East-central Europe

East-Central Europe (de. Ostmitteleuropa, fr. Europe médiane) is the region between German-speaking Europe and Russia.^[1][2] Those lands are described as situated “between two”: "between two worlds, between two stages, between two futures".^[3] In the geopolitical sense, East-Central Europe can be considered alongside Western and Eastern Europe, as one of the “Three Europes”.^[4]

The concept differs from that of Central and Eastern Europe in that it is based on criteria^[5] whereby the states of Central and Eastern Europe belong to two different cultural^[6][7][8] and economic circles.

Definitions

Oskar Halecki

Oskar Halecki, who distinguished four regions in Europe (Western, West Central, East Central and Eastern Europe) defined East-Central Europe as a region from Finland to Greece,^[9] the eastern part of Central Europe, between Sweden, Germany, and Italy, on the one hand, and Turkey and Russia on the other.^[10] According to Halecki, in the course of European history, a great variety of peoples in this region created their own independent states, sometimes quite large and powerful; in connection with Western Europe they developed their individual national cultures and contributed to the general progress of European civilization.^[10]

Paul Robert Magocsi

East Central Europe according to Paul Robert Magocsi

Paul Robert Magocsi described this region in this work Historical Atlas of East Central Europe. He distinguished 3 main zones:

• The northern zone, located between the Baltic Sea (in the north) and the alignment Ore Mountains-Sudetes-northern Carpathians-Prut river (in the south) and the Dnieper in the east. The countries located by the author in this zone are: Belarus, former East Germany, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, and Ukraine (west of the Dnieper river) - this area roughly coincides with the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (minus the eastern part of Moldavia, designated later as Bessarabia).
• The Alpine-Carpathian zone, located on the south of the northern zone, bordered in the south by the rivers Kupa-Sava-Danube. This area comprises the Pannonian Basin, and roughly coincides with the former Habsburg Empire (minus Galicia) before the mid nineteenth century and the Danubian Principalities (Wallachia and Moldavia). The countries located by the author in this zone are: Austria, Croatia (except Istria and Dalmatia), Czech Republic, Hungary, northeast Italy, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Northern Serbia (north of Sava and Danube).
• The Balkan zone, located on the south of the Alpine-Carpathian zone and matching with the Balkan peninsula. The countries located by the author in this zone are: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, Montenegro, most of Central Serbia (south of the Sava and Danube rivers), and European Turkey.

United Nations

United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) was set up to consider the technical problems of domestic standardization of geographical names. The Group is composed of experts from various linguistic/geographical divisions that have been established at the UN Conferences on the Standardization of Geographical Names.

• Baltic Division:^[11] Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and the Russian Federation.
• East Central and South-East Europe Division:^[11] Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Montenegro, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Republic of Macedonia, European Turkey and Ukraine.
• Eastern Europe, Northern and Central Asia Division:^[11] Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.
• Romano-Hellenic Division:^[11] Andorra, Belgium, Canada, Cyprus, France, Greece, Holy See, Italy, Luxembourg, Moldova, Monaco, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Switzerland and European Turkey.

Academic institutions

• International Federation of the Institutes of East-Central Europe has four institutes in its structure (Lublin, Prague, Bratislava, Vilnius) and includes over a hundred members from Belarus, Czech Republic, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Croatia, Slovenia and Ukraine. The institutes were established successively after 1990, with a secretariat in Lublin, to stimulate the debate on the issue of Central European space between the East and the West.^[12] This experience of cooperation - from the very beginning open for representatives of other East-Central European nation-States as well as Russians, Germans and Jews - allowed creation of the Joint Committee of UNESCO and International Committee of Historical Sciences (ICHS). The first president of the Committee was Jerzy Kłoczowski, long-time member of the UNESCO Executive Council and president of the Institute of East-Central Europe in Lublin.^[13] The Committee's 10 meetings (in Paris, Lublin, Oslo and Sydney) were devoted to East-Central Europe.^[14] The Federation maintains official relations with UNESCO.^[15][16]
• East Central European Center at Columbia University^[17] was established "to promote the study of the countries lying between Germany and Russia and between the Baltic and Aegean seas". Its program covers Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine.
• CEEM (Centre for the Study of Median Europe)^[18] defines Median Europe as an area situated between Germany and Russia, from the Baltic region to the Balkans. The centre conducts its research on 18 European cultures: Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Estonian, Finnish, Hungarian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish, Romanian, Serbian, Slovakian, Slovenian, Sorbian and Ukrainian.

Other contributors

• Michael Foucher^[19] defined Middle Europe as an intermediate geopolitical space between the West and Russia, a space of historical transitions between these two organizational poles; political and territorial heirs imposed from the East, i.e. Kremlin; nowadays streamlining process imposed by the West.. According to this author, the following sub-regions form Median (Middle) Europe:
  • in the North – Central Europe stricto sensu (Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia)
  • in the South – Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, the region “overflows towards Ukraine and Belarus” (despite the obvious geographic distance from both)
  • Greece is cited as not being a part of Median Europe but playing an important role there
• Daniel Călin - In the Final Report "NATO and the EU in the Balkans – a Comparison” prepared by Romanian NATO Fellow Daniel Călin,^[20] three sub-regions of Middle Europe are distinguished:
  • Northern Middle Europe (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania – the Baltic States)
  • Central Europe “stricto sensu” (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Croatia, Slovenia and Slovakia)
  • South-Eastern Europe (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, plus the continental parts of Greece and European Turkey)

South-Eastern Europe is distinguished from the Balkans, defined as the region consisting of most of the countries in the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia – Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia, plus Albania, Bulgaria, Romania and Greece.

