Echophenomenon
Echophenomenon (also known as echo phenomenon) is "automatic imitative actions without explicit awareness"[1] or pathological repetitions of external stimuli or activities, actions, sounds, or phrases, indicative of an underlying disorder.[2][3]
The echophenomena include repetition:[1]
- echolalia – of vocalizations (the most common of the echophenomena)[1]
- echopraxia – of actions
- echomimia – of facial expressions
- echographia – in writing
- echoplasia – physically or mentally, tracing contours of objects[1][3]
- echolalioplasia – involving sign language, described in one individual with Tourette syndrome as of 2012.[1][4]
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 Ganos C, Ogrzal T, Schnitzler A, Münchau A (September 2012). "The pathophysiology of echopraxia/echolalia: relevance to Gilles de la Tourette syndrome". Mov. Disord. 27 (10): 1222–9. doi:10.1002/mds.25103. PMID 22807284.
- ↑ Ford RA (1989). "The psychopathology of echophenomena". Psychol Med. 19 (3): 627–35. doi:10.1017/s0033291700024223. PMID 2477866.
- 1 2 Kawohl W, Podoll K (2008). "Contour copying or echoplasia--a new echo phenomenon in a person with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome". Psychopathology. 41 (3): 201–2. doi:10.1159/000120989. PMID 18337631.
- ↑ Lang AE, Consky E, Sandor P (1993). ""Signing tics"--insights into the pathophysiology of symptoms in Tourette's syndrome". Ann Neurol. 33 (2): 212–5. doi:10.1002/ana.410330212. PMID 8434883.
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