Emery Molyneux

Emery Molyneux

One of Molyneux's celestial globes, which is displayed in Middle Temple Library – from the frontispiece of the Hakluyt Society's 1889 reprint of A Learned Treatise of Globes, both Cœlestiall and Terrestriall, one of the English editions of Robert Hues' Latin work Tractatus de Globis (1594)
Born Emery Molyneux
Died June 1598
Amsterdam, Holland, Dutch Republic
Nationality English
Other names Emerius Mulleneux (Latin), Emmerie Molineux
Occupation Maker of globes, mathematical instruments and ordnance
Known for Making the first globes in England
Spouse(s) Anne

Emery Molyneux (/ˈɛməri ˈmɒlᵻnoʊ/ EM-ə-ree MOL-ə-noh; died June 1598) was an English Elizabethan maker of globes, mathematical instruments and ordnance. His terrestrial and celestial globes, first published in 1592, were the first to be made in England and the first to be made by an Englishman.

Molyneux was known as a mathematician and maker of mathematical instruments such as compasses and hourglasses. He became acquainted with many prominent men of the day, including the writer Richard Hakluyt and the mathematicians Robert Hues and Edward Wright. He also knew the explorers Thomas Cavendish, Francis Drake, Walter Raleigh and John Davis. Davis probably introduced Molyneux to his own patron, the London merchant William Sanderson, who largely financed the construction of the globes. When completed, the globes were presented to Elizabeth I. Larger globes were acquired by royalty, noblemen and academic institutions, while smaller ones were purchased as practical navigation aids for sailors and students. The globes were the first to be made in such a way that they were unaffected by the humidity at sea, and they came into general use on ships.

Molyneux emigrated to Amsterdam with his wife in 1596 or 1597. He succeeded in interesting the States-General, the parliament of the United Provinces, in a cannon he had invented, but he died suddenly in June 1598, apparently in poverty. The globe-making industry in England died with him.

Only six of his globes are believed still to be in existence. Three are in England, of which one pair consisting of a terrestrial and a celestial globe is owned by Middle Temple and displayed in its library, while a terrestrial globe is at Petworth House in Petworth, West Sussex.

Globe-maker

Construction

Emery Molyneux is regarded as the maker of the first terrestrial and celestial globes in England and as the first English globe-maker.[1] Little is known about the man himself. Petruccio Ubaldini, an Italian calligraphist, illuminator and ambassador[2] who was acquainted with him, said he was "of obscure and humble family background".[3] It seems likely that he was the "Emery Molynox" who was presented to the Worshipful Company of Stationers as the apprentice of one William Cooke in October 1557.[4] By the 1580s he had a workshop in Lambeth, on the south bank of the Thames, and enjoyed a reputation as a mathematician and maker of mathematical instruments.[5] Richard Polter, in his book The Pathway to Perfect Sayling (1605),[6] mentioned that Molyneux had been a skilful maker of compasses and hourglasses.[7]

A portrait of Sir Walter Raleigh with a globe, attributed to Federico Zuccari (1542/1543–1609)

Through his trade, Molyneux was known to the explorers Thomas Cavendish, John Davis, Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh, the writer Richard Hakluyt, and the mathematicians Robert Hues and Edward Wright.[5] The construction of globes by Molyneux appears to have been suggested by Davis to his patron William Sanderson, a London merchant who has been described as "one of the most munificent and patriotic of merchant-princes of London in the days of Elizabeth I".[5] Sanderson readily agreed to bear the manufacturing costs,[5] and financed initial production of the globes with a capital investment of £1,000[8] (almost £160,000 as of 2007).[9]

Terrestrial globes

In making his terrestrial globes, Molyneux examined ruttiers (instructions for directions at sea)[10] and pilots (navigational handbooks).[11] He is known to have given a ruttier for Brazil and the West Indies to Thomas Harriot in 1590.[7][12] He also received advice and assistance from navigators and mathematicians.[13] It is likely, for instance, that Sir Walter Raleigh advised him on a legend in Spanish about the Solomon Islands that appeared on the terrestrial globe.[14] Raleigh came by the information from Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, a Galician explorer sent by King Philip II of Spain to fortify the Strait of Magellan after Francis Drake had passed through it. In 1584, the Spaniard was Raleigh's guest in London for a few weeks, after being captured by Raleigh on a journey to Europe.[15]

Molyneux accompanied Francis Drake on his 1577–1580 circumnavigation of the world; as Ubaldini reported, "[h]e himself has been in those seas and on those coasts in the service of the same Drake".[3] A legend in Latin on the terrestrial globe, explaining why Molyneux had left out the polar lands and corrected the distance across the Atlantic Ocean between The Lizard and Cape Race in Newfoundland, concluded:

Quod equide[m] effeci tu[m] ex meis navigationibus primo, tum deinceps ex felici illa sub clariss. Fran. Drako ad Indos Occident, expeditione, in qua non modo optimas quasqu[e] alioru[m] descriptiones, sed quidquid mea quantulacu[m]que, vel scie[n]ta vel experientia ad integru[m] hoc qui[n]quen[n]io pr[a]estare potuit, ad hujus operis perfectione[m] co[m]paravi ... [I have been able to do this both in the first place from my own voyages and secondly from that successful expedition to the West Indies under the most illustrious Francis Drake: in which expedition I have put together not only all the best delineations of others, but everything my own humble knowledge or experience has been able to furnish in the last five years to the perfecting of this work.][16]
Jodocus Hondius (1563–1612), the Flemish engraver and cartographer who printed the gores of Molyneux's globes – from Atlas or a Geographicke Description of the World (1636)

