Employment-to-population ratio

U.S. unemployment rate and employment to population ratio (EM ratio)

Wage share and employment rate in the USA

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development defines the employment rate as the employment-to-population ratio. This is a statistical ratio that measures the proportion of the country's working-age population (statistics are often given for ages 15 to 64^[1] ^[2]) that is employed. This includes people that have stopped looking for work.^[3] The International Labour Organization states that a person is considered employed if they have worked at least 1 hour in "gainful" employment in the most recent week.^[4]

Background

The employment-population ratio has not always been looked at for labor statistics and where specific areas are economically, but after the recent recession it has been given more attention worldwide, especially by economists. The National Bureau Of Economic Research (NBER) states that the recession that began in 2007 ended in June 2009.^[5] During 2009 and 2010, however, many areas were still struggling economically, which lies the reason the employment-population ratio still has the eyes of Americans and people around the world.

Key definitions

U.S. employment statistics and ratios for March 2015

To understand the use of the ratio some key terms follow...

Employed persons. All those who, (1) do any work at all as paid employees, work in their own business or profession or on their own farm, or work 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family-operated enterprise; and (2) all those who do not work but had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent due to illness, bad weather, vacation, childcare problems, labor dispute, maternity or paternity leave, or other family or personal obligations — whether or not they were paid by their employers for the time off and whether or not they were seeking other jobs.

Unemployed persons. All those who, (1) have no employment during the reference week; (2) are available for work, except for temporary illness; and (3) have made specific efforts, such as contacting employers, to find employment sometime during the past 4-week period.

Participant rate This represents the proportion of the population that is in the labor force.

Not in the labor force. Included in this group are all persons in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor unemployed. Information is collected on their desire for and availability to take a job at the time of the CPS interview, jobsearch activity in the prior year, and reason for not looking for work in past 4-week period.

Multiple jobholders. These are employed persons who, have two or more jobs as a wage and salary worker, are self-employed and also held a wage and salary job, or work as an unpaid family worker and also hold a wage and salary job.

^[6]

Use

The ratio is used to evaluate the ability of the economy to create jobs and therefore is used in conjunction with the unemployment rate for a general evaluation of the labour market stance. Having a high ratio means that an important proportion of the population in working age is employed, which in general will have positive effects on the GDP per capita. Nevertheless, the ratio does not give an indication of working conditions, number of hours worked per person, earnings or the size of the black market. Therefore, the analysis of the labour market must be done in conjunction with other statistics.

This measure comes from dividing the civilian noninstitutionalized population who are employed by the total noninstitutionalized population and multiplying by 100.^[7]

Employment-to-population ratio in the world

In general, a high ratio is considered to be above 70 percent of the working-age population whereas a ratio below 50 percent is considered to be low. The economies with low ratios are generally situated in the Middle East and North Africa.

Employment-to-population ratios are typically higher for men than for women. Nevertheless, in the past decades, the ratios tended to fall for men and increase in the case of women, which made the differences between both to be reduced.

