Egorychev method

The Egorychev method is a collection of techniques for finding identities among sums of binomial coefficients. The method relies on two observations. First, many identities can be proved by extracting coefficients of generating functions. Second, many generating functions are convergent power series, and coefficient extraction can be done using the Cauchy residue theorem (usually this is done by integrating over a small circular contour enclosing the origin). The sought-for identity can now be found using manipulations of integrals. Some of these manipulations are not clear from the generating function perspective. For instance, the integrand is usually a rational function, and the sum of the residues of a rational function is zero, yielding a new expression for the original sum. The residue at infinity is particularly important in these considerations.

The main integrals employed by the Egorychev method are:

• First binomial coefficient integral

${\displaystyle {n \choose k}={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {(1+z)^{n}}{z^{k+1}}}\;dz.}$

• Second binomial coefficient integral

${\displaystyle {n \choose k}={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {1}{(1-z)^{k+1}z^{n-k+1}}}\;dz.}$

• Exponentiation integral

${\displaystyle n^{k}={\frac {k!}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {\exp(nz)}{z^{k+1}}}\;dz:}$

• First Iverson bracket

${\displaystyle [[0\leq k\leq n]]={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {1+z+z^{2}+\cdots +z^{n}}{z^{k+1}}}\;dz={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {z^{n+1}-1}{(z-1)z^{k+1}}}\;dz.}$

• Second Iverson bracket

${\displaystyle [[0\leq k\leq n]]={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {z^{k}}{z^{n+1}}}{\frac {1}{1-z}}\;dz.}$

Example I

Suppose we seek to evaluate

${\displaystyle S_{j}(n)=\sum _{k=0}^{n}(-1)^{k}{n \choose k}{n+k \choose k}{k \choose j}}$

which is claimed to be :${\displaystyle (-1)^{n}{n \choose j}{n+j \choose j}.}$

Introduce

${\displaystyle {n+k \choose k}={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {(1+z)^{n+k}}{z^{k+1}}}\;dz}$

and

${\displaystyle {k \choose j}={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|w|=\varepsilon }{\frac {(1+w)^{k}}{w^{j+1}}}\;dw.}$

This yields for the sum

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {(1+z)^{n}}{z}}{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|w|=\varepsilon }{\frac {1}{w^{j+1}}}\sum _{k=0}^{n}(-1)^{k}{n \choose k}{\frac {(1+z)^{k}(1+w)^{k}}{z^{k}}}\;dw\;dz\\[6pt]={}&{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {(1+z)^{n}}{z}}{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|w|=\varepsilon }{\frac {1}{w^{j+1}}}\left(1-{\frac {(1+w)(1+z)}{z}}\right)^{n}\;dw\;dz\\[6pt]={}&{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {(1+z)^{n}}{z^{n+1}}}{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|w|=\varepsilon }{\frac {1}{w^{j+1}}}(-1-w-wz)^{n}\;dw\;dz\\[6pt]={}&{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {(1+z)^{n}}{z^{n+1}}}{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|w|=\varepsilon }{\frac {1}{w^{j+1}}}(1+w+wz)^{n}\;dw\;dz.\end{aligned}}}$

This is

${\displaystyle {\frac {(-1)^{n}}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {(1+z)^{n}}{z^{n+1}}}{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|w|=\varepsilon }{\frac {1}{w^{j+1}}}\sum _{q=0}^{n}{n \choose q}w^{q}(1+z)^{q}\;dw\;dz.}$

Extracting the residue at $w=0$ we get

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {(1+z)^{n}}{z^{n+1}}}{n \choose j}(1+z)^{j}\;dz\\[6pt]={}&{n \choose j}{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {(1+z)^{n+j}}{z^{n+1}}}\;dz\\[6pt]={}&(-1)^{n}{n \choose j}{n+j \choose n}\end{aligned}}}$

thus proving the claim.

Example II

Suppose we seek to evaluate ${\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{n}k{2n \choose n+k}.}$

Introduce

${\displaystyle {2n \choose n+k}={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {1}{z^{n-k+1}}}{\frac {1}{(1-z)^{n+k+1}}}\;dz.}$

Observe that this is zero when ${\displaystyle k>n}$ so we may extend $k$ to infinity to obtain for the sum

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {1}{z^{n+1}}}{\frac {1}{(1-z)^{n+1}}}\sum _{k\geq 0}k{\frac {z^{k}}{(1-z)^{k}}}\;dz\\[6pt]={}&{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {1}{z^{n+1}}}{\frac {1}{(1-z)^{n+1}}}{\frac {z/(1-z)}{(1-z/(1-z))^{2}}}\;dz\\[6pt]={}&{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {1}{z^{n}}}{\frac {1}{(1-z)^{n}}}{\frac {1}{(1-2z)^{2}}}\;dz.\end{aligned}}}$

Now put ${\displaystyle z(1-z)=w}$ so that

${\displaystyle z={\frac {1-{\sqrt {1-4w}}}{2}}\quad {\text{and}}\quad (1-2z)^{2}=1-4w}$

and furthermore

${\displaystyle dz=-{\frac {1}{2}}\times {\frac {1}{2}}\times (-4)\times (1-4w)^{-1/2}\;dw=(1-4w)^{-1/2}\;dw}$

to get for the integral

${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|w|=\varepsilon }{\frac {1}{w^{n}}}{\frac {1}{1-4w}}(1-4w)^{-1/2}\;dw={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|w|=\varepsilon }{\frac {1}{w^{n}}}{\frac {1}{(1-4w)^{3/2}}}\;dw.}$

This evaluates by inspection to (use the Newton binomial)

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&4^{n-1}{n-1+1/2 \choose n-1}=4^{n-1}{n-1/2 \choose n-1}={\frac {4^{n-1}}{(n-1)!}}\prod _{q=0}^{n-2}(n-1/2-q)\\={}&{\frac {2^{n-1}}{(n-1)!}}\prod _{q=0}^{n-2}(2n-2q-1)={\frac {2^{n-1}}{(n-1)!}}{\frac {(2n-1)!}{2^{n-1}(n-1)!}}\\[6pt]={}&{\frac {n^{2}}{2n}}{2n \choose n}={\frac {1}{2}}n{2n \choose n}.\end{aligned}}}$

Here the mapping from $z=0$ to $w=0$ determines the choice of square root. This example also yields to simpler methods but was included here to demonstrate the effect of substituting into the variable of integration.

External links

• Computational examples of using the Egorychev method to evaluate sums involving binomial coefficients

References

• Egorychev, G. P. (1984). Integral representation and the Computation of Combinatorial sums. American Mathematical Society.