On the terrestrial globe, tracks of the voyages of Francis Drake and Thomas Cavendish around the world are marked by red and blue lines respectively. These lines were applied when the globe was first made. They are mentioned in a description of Molyneux's globes in Blundeville His Exercises (1594)[17][18] by Thomas Blundeville, a country gentleman who was an enthusiastic student of astronomy and navigation.[19] Thomas Cavendish appears to have helped Molyneux with his globes, and it is possible that Molyneux accompanied him on his 1587 voyage around the world, which returned to England on 9 September 1588.[7] In 1889, Sir Clements Markham, an English explorer, author and geographer, pointed out that a Latin legend on the terrestrial globe, placed off the Patagonian coast, states: "Thomas Caundish 18 Dec. 1587 hæc terra sub nostris oculis primum obtulit sub latitud 47 cujus seu admodum salubris Incolæ maturi ex parte proceri sunt gigantes et vasti magnitudinis".[20] However, Helen Wallis, former Map Curator of the British Library, observed in 1951 that this was unlikely, because Molyneux incorrectly plotted Cavendish's course in Maritime Southeast Asia.[21] She suggested, however, that another legend on the globe may indicate that he sailed on at least one if not all of John Davis's voyages.[22]

The mathematician and cartographer Edward Wright[23] assisted Molyneux in plotting coastlines on the terrestrial globe and translated some of the legends into Latin. On 10 April 1591, the astrologer and physician Simon Forman visited Molyneux's workshop and taught him how to find longitude.[7] It appears that after Molyneux had prepared the manuscript gores (the flat map segments attached to the globes), he had them printed by the celebrated Flemish engraver and cartographer Jodocus Hondius, who lived in London between 1584 and 1593 to escape religious difficulties in Flanders. This can be deduced from the phrase "Iodocus Hon: / dius Flan. sc. / 1592" that appears on the celestial globe along with Sanderson's coat of arms and a dedication to the Queen dated 1592. Molyneux's own name is recorded on the Middle Temple terrestrial globe in the phrase "Emerius Mulleneux Angl.' / sumptibus Gulielmi— / Sandersoni Londinē: / sis descripsit" ("Emery Molyneux of England, at the expense of William Sanderson of London, described this").[24]

Celestial globes

Molyneux's celestial globe was virtually a copy of Gerardus Mercator's globe of 1551, which itself was based on a globe of 1537 by Gemma Frisius that Mercator had helped to construct.[25] To the constellations featured on Mercator's globe, Molyneux added the Southern Cross and Southern Triangle, though somewhat to the west of their true positions. His source appears to have been Andrea Corsali's diagram of the Antarctic sky published[26] in 1550.[27]

Molyneux's globes were the first to be constructed in such a way that they were unaffected by humidity at sea. They were made of flour-paste, an unusual material for the time. Simon Forman remarked that Molyneux's moulding or casting process was "the only way to caste [anything] whatsoever in perfecte forme ... and yt is the perfectest and trewest waie of all wayes ... and this was the wai that Mullenax did use to cast flowere [flour] in the verie forme".[7][28]

The title page of Richard Hakluyt's 1589 work The Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation, which announced the coming publication of Molyneux's terrestrial globe

Publication

In 1589, Richard Hakluyt announced the forthcoming publication of Molyneux's terrestrial globe at the end of the preface to The Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation.[29] Referring to the map that was inserted into the volume—a reproduction of the "Typus Orbis Terrarum" engraved by Franciscus Hogenberg for Abraham Ortelius' Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (1570)[30]—he wrote:

I have contented myselfe with inserting into the worke one of the best generall mappes of the world onely, untill the comming out of a very large and most exact terrestriall globe, collected and reformed according to the newest, secretest, and latest discoveries, both Spanish, Portugall and English, composed by Mr. Emmerie Molineux of Lambeth, a rare Gentleman in his profession, being therin for divers yeeres, greatly supported by the purse and liberalitie of the worshipfull merchant M. William Sanderson.[31]

Ubaldini reported Molyneux's progress in manufacturing the globes to the Duke of Milan. He was in attendance when Molyneux presented a pair of manuscript globes to Elizabeth I at Greenwich in July 1591.[32] Ubaldini noted that "he gave her the globe to let her see at a glance how much of the world she could control by means of her naval forces".[2] According to Wallis, the printed globes, which at 2 feet 1 inch (0.64 m) in diameter were then the largest ever made,[33] were published after some delay in late 1592 or early 1593.[34] Sanderson arranged entertainments at his home in Newington Butts to mark the presentation of these globes to the Queen. His son William later reported the Queen's words on accepting the terrestrial globe: "The whole earth, a present for a Prince ..."; and on accepting the celestial globe, she said: "Thou hast presented me with the Heavens also: God guide me, to Govern my part of the one, that I may enjoy but a mansion place in this other."[35] Elizabeth I saw globes and armillary spheres as symbols of her empire and spiritual mission on earth.[36] The royal coat of arms was emblazoned across North America on the terrestrial globe.[2][37]

George Gower's Armada Portrait of Elizabeth I (1588?) at Woburn Abbey. At the top left, English galleons are about to engage the Spanish fleet, while on the right Spanish galleons are foundering in a storm. The Queen's right hand rests on a globe below the crown of England with her fingers covering the Americas; this has been said to indicate England's dominion of the seas and plans for imperialist expansion in the New World.[38]

Several treatises were published to describe the Molyneux globes and provide guides on their use. Molyneux himself wrote a treatise, now lost, entitled The Globes Celestial and Terrestrial Set Forth in Plano, which Sanderson published in 1592.[7] In the same year, Thomas Hood, a London-based mathematics lecturer who had written a 1590 work on the use of celestial globes,[39] published The Vse of Both the Globes, Celestiall and Terrestriall.[40] This was followed in 1594 by two works, one of which was Blundeville's book. The other, Tractatus de Globis et Eorum Usu (Treatise on Globes and their Use),[41] was published by the mathematician Robert Hues.[42] This work went into at least 13 printings and was translated from Latin into Dutch, English and French. In 1599, Edward Wright published Certaine Errors in Navigation,[43] which included commentary on the use of the terrestrial and celestial globes developed by Molyneux.