Employment-to-population ratio in OECD countries
Persons aged 15–64 years (percentages)
Country	1970	1980	1990	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013
Australia	66.7	65.2	68.4	69.3	69.0	69.4	70.0	70.3	71.5	72.2	72.9	73.2	72.0	72.4	72.7	72.4	72.0
Austria				68.3	68.2	68.8	68.9	67.8	68.6	70.2	71.4	72.1	71.6	71.7	72.1	72.5	72.3
Belgium			54.4	60.9	59.7	59.9	59.6	60.3	61.1	61.0	62.0	62.4	61.6	62.0	61.9	61.8	61.8
Canada		66.1	70.3	70.9	70.8	71.4	72.2	72.5	72.4	72.8	73.5	73.6	71.5	71.5	72.0	72.2	72.5
Chile				53.3	52.7	52.6	53.5	53.6	54.4	55.5	56.3	57.3	56.1	59.3	61.3	61.8	62.3
Czech Republic				65.2	65.3	65.7	64.9	64.2	64.8	65.3	66.1	66.6	65.4	65.0	65.7	66.5	67.7
Denmark			75.4	76.4	75.9	75.9	75.1	75.7	75.9	77.4	77.0	77.9	75.3	73.3	73.1	72.6	72.5
Estonia			78.2	61.0	61.4	62.0	62.8	62.9	64.2	67.9	69.2	69.7	63.5	61.0	65.2	67.2	68.5
Finland	70.4	70.7	74.7	67.5	68.3	68.3	67.9	67.8	68.5	69.6	70.5	71.3	68.4	68.3	69.2	69.5	68.5
France			60.8	61.7	62.7	62.9	64.0	63.7	63.7	63.6	64.3	64.8	64.0	63.9	63.9	63.9	64.1
Germany	66.9	65.2	64.1	65.6	65.8	65.3	64.6	65.0	65.5	67.2	69.0	70.2	70.4	71.2	72.6	72.8	73.3
Greece			54.8	55.9	55.6	57.5	58.7	59.4	60.1	61.0	61.4	61.9	61.2	59.6	55.6	51.3	49.3
Hungary				56.0	56.2	56.2	57.0	56.8	56.9	57.3	57.3	56.7	55.4	55.4	55.8	57.2	58.4
Iceland				84.6	84.6	82.8	84.1	82.8	84.4	85.3	85.7	84.2	78.9	78.9	79.0	80.2	81.8
Ireland			52.1	65.1	65.7	65.2	65.2	65.9	67.5	68.5	69.2	67.9	62.2	60.0	59.2	58.8	60.2
Israel			51.8	56.1	55.7	54.8	55.0	55.7	56.7	57.6	58.9	59.8	59.2	60.2	60.9	66.5	67.1
Italy	52.0	53.9	52.6	53.9	54.9	55.6	56.2	57.4	57.5	58.4	58.7	58.7	58.3	57.7	57.8	57.6	56.4
Japan	67.9	66.8	68.6	68.9	68.8	68.2	68.4	68.7	69.3	70.0	70.7	70.7	70.0	70.1	70.3	70.6	71.7
Korea		59.2	61.2	61.5	62.1	63.3	63.0	63.6	63.7	63.8	63.9	63.8	62.9	63.3	63.9	64.2	64.4
Luxembourg			59.2	62.7	63.0	63.6	62.2	62.5	63.6	63.6	64.2	63.4	65.2	65.2	64.6	65.8	65.7
Mexico				60.1	59.4	59.3	58.8	59.9	59.6	61.0	61.1	61.3	59.4	60.3	59.8	61.3	61.0
Netherlands		54.5	61.8	72.1	72.6	73.0	71.6	71.1	71.5	72.5	74.4	75.9	75.6	74.7	74.9	75.1	74.3