Narrow definition

East-Central Europe is sometimes defined as eastern part of Central Europe ^[21][22] and is limited to member states of Visegrád Group - Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. This definition is close to the German concept of de:Ostmitteleuropa.

See also

• Central and Eastern Europe
• Central Europe
• Southern Europe
• South-Eastern Europe
• Balkans
• Northern Europe
• Eastern Europe
• Western Europe
• Mitteleuropa
• New Europe

Further reading

• J. Kloczowski, East Central Europe in the historiography of the countries of the region, Institute of East Central Europe, Lublin, 1995
• J. Kłoczowski (ed.), Central Europe Between East and West, Lublin 2005, ISBN 83-85854-86-X
• East - Central Europe's Position within Europe. Between East and West, Lublin 2004, ISBN 83-85854-81-9
• O. Halecki, Borderlands of Western Civilization: A History of East Central Europe, Fordham University (1952, 1980) (available on-line)
• I. Loucas, The New Geopolitics of Europe & The Black Sea Region, Naval Academy, UK National Defence Minister’s Staff, p. 8 ^[23]
• O. Halecki, The limits and divisions on European history, Sheed&Ward, New York 1950
• Y.Shimov, Middle Europe: On the way home, Eurozine 2002/10/11 ^[24]
• Myant, Martin; Drahokoupil, Jan (2010), Transition Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-470-59619-7
• N. Popa, Frontiere, regiuni transfrontalieresşi dezvoltare regionala in Europa Mediana, [Borders, Transborder Regions and Regional Development in Median Europe] Ed. Universitatii de Vest, Timisoara, 2006
• G. Zrinscak, L' Europe médiane : des pays Baltes aux Balkans (Dossier n. 8005), La Documentation française 1999 ^[25]
• P. Verluise, Géopolitique de l'Europe. L'Union européenne élargie a-t-elle les moyens de la puissance ?, Collection Référence géopolitique, Paris, éd. Ellipses, 2005 ^[26]

References

1. Palmer, Alan (1970)The Lands between: A History of East-Central Europe Since the Congress of Vienna, New York: Macmillan
2. J. Kłoczowski (ed.), Central Europe Between East and West, Lublin 2005, ISBN 83-85854-86-X
3. François Jarraud
4. F. Braudel, Preface to Szucs J., Les trois Europes, Paris 1990
5. I. Loucas, The New Geopolitics of Europe & The Black Sea Region, Naval Academy, UK National Defence Minister’s Staff, p. 8
6. Huntington, Samuel P., The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1996 ISBN 0-684-84441-9
7. Milan Kundera, The tragedy of Central Europe, New York Review of Books, 26 April 1984, pp.33-8
8. Okey, Robin (1 January 1992). "Central Europe / Eastern Europe: Behind the Definitions". Past & Present (137): 102–133. doi:10.2307/650853 (inactive 2016-08-21). JSTOR 650853 – via JSTOR.
9. O. Halecki, The limits and divisions on European history, Sheed&Ward, New York 1950, p. 120
10. O. Halecki, Borderlands of Western Civilization: A History of East Central Europe, Fordham University (1952, 1980) (online)
11. "United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names". Linguistic/Geographical Divisions. UNGEGN. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
12. J. Kłoczowski (ed.), Central Europe Between East and West, Lublin 2005, p. 9, ISBN 83-85854-86-X
13. J. Kłoczowski (ed.), L'héritage historique de la Res Publica de Plusierus Nations, Lublin 2004, ISBN 83-85854-82-7
14. J. Kłoczowski (ed.), Central Europe Between East and West, Lublin 2005, pp. 110-120, ISBN 83-85854-86-X
15. http://erc.unesco.org/ong/en/directory/ONG_Desc_portal.asp?mode=gn&code=1222
16. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001170/117035E.pdf
17. "East Central European Center". Institute on East Central Europe at Columbia University. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
18. "ceem.fr - Le blog buzz de Ceem".
19. M. Foucher (dir.), Fragments d’Europe – Atlas de l’Europe mediane et orientale, Paris, 1993, p. 60
20. D. Calin, Final Report, NATO and the EU in the Balkans – a Comparison, Bucharest, 2003, p. 12, available at: http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/01-03/calin.pdf
21. J. Kim, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary: Recent Developments, CRS 1996, Federation of American Scientists on-line version
22. J.Winiecki, East-Central Europe: A Regional Survey. The Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia in 1993, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 46, No. 5 (1994), pp. 709-734
23. http://www.defac.ac.uk/colleges/csrc/document-listings/special/Special/S43/S43.Pt2
24. "Middle Europe: On the way home - Yaroslav Shimov".
25. http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/catalogue/3303331280057/
26. "Geopolitique de l'Europe. L'Union europeenne elargie a-t-elle les moyens de la puissance ? par Pierre Verluise".