According to Markham, "the appearance of the globes naturally created a great sensation, and much interest was taken in appliances which were equally useful to the student and to the practical navigator."[13] The largest and most prestigious globes were priced at up to £20 each: these were purchased by royalty, noblemen and academic institutions. Among the purchasers were Thomas Bodley and the Warden of All Souls College, for their libraries in Oxford. William Sanderson presented the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge with a pair each.[44] The public preacher Thomas Laughton made an inaugural gift of a Molyneux globe to the Shrewsbury School library.[45] Smaller globes were also made, though no examples have survived. Sanderson is known to have presented one of these to Robert Cecil in 1595, together with Hues' "Latin booke that teacheth the use of my great globes".[7][46] Intended as practical navigation aids, they cost as little as £2.[7][47]

The globes provided navigators and students with methods for finding the place of the sun, latitude, course, distance, amplitudes, azimuths, time and declination. They proved such a boon to navigation that they came into widespread use on ships.[48] In the dedication of his 1595 book The Seamans Secrets[49] to the Lord High Admiral, Charles Howard, the 1st Earl of Nottingham, navigator John Davis spoke of "the mechanical practices drawn from the Arts of Mathematick, [in which] our Country doth yield men of principal excellency", and he noted "Mr Emery Mullenenx for the exquisite making of Globes bodies".[50]

Later life

In the 1590s, Molyneux sought Elizabeth I's patronage for the production of a cannon, which he described as his "new invention, of shot and artillery, to be used principally in naval warfare: protection of ports and harbours, a new shot to discharge a thousand musket shot; with wildfire not to be quenched".[51] In March 1593, Molyneux was issued with a royal warrant. Two years later, the merchant Robert Parkes purchased coal, saltpetre, pitch, oils and waxes for him, possibly for the cannon. On 4 November 1596 the Privy Council urged the Lord Admiral "to speak to Molyneux, Bussy and the two Engelberts about their offensive engines"[52] as part of measures to defend England's south coast. It appears the request was ignored. On 27 September 1594,[53] the Queen granted Molyneux a gift of £200 and an annuity of £50. He chose to surrender the latter when, some time between March or April 1596 and 4 June 1597,[53] he and his wife Anne emigrated to Amsterdam, Holland.[7] Wallis has conjectured that he took with him the printing plates for the globes and sold them to Hondius, who had returned to Amsterdam in 1593.[54]

A diagram of a cannon from John Roberts' The Compleat Cannoniere (1652)

Why Molyneux left England for Holland is unclear. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography suggests it was to be able to personally distribute his globes to European princes, since Amsterdam was then quickly establishing itself as the centre of globe- and map-making.[7] However, this could not have been his intention if he had sold the globes' plates to Hondius. It is possible that he had decided to concentrate on manufacturing ordnance. On 26 January 1598, the States-General, the parliament of the United Provinces, showed interest in Molyneux's cannon and granted him a 12-year privilege on an invention. On 6 June he lodged a second application, but he died in Amsterdam almost immediately afterwards. His wife was granted administration of his estate in England later that month. It seems that Molyneux died in poverty, because Anne was granted a Dutch compassionate pension of 50 florins on 9 April 1599. Molyneux apparently had no surviving family, and the English globe-making industry died with him.[7] No other globes appear to have been manufactured in England until the appearance in the 1670s of globes by Robert Morden and William Berry, and by Joseph Moxon.[55] However, over 40 years after Molyneux's death, William Sanderson the younger wrote that his globes were "yet in being, great and small ones, Celestiall and Terrestriall, in both our Universities and severall Libraries (here, and beyond Seas)".[56]

Influence

Edward Wright's "Chart of the World on Mercator's Projection" (c. 1599), otherwise known as the Wright–Molyneux map

Cartography

In the second volume of the greatly expanded version of his book The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation (1599),[57] Hakluyt published what is known today as the Wright–Molyneux Map.[58] Created by Edward Wright and based on Molyneux's terrestrial globe, it was the first map to use Wright's improvements on Mercator's projection.[59]

Having, it is believed, purchased the plates of Molyneux's globes, Jodocus Hondius was granted a ten-year privilege on 1 April 1597 to make and publish a terrestrial globe. In that year, he produced in Amsterdam a Dutch translation of Hues' Tractatus de Globis.[60] On 31 October 1598, despite a legal challenge by rival globe-maker Jacob van Langeren, Hondius obtained another privilege for ten years.[61] He duly published globes in 1600 and 1601, and his sons Henricus and Jodocus published a pair in 1613. Hondius also published a world map in 1608 on the Mercator projection. Its reliance on the Molyneux globe is shown by a number of legends, names and outlines which must have been copied directly from it.[62]

In his globes of 1612, van Langeren incorporated the improvements made by Hondius the Elder to Molyneux's globe. It is believed that the Hondius globes also spurred Willem Blaeu to start constructing his large globes in 1616, which were published in 1622. Molyneux's globes therefore may have indirectly influenced the evolution of Dutch globe-making.[63]

Culture

The appearance of Molyneux's globes had a significant influence on the culture of his time. In Shakespeare's The Comedy of Errors, written between 1592 and 1594, one of the protagonists, Dromio of Syracuse, compares a kitchen maid to a terrestrial globe: "No longer from head to foot than from hip to hip: she is spherical, like a globe; I could find out countries in her."[64] The jest gained its point from the publication of the globes; Shakespeare may even have seen them himself.[36] Elizabethan dramatist Thomas Dekker wrote in one of his plays published in The Gull's Horn-book (1609):[7]

