, via a separate branch, New Romsey) to a junction with the Marshlink Line at Appledore. The Dungeness section was closed to passengers on 4 July 1937 and it was truncated to Lydd on 6 March 1967.[8][10]

Lydd Airport, sometimes known as London Ashford Airport, lies just to the north-west of Dungeness. Despite opposition, largely due to its proximity to the unique landscape of Dungeness, the airport has recently received permission to extend its runway to allow it to handle fully loaded aircraft up to the size of a Boeing 737 or Airbus A319. At present, the airport provides scheduled services to Le Touquet Airport in northern France, using much smaller aircraft.[4][11][12]

Defence uses

The beach and marshes have been used for military training and there are marked "danger areas".

Acoustic mirrors

Acoustic mirrors at Denge

Denge is the site of a set of acoustic mirrors, known as the "Listening Ears". Built between 1928 and 1930, the three massive concrete structures formed an experimental early warning system that aimed to detect invading aircraft by focusing sound waves. The site was chosen as being one of the quietest in Britain. Their different forms are evidence of their experimental nature; they were not particularly effective and were abandoned when radar became available. English Heritage and English Nature have joined forces to provide public access to the site.

Operation Pluto

In 1944 some of the world's first submarine oil pipelines were laid between Dungeness and France in Operation Pluto. The lines from Dungeness were part of a network called Dumbo and ran to Ambleteuse in France.

The hamlet

Prospect Cottage, Dungeness (2004)

In addition to the power station and lighthouse, there is a collection of dwellings. Some of the homes, wooden houses in the main, many built around old railway coaches, are owned and occupied by fishermen, whose boats lie on the beach. Closer to the main road, there is a large building – comprising 5 conjoined homes – previously occupied by coastguards. There are more solidly-built houses around the site of the power stations. There are two public houses: "The Pilot" and "The Britannia". Fresh seafood can be purchased from several outlets across the shingle.

Perhaps the most famous house is Prospect Cottage, formerly owned by the late artist and film director Derek Jarman. The cottage is painted black, with a poem, part of John Donne's "The Sunne Rising", written on one side in black lettering. But the garden is the main attraction: reflecting the bleak, windswept landscape of the peninsula, Derek Jarman's garden is made of pebbles, driftwood, scrap metal and a few hardy plants.

Another Dungeness house is represented on the cover of Pink Floyd's album A Collection of Great Dance Songs.

Media references

Dungeness now appears quite often in music videos, album covers and adverts. The shingle beach and fishermen's shacks feature extensively in the Lighthouse Family promotional video for their 1998 song "High". The acoustic mirror at Dungeness is featured on the cover of the album Ether Song by the British indie band Turin Brakes. Dungeness appears on the covers of albums as diverse as So much for the city by The Thrills and Aled by Aled Jones. The Prodigy's single "Invaders Must Die" video was filmed here, and shows both the acoustic mirrors and the lighthouse. Additionally, the music video for Lithuanian DJ Ten Walls' hit single Walking With Elephants was filmed on the headland and in the surrounding sea, and featured many of the areas prominent landmarks.

Athlete have a song on the album Vehicles and Animals called "Dungeness" which is about the area. Get Cape Wear Cape Fly mention Dungeness and the lighthouse in their song "Lighthouse Keeper". The Kent-based hardcore punk band November Coming Fire released a 2006 album entitled Dungeness, featuring a track called "Powerstation" which included a recording of waves on the beach.

In television, the Dungeness landscape, the lighthouse and the power station have been used on digital channel E4 at the beginning and end of advertising breaks. It was used as a backdrop for 2 part ITV drama The Poison Tree.[13] It featured in an episode of the BBC detective serial The Inspector Lynley Mysteries and in March 2007 was the setting for a major part of an EastEnders special. The BBC filmed episodes of Doctor Who in Dungeness during the 1970s. The 1981 fantasy film Time Bandits shot its 'Time of Legends' sequence on the beach, and Dungeness was used to film a scene in Danny Boyle's Trance.[14]

Much of the Michael Winterbottom's 1998 film I Want You was set in and around Dungeness: the lead character's home was one of the wooden beach dwellings.

Climate

Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).[15]

Climate data for Dungeness (headland)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 7
(45)		 7
(45)		 9
(48)		 11
(52)		 14
(58)		 17
(63)		 19
(67)		 20
(68)		 18
(65)		 14
(58)		 10
(50)		 8
(46)		 13
(55)
Average low °C (°F) 3
(38)		 3
(37)		 3
(37)		 5
(41)		 8
(46)		 11
(51)		 13
(56)		 13
(56)		 12
(53)		 8
(47)		 5
(41)		 3
(38)		 7
(45)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 48
(1.9)		 41
(1.6)		 46
(1.8)		 36
(1.4)		 33
(1.3)		 41
(1.6)		 46
(1.8)		 50
(2)		 53
(2.1)		 89
(3.5)		 71
(2.8)		 71
(2.8)		 625
(24.6)
Source: Weatherbase [16]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Dungeness". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  2. ↑ McVeigh, Tracy (15 January 2012). "Dungeness's strange beauty under threat from shingle plan". The Guardian. www.theguardian.com. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  3. ↑ "Projects: Short-haired bumblebee reintroduction". The Rspb. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
  4. 1 2 Bowcott, Owen (10 April 2010). "Lydd highlights battle between airport expansion and eco-concerns". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  5. ↑ http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/aug/10/britains-only-desert-goes-on-sale-for-15m-dungeness-estate?CMP=share_btn_tw
  6. ↑ "England | Kent | Nuclear switch-off at Dungeness A". BBC News. 31 December 2006. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
  7. ↑ "About Dungeness B". EDF Energy. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
  8. 1 2 3 OS Explorer Map 125 - Romney Marsh, Rye & Winchelsea (Map). Ordnance Survey. 2002. ISBN 9780319235645.
  9. ↑ "About RH&DR". Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  10. ↑ "history of the Dungeness railway line and pictures". Subbrit.org.uk. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
  11. ↑ "The Future of Lydd Airport". London Ashford Airport Ltd. Archived from the original on 8 June 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  12. ↑ "Lydd - the fastest way to France". Lydd Air. Archived from the original on 8 June 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  13. ↑ Kent Film Office. "Kent Film Office The Poison Tree Film Focus".
  14. ↑ Kent Film Office. "Kent Film Office Trance Film Focus".
  15. ↑ "Climate Summary for Dungeness". Weatherbase.com. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
  16. ↑ "Weatherbase.com". Weatherbase. 2013. Retrieved on 9 July 2013.
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