New Zealand			67.5	70.4	71.4	72.2	72.2	73.2	74.3	74.9	75.2	74.7	72.9	72.3	72.6	72.1	73.1
Norway		72.2	73.0	77.9	77.5	77.1	75.8	75.6	75.2	75.5	76.9	78.1	76.5	75.4	75.3	75.8	75.5
Poland				55.0	53.5	51.7	51.4	51.9	53.0	54.5	57.0	59.2	59.3	58.9	59.3	59.7	60.0
Portugal		64.3	65.6	68.3	68.9	68.7	68.0	67.8	67.5	67.9	67.8	68.2	66.3	65.6	64.2	61.8	60.6
Slovak Republic				56.8	56.9	56.9	57.7	57.0	57.7	59.4	60.7	62.3	60.2	58.8	59.5	59.7	59.9
Slovenia						63.4	62.6	65.3	66.0	66.6	67.8	68.6	67.5	66.2	64.4	64.1	63.3
Spain		52.7	51.8	57.4	58.8	59.5	60.7	62.0	64.3	65.7	66.6	65.3	60.6	59.4	58.5	56.2	55.6
Sweden	72.3	79.8	83.1	74.3	75.4	75.2	74.4	73.7	74.0	74.6	74.2	74.3	72.2	72.1	73.6	73.8	74.4
Switzerland				78.4	79.2	78.9	77.9	77.4	77.2	77.9	78.6	79.5	79.0	78.6	79.3	79.4	79.6
Turkey			54.5	48.9	47.8	46.7	45.5	44.1	44.4	44.6	44.6	44.9	44.3	46.3	48.4	48.9	49.5
United Kingdom			72.5	72.2	72.5	72.3	72.6	72.7	72.7	72.6	72.4	72.7	70.6	70.3	70.4	70.9	71.3
United States	57.4^[8]	59.2^[8]	62.8^[8]	74.1	73.1	71.9	71.2	71.2	71.5	72.0	71.8	70.9	67.6	66.7	66.6	67.1	67.4
Brazil					64.3	65.4	65.0	66.5	67.0	67.4	67.4	68.3	67.7		66.9	67.2	66.7
China				79.3										75.1
Colombia					57.5	57.0	58.5	57.5	58.1		56.7	56.9	58.9	60.2	61.4	62.5	62.7
India														54.8		53.3
Russian Federation				63.3	63.2	64.5	64.1	65.5	66.3	66.8	68.5	68.6	66.9	67.3	68.0	69.0	68.8
South Africa					44.1	42.8	41.5	41.6	43.4	44.9	44.4	44.8	42.7	40.8	40.8	41.0	42.7
Latvia									63.3	66.3	68.1	68.2	60.3	58.5	60.8	63.0	65.0
EU-21	61.0	59.5	61.7	62.6	63.0	63.0	63.2	63.5	64.1	64.9	65.9	66.4	65.2	64.8	65.0	64.8	64.8
EU-15	61.0	59.5	61.6	63.6	64.3	64.4	64.6	65.0	65.5	66.3	67.0	67.4	66.1	65.8	65.9	65.6	65.4
Europe	61.0	59.7	60.9	61.3	61.5	61.3	61.2	61.4	61.9	62.7	63.4	63.9	62.8	62.7	63.1	63.0	63.0
G7 Countries	63.9	65.2	67.7	69.0	68.9	68.3	68.2	68.4	68.7	69.3	69.7	69.5	67.7	67.3	67.5	67.9	68.2
OECD Countries	64.2	64.2	65.7	65.4	65.2	64.9	64.7	65.0	65.3	66.0	66.5	66.5	64.8	64.6	64.8	65.1	65.3
Country	1970	1980	1990	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013