What an excellent workman, therefore, were he that could cast the globe of it into a new mould. And not to make it look like Molyneux his globe, with a round face sleeked and washed over with white of eggs, but have it in plano as it was at first, with all the ancient circles, lines, parallels and figures.[65]

It has been suggested that the Lord Chamberlain's Men, the playing company that Shakespeare worked for as an actor and playwright for most of his career, named their playing space the Globe Theatre, built in 1599, as a response to the growing enthusiasm for terrestrial and celestial globes stimulated by those of Molyneux.[66]

In Twelfth Night (1600–1601),[67] Shakespeare alluded to the Wright–Molyneux Map when Maria says of Malvolio: "He does smile his face into more lynes, than is in the new Mappe, with the augmentation of the Indies."[59]

Globes today

Only six Molyneux globes are known to exist today, two terrestrial globes and four celestial globes. Three celestial globes are in Germany, one each in Zerbst, Nuremberg (at the Germanisches Nationalmuseum (German National Museum)) and Kassel (Hessisches Landesmuseum (Hesse Museum), Kassel). The Hessisches Landesmuseum once had a 1592 terrestrial globe, but it is believed to have been destroyed during World War II. Three globes remain in England: one pair, consisting of a terrestrial and a celestial globe, is owned by Middle Temple in London and displayed in its library, while a terrestrial globe is at Petworth House in Petworth, West Sussex.[68]

Petworth House globe

Petworth House, West Sussex, in 1986

A terrestrial globe was discovered in Lord Leconfield's library at Petworth House in Petworth, West Sussex, in July 1949.[69] According to the tradition of the Wyndham family, who are descended from Henry Percy, the 9th Earl of Northumberland, the globe belonged to Sir Walter Raleigh, who gave it to Northumberland when they were imprisoned together in the Tower of London. Northumberland, known as the "Wizard Earl" for his interest in scientific and alchemical experiments and his library,[70] was suspected of being involved in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 because his relative Thomas Percy was among the conspirators. James I imprisoned Raleigh in the Tower for his supposed involvement in the Main Plot. Although the theory is supported by circumstantial evidence, a number of entries in Northumberland's accounts relating to the mending of globes, one dating back to 1596, suggest that the Molyneux globe may have belonged to him from the beginning and was not Raleigh's.[71] The globe, however, almost certainly spent many years in the Tower before its transfer to Petworth House, where Northumberland was confined upon his release in 1621.[68]

The Petworth House globe, now in the North Gallery, is the only Molyneux terrestrial globe preserved in its original 1592 state. One of Molyneux's "great globes", measuring 2 feet 1 inch (0.64 m) in diameter, it was reported in 1952 to be in poor condition despite restoration by the British Museum the previous year.[68] The northern hemisphere was darkened by dirt and badly rubbed in places, to the extent that it was hard to read. Parts of it, and large sections of the southern hemisphere, are missing altogether.[72] The restoration work revealed that the globe is weighted with sand and made from layers of small pieces of paper overlaid with a coat of plaster about 1⁄8 inch (3 mm) thick. On top of this is another layer of paper over which the gores are pasted. The globe retains its wooden horizon circle and brass meridian ring, but its hour circle and index are missing.[73] Further restoration took place between 1995 and 1997.[74] The globe was exhibited at the Royal Geographical Society in 1951 and 1952.[68]

Middle Temple globes

Molyneux's terrestrial globe temporarily exhibited at the British Museum on 27 November 2006

A bill in the accounts of 11 April 1717 for "repairing the globes in the library"[75] is the earliest reference to the Middle Temple's ownership of the Molyneux terrestrial and celestial globes.[76] Markham's view was that Robert Ashley (1565–1641), a barrister of the Middle Temple who was also an ardent geographer, was likely to have left the globes to the Inn in his will, together with his books. Ashley's books formed the nucleus of the Inn's original library and included copies of the second edition of Hues' Tractatus de Globis and other works on cosmography.[77] On the other hand, Wallis has said that Markham's view is not supported by any available evidence and the globes are not mentioned in the will. She believes that they were probably acquired by Middle Temple on their publication in 1603.[78]

The celestial globe is dated 1592, but the terrestrial globe bears the year 1603 and is the only example of its kind.[34] Wallis has surmised that the globes were made by Hondius in Amsterdam in 1603 for a purchaser in England, perhaps the Middle Temple itself. The celestial globe was made from the original 1592 printing plates, while the terrestrial globe was produced using revised plates redated to 1603.[79] The Middle Temple terrestrial globe differs from the Petworth House globe of 1592 by incorporating Raleigh's discoveries in Guiana[80] and adding new place-names in Brazil, Peru and Africa, as well as an island marked "Corea" off the coast of China.[81] The most extensive revision altered the Northeast Passage to take account of discoveries made on Willem Barentsz's third voyage to Novaya Zemlya in 1596. It appears that the revisions to the original plates of Molyneux's globe were completed by 1597, because no discoveries after that year are included.[82] It is possible that Molyneux helped Hondius to update the plates in 1596 or 1597. For instance, if Hondius had obtained a copy of Raleigh's map of Guiana, Molyneux was the most likely source.[83] Unlike the Petworth House globe, the Middle Temple globes are heavily varnished. The varnish could have been first applied as early as 1818 when the globes were repaired by J. and W. Newton; they were certainly varnished by Messrs. Holland Hannen & Cubitts, Ltd. during maintenance work in 1930.[72]

A drawing of Middle Temple Library in 1892 by Herbert Railton

At the start of World War II, the globes were sent to Beaconsfield and stored with part of the Wallace Collection at Hall Barn in the care of Lady Burnham. They were brought back to London in 1945 and were at one stage kept in the King's Library on loan to the British Museum.[68][84] The globes were installed in their present position in the Middle Temple Library when the current library building opened in 1958.[75] In 2003, they were loaned to the National Maritime Museum for an exhibition commemorating the life of Elizabeth I.[85]

In 2004, Middle Temple proposed selling the Molyneux globes, valued at over £1 million, to create a scholarship fund for the education and training of needy would-be barristers. Its members eventually decided by a large majority against such a move. There was also a general feeling that the globes should be made more accessible to those wishing to see them.[86]

The Middle Temple's Molyneux globes are the subject of a book-length project, The Molyneux Globes: Mathematical Practice and Theory, by Dr. Lesley B. Cormack, Professor and Chair of the Department of History and Classics of the Faculty of Arts, University of Alberta.[87] The project examines the community of mathematicians, natural philosophers, instrument-makers, and gentlemen-virtuosi that developed around the creation of the Molyneux globes, particularly the histories of four men who wrote treatises about the globes and the larger mathematical community.[88]

Hessisches Landesmuseum globe

The Molyneux globes at the Hessisches Landesmuseum, Kassel, were inherited from the collection of William IV (William the Wise), the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel), a pioneer of astronomical research. William himself died in 1592, so it has been surmised that his son and successor, Maurice, purchased the globes for the collection. They were first mentioned in 1765 in the index of the Mathematische Kammer (Mathematics Chamber) of the Fürstliches Kunsthaus (Princely Art Gallery) in Kassel, during the reign of Landgrave Frederick III.[89] Only a celestial globe survives today; it is believed that the terrestrial globe was destroyed during World War II.