Source: OECD.StatExtracts, except as noted

References

↑ http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=LFS_SEXAGE_I_R#
↑ http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/File:Employment_rates_for_selected_population_groups,_2004%E2%80%9314_%28%25%29_YB16.png
↑ Employment/Population Ratios for the 50 Largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas: 2008, 2009, and 2010. (2011, September). Retrieved December 10, 2012, from United States Census Bureau website: http://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/ acsbr10-09.pdf
↑ OECD Factbook 2007 (pdf), Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2007, ISBN 978-92-64-02946-0, retrieved 2008-01-31
↑ Employment/Population Ratios for the 50 Largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas: 2008, 2009, and 2010. (2011, September). Retrieved December 10, 2012, from United States Census Bureau website: http://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/ acsbr10-09.pdf
↑ BLS Handbook Of Methods. (2003, April 17). Retrieved December 6, 2012, from Bureau Of Labor Statistics website: http://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/ homch1_c.htm
↑ Employment/Population Ratios for the 50 Largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas: 2008, 2009, and 2010. (2011, September). Retrieved December 10, 2012, from United States Census Bureau website: http://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/ acsbr10-09.pdf
1 2 3 http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS12300000

Employment

Classifications	Casual Contingent Full-time Part-time Self-employed Skilled Independent contractor Temporary Tenure Unskilled Wage labour

Hiring	Application Background check Business networking Contract Cover letter Curriculum Vitae (CV) Drug testing e-recruitment Employment counsellor Executive search Induction programme Job fair Job fraud Job hunting Job interview Labour brokering Overqualification Onboarding Personality-Job Fit Theory Person-environment fit Probation Reference Résumé Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates Underemployment Work-at-home scheme

Roles	Co-op Employee Employer Internship Job Permanent Permatemp Supervisor Volunteer

Worker class	Blue-collar Gold-collar Green-collar Grey-collar Pink-collar White-collar

Career and training	Apprenticeship Avocation Career assessment Career counseling Career development Coaching Creative class Education Continuing education Continuing professional development E-learning Employability Further education Graduate school Induction training Initial Professional Development Knowledge worker Licensure Lifelong learning Practice-based professional learning Professional association Professional certification Professional development Professional school Reflective practice Retraining Vocational education Vocational school Vocational university Mentorship Occupational Outlook Handbook Practice firm Profession Tradesman Vocation

Attendance	Break Career break Furlough Gap year Leave of absence Long service leave No call, no show Sabbatical Sick leave Time clock

Schedules	Four-day week Eight-hour day Flextime Overtime Retroactive overtime Shift work Telecommuting Working time Workweek and weekend

Wages and salaries	Income bracket Income tax Living wage Maximum wage National average salary World Europe Minimum wage Canada Hong Kong Europe United States Progressive wage Singapore Overtime rate Paid time off Performance-related pay Salary Salary cap Working poor

Benefits	Annual leave Casual Friday Day care Disability insurance Health insurance Life insurance Parental leave Pension Sick leave Take-home vehicle

Safety and health	Epilepsy and employment Human factors and ergonomics Industrial noise Protective clothing Occupational burnout Occupational disease Occupational exposure limit Occupational health psychology Occupational injury Occupational stress Repetitive strain injury Sick building syndrome Work accident Occupational fatality Workers' compensation Workplace phobia Workplace wellness

Equality	Affirmative action Equal pay for women

Infractions	Corporate abuse Accounting scandals Corporate behaviour Corporate crime Control fraud Corporate scandals Discrimination Dress code Employee handbook Employee monitoring Evaluation Labour law Sexual harassment Sleeping while on duty Wage theft Whistleblower Workplace bullying Workplace harassment Workplace incivility

Willingness	Civil conscription Conscription Dead-end job Extreme careerism Job satisfaction Organizational commitment McJob Refusal of work Slavery Bonded labour Human trafficking Labour camp Penal labour Peonage Truck system Unfree labour Wage slavery Workaholic Work aversion Work ethic Work–life balance Downshifting Slow living

Termination	At-will employment Dismissal Banishment room Constructive dismissal Wrongful dismissal Employee exit management Exit interview Layoff Notice period Pink slip Resignation Letter of resignation Restructuring Retirement Mandatory retirement Retirement age Severance package Golden handshake Golden parachute Turnover

Unemployment	Barriers to Employment Depression Great Depression Long Depression Discouraged worker Frictional unemployment Full employment Graduate unemployment Involuntary unemployment Jobless recovery Phillips curve Recession Great Recession Great Recession job losses List of recessions Recession-proof job Reserve army of labour Types of unemployment Unemployment Convention Unemployment benefits Unemployment extension Unemployment insurance Unemployment rates Employment rates Employment-to-population ratio Structural unemployment Technological unemployment Wage curve Youth unemployment

See also templates Aspects of corporations Aspects of jobs Aspects of occupations Aspects of organizations Aspects of workplaces Corporate titles Organized labor

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Employment-to-population ratio

Background

Key definitions

Use

Employment-to-population ratio in the world

See also

References