Early books about Molyneux's globes

Notes

  1. ↑ A manuscript, MS Harl. 5208, at pp. 50–51, which is an account "by a Freind" of William Sanderson's achievements, describes the globes as "the first soe published in Christendome, for the honor of his countrey, and good of the Schollers, Gentrye and Marriners of the same." No earlier English-made globes are known: Helen M. Wallis (1951), "The first English globe: A recent discovery", The Geographical Journal, 117: 275, n. 1, doi:10.2307/1791852
  2. 1 2 3 Amy Dempsey (2003), Elizabeth's adventurers: Imperial ambition: The state of the nation, National Maritime Museum, archived from the original on 29 June 2007, retrieved 7 February 2008
  3. 1 2 Anna Maria Crinò; Helen Wallis (1987), "New researches on the Molyneux globes", Der Globusfreund, 35: 11 at 14
  4. ↑ E[dward] Arber, ed. (1875–1894), A Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London ... 1554–1640 A.D, London: Privately printed, OCLC 230266111, 5 vols.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Clements R. Markham, "Introduction", in Robert Hues; Clements R. Markham, ed. (1889), Tractatus de globis et eorum usu: A Treatise Descriptive of the Globes Constructed by Emery Molyneux and Published in 1592 [Hakluyt Society, 1st ser., pt. II, no. 79a], London: Hakluyt Society, p. xxvi, ISBN 978-0-8337-1759-7, OCLC 149869781
  6. ↑ Richard Polter (1605), The Pathway to Perfect Sayling: Being a Deliuerie in as Breefe Mannera as may bee, of the Sixe Principall Pointes or Groundes, concerning Nauigation: Written by Mr. Richard Polter, one of the Late Principall Maisters of the Nauie Royall. And now Published for the Common Good of all Maisters, Pilots, and other Seamen whatsoeuer., London: Edward Allde for Iohn Tappe, and are to be solde at his shop on Tower-Hill neere the Bul-warke Gate, OCLC 222545121
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Susan M. Maxwell; Harrison, B. (September 2004), "Molyneux, Emery (d. 1598)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Online ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/50911
  8. ↑ Sir Walter Ralegh, also Raleigh (1552–1618): Portraits, She-philosopher.com: Studies in the History of Science and Culture, 7 March 2007, archived from the original on 21 October 2009, retrieved 28 January 2008
  9. ↑ This sum was calculated using the website MeasuringWorth.com based on the retail price index, using a date of 1590: Lawrence H. Officer, Purchasing power of British Pounds from 1264 to 2007, MeasuringWorth.com, retrieved 24 March 2008
  10. ↑ According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a ruttier is "[a] set of instructions for finding one's course at sea; a marine guide to the routes, tides, etc.": "ruttier, n.", OED Online, Oxford: Oxford University Press, December 2007, retrieved 4 February 2008
  11. ↑ "pilot, n. and adj.", OED Online, Oxford: Oxford University Press, December 2007, retrieved 4 February 2008
  12. ↑ Wallis, "The first English globe", pp. 277–278.
  13. 1 2 "Introduction", Tractatus de Globis, p. xii.
  14. ↑ The legend, which appears in the Pacific Ocean, states: "Islas estas descubrio Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa por la corona de Castilla y Leon desde el año 1568 llamolas Islas de Jesus aunque vulgarmente las llaman Islas de Salomon" ("Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa discovered these islands and claimed them for the crown of Castile and León. From 1568 onwards, the islands were named the Jesus Islands, though they are more commonly known as the Solomon Islands"): "Introduction", Tractatus de Globis, p. xxx.
  15. ↑ "Introduction", Tractatus de Globis, p. xxx.
  16. ↑ Helen M. Wallis (1951), "The first English globe: A recent discovery", The Geographical Journal, 117: 275 at 279, doi:10.2307/1791852
  17. ↑ Thomas Blundeville (1594), M. Blundevile His Exercises containing Sixe Treatises, the Titles wherof are Set Down in the Next Printed Page: Which Treatises are Verie Necessarie to be Read and Learned of all Yoong Gentlemen that haue not bene Exercised in such Disciplines, and yet are Desirous to haue Knowledge as well in Cosmographie, Astronomie, and Geographie, as also in the Arte of Navigation ... To the Furtherance of which Arte of Navigation, the said M. Blundevile Speciallie Wrote the said Treatises and of Meere Good Will doth Dedicate the same to all the Young Gentlemen of this Realme, London: Printed by Iohn Windet, dwelling at the signe of the crosse Keies, neere Paules wharffe, and are there to be solde, OCLC 55186822
  18. ↑ "Introduction", Tractatus de Globis, p. xxxi.
  19. ↑ "Introduction", Tractatus de Globis, p. xix, n. 1. See Tessa Beverley; Harrison, B. (2004), "Blundeville, Thomas (1522?–1606?)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Online ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2718
  20. ↑ "Introduction", Tractatus de Globis, pp. xxx.
  21. ↑ Wallis, "The first English globe", p. 283.
  22. ↑ Helen M. Wallis (1962), "Globes in England up to 1660", Geographical Magazine, 35: 267–279
  23. ↑ A.J. Apt; Harrison, B. (2004), "Wright, Edward (bap. 1561, d. 1615)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford: Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30029
  24. ↑ "Introduction", Tractatus de Globis, p. xxxi. The texts of the inscriptions are from Wallis, "The first English globe", p. 280.
  25. ↑ It has also been stated that Molyneux's celestial globe was based largely on the 52.5-centimetre (20.7 in) celestial globe made by Dutch globe-maker Jacob Floris van Langren, and that it shows the canonical 48 Ptolemaic constellations of the Southern Hemisphere created by the Dutch cartographer Petrus Plancius: Susan Doran, ed. (2003), Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum, London: Chatto and Windus in association with the National Maritime Museum, p. 134, ISBN 978-0-7011-7476-7
  26. ↑ In Giovanni Battista Ramusio, ed. (1550), Primo Volume delle Navigationi et Viaggi nel qual si contiene la descrittione dell'Africa: e del Paese del Prete Ianni, con varii viaggi, dal Mar Rosso à Calicut, et infin all'Isole Molucche ... et la Navigatione attorno il Mondo [First Volume of Navigation and Travels which include the Description of Africa: and of the Lands of Prester John, with Several Travels, from the Red Sea to Calicut and finally to the Moluccan Islands ... and the Navigation Around the World], [Veneto]: Gli Heredi di Lucantonio Giunti [The Heirs of Lucantonio Guinti], OCLC 83018526 (Italian).
  27. ↑ Wallis, "The first English globe", pp. 283–284.
  28. ↑ Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS Ashmole 1494, folio 1491.
  29. ↑ Richard Hakluyt (1589), The Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the English Nation: Made by Sea or Over Land to the Most Remote and Farthest Distant Quarters of the Earth at Any Time within the Compasse of These 1500 Years: Divided into Three Several Parts According to the Positions of the Regions Whereunto They Were Directed; the First Containing the Personall Travels of the English unto Indæa, Syria, Arabia ... the Second, Comprehending the Worthy Discoveries of the English Towards the North and Northeast by Sea, as of Lapland ... the Third and Last, Including the English Valiant Attempts in Searching Almost all the Corners of the Vaste and New World of America ... Whereunto is Added the Last Most Renowned English Navigation Round About the Whole Globe of the Earth, London: Imprinted by George Bishop and Ralph Newberie, deputies to Christopher Barker, printer to the Queen's Most Excellent Majestie, OCLC 270809208
  30. ↑ Abraham Ortelius (1570), Theatrum orbis terrarum, opus nunc denuó ab ipso auctore recognitum multisqué locis castigatum, & quamplurimis nouis, tabilis atqué commentarijs auctum [Theatre of the Globe, a Work now Collected Anew by the Same Author and Corrected in Many Places, and Enlarged with Many New Things, Tables and Commentaries], Antwerp: [Ant. Coppenius Diesth?]
  31. ↑ Vol. 1 of Richard Hakluyt (1598–1600), The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation, Made by Sea or Overland ... [1600] Yeeres, &c, London: G. Bishop, R. Newberie & R. Barker, p. xxx, OCLC 81916779, quoted in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography and Sir Francis Drake: A Pictorial Biography by Hans P. Kraus: The Catalogue of the Collection, Rare Book & Special Collections Reading Room, Library of Congress, archived from the original on 29 July 2008, retrieved 28 January 2008
  32. ↑ Susan Doran, ed. (2003), Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum, London: Chatto and Windus in association with the National Maritime Museum, p. 134, ISBN 978-0-7011-7476-7. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, on the other hand, states that the first pair of Molyneux's globes was presented to Elizabeth I in Greenwich in July 1592.
  33. ↑ Wallis, "Globes in England up to 1660", p. 275.
  34. 1 2 Wallis, "The first English globe", p. 280.
  35. ↑ William Sanderson [the younger] (1656), An Answer to a Scurrilous Pamphlet, Intituled, Observations upon a Compleat History of the Lives and Reignes of Mary Queen of Scotland, and of her son King James, of Great Britain, France and Ireland the Sixth: The Libeller without a Name, set out by G. Bedell and T. Collins Two Booksellers, but the History Vindicated by the Authour W. Sanderson, London: Printed for the author, and are to be sold by George Sawbridge and Richard Tomlins, OCLC 79636331, signature A3v, cited in Wallis, "Globes in England up to 1660", p. 275.
  36. 1 2 Wallis, "Globes in England up to 1660", p. 276.
  37. ↑ Sian Flynn; David Spence (2003), "Imperial ambition and Elizabeth's adventurers", in Susan Doran, ed., Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum, London: Chatto and Windus in association with the National Maritime Museum, p. 121 at pp. 127–128, ISBN 978-0-7011-7476-7; a full-page illustration of the royal arms on the globe appears at p. 135.
  38. ↑ Karen Hearn, ed., Dynasties: Painting in Tudor and Jacobean England 1530–1630, London: Tate Gallery, ISBN 978-1-85437-169-0, (hbk.), (pbk.)
  39. ↑ Thomas Hood (1590), The Vse of the Celestial Globe in Plano, set foorth in two Hemispheres: wherein are Placed All the Most Notable Starres of Heauen according to their Longitude, Latitude, Magnitude, and Constellation: whereunto are Annexed their Names, both Latin, Greeke, and Arabian or Chaldee: also their Nature, and the Poeticall Reason of each Seuerall Constellation: moreouer, in this Book is Set Downe the Declination of the Starres which haue any Particular Name, with their Right Ascension and the Degree of any Signe wherewith they Come to the Meridian [et] the Time of the Yeare wherein they may be Seene there, London: Imprinted for Thobie Cooke, OCLC 24105187
  40. ↑ Thomas Hood (1592), The Vse of Both the Globes, Celestiall, and Terrestriall most Plainely Deliuered in Forme of a Dialogue. Containing most Pleasant, and Profitable Conclusions for the Mariner, and Generally for all those, that are Addicted to these Kinde of Mathematicall Instrumentes. VVritten by T. Hood Mathematicall Lecturer in the Citie of London, sometime Fellow of Trinitie Colledge in Cambridge, London: Imprinted ... at the three Cranes in the Vintree, by Thomas Dawson, OCLC 222243462
  41. ↑ Robert Hues (1594), Tractatus de globis et eorum usu: accommodatus iis qui Londini editi sunt anno 1593, sumptibus Gulielmi Sandersoni civis Londinensis, conscriptus à Roberto Hues, London: In ædibus Thomæ Dawson, OCLC 55576175 (Latin).
  42. ↑ Susan M. Maxwell; Harrison, B. (September 2004), "Hues, Robert (1553–1632)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Online ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14045
  43. ↑ Edward Wright (1599), Errors in nauigation ... Whereto is adioyned, the right H. the Earle of Cumberland his voyage to the Azores in the yeere 1589. ., London: Printed ... [by Valentine Simmes and W. White] for Ed. Agas, OCLC 55176994
  44. ↑ Helen M. Wallis (1955), "Further light on the Molyneux globes", The Geographical Journal, 121 (3): 304–311, doi:10.2307/1790894, JSTOR 1790894
  45. ↑ William A. Champion (2006), Religion in Tudor Shrewsbury in depth: III. Religion and culture, 1540–1640, Discovering Shropshire History, archived from the original on 21 October 2009, retrieved 11 February 2008. See also Wallis, "Globes in England up to 1660", p. 275.
  46. ↑ Raleigh Ashlin Skelton; John Summerson (1971), A Description of Maps and Architectural Drawings in the Collection made by William Cecil, First Baron Burghley, Now at Hatfield House, Oxford: Roxburghe Club, OCLC 181678336
  47. ↑ See also "Introduction", Tractatus de Globis, p. xxxi.
  48. ↑ "Introduction", Tractatus de Globis, pp. xlvi–xlvii.
  49. ↑ John Davis (1595), The Seamans Secrets, Deuided into 2. Partes, wherein is Taught the Three Kindes of Sayling, Horizontall, Peradoxall [sic], and Sayling vpon a Great Circle: also an Horizontall Tyde Table for the Easie Finding of the Ebbing and Flowing of the Tydes, with a Regiment Newly Calculated for the Finding of the Declination of the Sunne, and Many Other most Necessary Rules and Instruments, not heeretofore set foorth by any, Thomas Dawson, OCLC 61338798, archived from the original on 22 June 2008.
  50. ↑ Davis, The Seamans Secrets, archived from the original on 16 November 2007, retrieved 21 October 2009. Davis is also quoted in Stephen Andrew Johnston (1994), "Mathew Baker and the Art of the Shipwright", Making Mathematical Practice: Gentlemen, Practitioners and Artisans in Elizabethan England, Cambridge: University of Cambridge, p. 165, OCLC 59598160, archived from the original on 7 July 2005
  51. ↑ Calendar of State Papers: Domestic Series, 1574–1580; 1595–1597.
  52. ↑ Calendar of State Papers: Domestic Series, 1595–1597, p. 303.
  53. 1 2 Wallis, "Further light on the Molyneux globes", p. 307.
  54. ↑ Wallis, "Further light on the Molyneux globes", p. 308.
  55. ↑ Wallis, "Further light on the Molyneux globes", p. 310.
  56. ↑ Sanderson, An Answer to a Scurrilous Pamphlet, cited in Wallis, "The first English globe", p. 275.
  57. ↑ Richard Hakluyt (1598–1600), The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation, Made by Sea or Overland ... at Any Time Within the Compasse of these 1500 [1600] Yeeres, &c, London: G. Bishop, R. Newberie & R. Barker, OCLC 81916779, 3 vols.
  58. ↑ Mark Monmonier (2004), Rhumb Lines and Map Wars: A Social History of the Mercator Projection, Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, p. 70, ISBN 978-0-226-53431-2, ch. 5 ("The Wright Approach").
  59. 1 2 Novus Orbis: Images of the New World, part 3, Lewis & Clark: The Maps of Exploration 1507–1814, Albert H. and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, 31 January 2008, archived from the original on 23 June 2008, retrieved 7 February 2008. See also "5. EDWARD WRIGHT. "A Chart of the World on Mercator's Projection." – c. 1599", An Exhibition of Maps and Navigational Instruments, on View in the Tracy W. McGregor Room, Alderman Library, University of Virginia, July 10 to September 26, 1995, University of Virginia, c. 1995, archived from the original on 27 January 2008, retrieved 4 May 2008
  60. ↑ Robert Hues; Iudocum Hondium, transl. (1597), Tractaet Ofte Hendelinge van het gebruijck der Hemelscher ende Aertscher Globe [Treatise or Instructions for the Use of the Celestial and Terrestrial Globes], Amsterdam: Cornelis Claesz (Dutch). See Wallis, "Further light on the Molyneux globes", p. 304.
  61. ↑ Wallis, "Further light on the Molyneux globes", p. 306.
  62. ↑ Wallis, "The first English globe", p. 277. See also Brian Hooker (March 1993), "New light on Jodocus Hondius' great world Mercator map of 1598", The Geographical Journal, 159 (1): 45–50, doi:10.2307/3451488, JSTOR 3451488
  63. ↑ Wallis, "Further light on the Molyneux globes", pp. 309–310.
  64. ↑ The Comedy of Errors, Act III, scene ii: see William Shakespeare (1863), William George Clark; John Glover, eds., The Comedy of Errors, Cambridge; London: Macmillan and Co. (reproduced on the Project Gutenberg website), archived from the original on 21 October 2009
  65. ↑ Thomas Dekker; E[ric] D[ouglas] Pendry, ed. (1967), The Wonderful Year, The Gull's Horn-book, Penny-wise, Pound Foolish, English Villainies Discovered by Lantern and Candlelight, and Selected Writings, London: Edward Arnold, p. 73, OCLC 63243782
  66. ↑ Adam Max Cohen (Winter 2006), "Englishing the globe: Molyneux's globes and Shakespeare's theatrical career", The Sixteenth Century Journal, 37 (4): 963–984, doi:10.2307/20478124. See the abstract of the article reproduced at Englishing the globe: Molyneux's globes and Shakespeare's theatrical career, Cat.inist, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (National Scientific Research Centre), 2007, archived from the original on 21 October 2009, retrieved 25 February 2008
  67. ↑ Twelfth Night, Act III, scene ii: see William Shakespeare (July 2000), Twelfth Night; or What You Will [Etext #2247], Champaign, Ill.: Project Gutenberg, archived from the original on 21 October 2009
  68. 1 2 3 4 5 Helen M. Wallis (1952), "A newly-discovered Molyneux globe", Imago Mundi, 9: 78, doi:10.1080/03085695208592012
  69. ↑ For a photograph of the Petworth House globe, see the Curators' Choice photo gallery on the National Trust website, archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2008.
  70. ↑ David Singmaster (28 February 2003), BSHM Gazetteer: Petworth, West Sussex, British Society for the History of Mathematics, archived from the original on 17 May 2008, retrieved 7 February 2008. See also David Singmaster (28 February 2003), BSHM Gazetteer: Thomas Harriot, British Society for the History of Mathematics, archived from the original on 22 August 2008, retrieved 7 February 2008
  71. ↑ Wallis, "Further light on the Molyneux globes", p. 311; Wallis, "Globes in England up to 1660", p. 276.
  72. 1 2 Wallis, "The first English globe", p. 285.
  73. ↑ Wallis, "The first English globe", p. 282.
  74. ↑ Petworth House: Globe, Ye Olde Sussex Pages, archived from the original on 21 October 2009, retrieved 7 February 2008
  75. 1 2 "The Molyneux globes", an information sheet distributed by Middle Temple during the Temple Open Weekend on 19 and 20 January 2008.
  76. ↑ For a photograph of the Middle Temple globes, see Molyneux globes, Middle Temple, 2006–2007, archived from the original on 21 October 2009, retrieved 11 February 2008
  77. ↑ "Introduction", Tractatus de Globis, p. xxxii.
  78. ↑ Wallis, "The first English globe", pp. 287–288.
  79. ↑ Wallis, "Globes in England up to 1660", p. 278.
  80. ↑ Probably a reference to Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana, three countries on the northeast coast of South America.
  81. ↑ Korea is in fact a peninsula.
  82. ↑ Wallis, "Further light on the Molyneux globes", pp. 304–305.
  83. ↑ Wallis, "Further light on the Molyneux globes", pp. 306, 308.
  84. ↑ Wallis, "The first English globe", p. 276.
  85. ↑ "Molyneux globes", House of Lords Hansard, 660, 19 April 2004, archived from the original on 21 October 2006, col. WA18.
  86. ↑ Marcel Berlins (30 March 2004), "Words' worth: Pay-per-word? Yes please, say the barrister-rappers", The Guardian, archived from the original on 21 October 2009; Marcel Berlins (6 April 2004), "So you thought barristers were overpaid? Check out the new scheme that earns them 50p a page", The Guardian, archived from the original on 21 October 2009
  87. ↑ Dr. Lesley Cormack (Professor and Chair, Department of History & Classics), Department of History and Classics, Faculty of Arts, University of Alberta, archived from the original on 6 August 2007, retrieved 28 January 2008. Photographs of the Middle Temple's Molyneux globes appear on this website.
  88. ↑ Lesley B. Cormack, History and Classics, University of Alberta: Research interests and projects, Making Publics: Media, Marketing & Association in Early Modern Europe 1500–1700, archived from the original on 25 May 2008, retrieved 28 January 2008
  89. ↑ Wallis, "The first English globe", p. 288.
  90. ↑ "Introduction", Tractatus de Globis, pp. xxxviii–xl.

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