Energy tower (downdraft)

This article is about electricity power generation by downdraft created by evaporation of water sprayed at the top of a tall hollow cylinder. For other uses, see Energy tower (disambiguation).
Sharav Sluice Energy Tower

The energy tower is a device for producing electrical power. The brainchild of Dr. Phillip Carlson, expanded by Professor Dan Zaslavsky and Dr. Rami Guetta from the Technion. Energy towers spray water on hot air at the top of the tower, making the cooled air fall through the tower and drive a turbine at the tower's bottom.

Concept

An energy tower (also known as a downdraft energy tower, because the air flows down the tower) is a tall (1,000 meters) and wide (400 meters) hollow cylinder with a water spray system at the top. Pumps lift the water to the top of the tower and then spray the water inside the tower. Evaporation of water cools the hot, dry air hovering at the top. The cooled air, now denser than the outside warmer air, falls through the cylinder, spinning a turbine at the bottom. The turbine drives a generator which produces the electricity.

The greater the temperature difference between the air and water, the greater the energy efficiency. Therefore, downdraft energy towers should work best in a hot dry climate. Energy towers require large quantities of water. Salt water is acceptable, although care must be taken to prevent corrosion, so that desalination is an example to solve this problem.

The energy that is extracted from the air is ultimately derived from the sun, so this can be considered a form of solar power. Energy production continues at night, because air retains some of the day's heat after dark. However, power generation by the energy tower is affected by the weather: it slows down each time the ambient humidity increases (such as during a rainstorm), or the temperature falls.

A related approach is the solar updraft tower, which heats air in glass enclosures at ground level and sends the heated air up a tower driving turbines at the base. Updraft towers do not pump water, which increases their efficiency, but do require large amounts of land for the collectors. Land acquisition and collector construction costs for updraft towers must be compared to pumping infrastructure costs for downdraft collectors. Operationally, maintaining the collector structures for updraft towers must be compared to pumping costs and pump infrastructure maintenance.

Cost/efficiency

Zaslavsky and other authors estimate that depending on the site and financing costs, energy could be produced in the range of 1-4 cents per kWh, well below alternative energy sources other than hydro. Pumping the water requires about 50% of the turbine's output. Zaslavsky claims that the Energy Tower would achieve up to 70-80% of the Carnot limit. If the conversion efficiency turns out to be much lower, it is expected to have an adverse impact on projections made for cost of energy.

Projections made by Altmann and by Czisch about conversion efficiency and about cost of energy (cents/kWh) are based only on model calculations, no data on a working pilot plant have ever been collected.

Actual measurements on the 50 kW Manzanares pilot solar updraft tower found a conversion efficiency of 0.53%, although SBP believe that this could be increased to 1.3% in a large and improved 100 MW unit. This amounts to about 10% of the theoretical limit for the Carnot cycle. It is important to note a significant difference between the up-draft and down-draft proposals. The usage of water as a working-medium dramatically increases the potential for thermal energy capture, and electrical generation, due to its specific heat capacity. While the design may have its problems (see next section) and the stated efficiency claims has yet to be demonstrated, it would be an error to extrapolate performance from one to the other simply because of similarities in the name.

Potential problems

Large industrial consumers often locate near cheap sources of electricity. However, many of these desert regions also lack necessary infrastructure, increasing capital requirements and overall risk.

Demonstration project

In 2014 Maryland-based Solar Wind Energy, Inc. proposed to build a 685 metres (2,247 ft) tower. Wind speeds were expected to reach 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph). The company claims that a tower near San Luis, Arizona would produce up to 1,250 MW on sunny days and a yearly average of 435 MW. The company claims to have entitlements for a San Luis site and financing agreement (with JDF Capital Inc.) for up to US$1,585,000.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Pluvinergy
  1. ^ "Solar Wind Energy's Downdraft Tower generates its own wind all year round". Gizmag.com. Retrieved 2014-06-19. 
  2. ^ US patent 3,894,393, Carlson; Phillip R., "Power generation through controlled convection (aeroelectric power generation)", issued 1975-07-15 
  3. ^ Zaslavsky, Dan; Rami Guetta et al. (December 2001). ""Energy Towers for Producing Electricity and Desalinated Water without a Collector"" (PDF).  (435 KB). Technion Israel, Israel - India Steering Committee. Retrieved on 2007-03-15.
  4. ^ Altman, Talia; Dan Zaslavsky; Rami Guetta; Gregor Czisch (May 2006). "Evaluation of the potential of electricity and desalinated water supply by using technology of "Energy Towers" for Australia, America and Africa" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-03-18. 
  5. ^ Altmann, T.; Y. Carmel; R. Guetta; D. Zaslavsky; Y. Doytsher (June 2005). "Assessment of an "Energy Tower" potential in Australia using a mathematical model and GIS" (PDF). Solar Energy. Elsevier Ltd. 78 (6): 799–808. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2004.08.025. Retrieved 2007-03-12. 
  6. ^ Czisch, Gregor (June 2005). "Evaluation of the global potential of energy towers". Retrieved 2007-03-13. 
  7. ^ Czisch, Gregor (September 2001). "Aeroelectric Oasis System". Global Renewable Energy Potential, Approaches to its Use. Retrieved 2007-03-13. 
  8. ^ Gutman, Per-Olof; Eran Horesh; Rami Guetta; Michael Borshchevsky (2003-04-29). "Control of the Aero-Electric Power Station - an exciting QFT application for the 21st century". International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 13 (7): 619–636. doi:10.1002/rnc.828. 
  9. ^ Mills D (2004). "Advances in solar thermal electricity technology". Solar Energy. 76 (1–3): 19–31. doi:10.1016/S0038-092X(03)00102-6. 
  10. ^ Zaslavsky, Dan (2006). "Energy Towers". PhysicaPlus - Online magazine of the Israel Physical Society. Israel Physical Society (7). Retrieved 2007-03-13. 
  11. ^ Zwirn, Michael J. (January 1997). Energy Towers: Pros and Cons of the Arubot Sharav Alternative Energy Proposal. Arava Institute for Environmental Studies. Retrieved on 2006-12-22.
  12. Zaslavsky, Dan (November, 1996). "Solar Energy Without a Collector". The 3rd Sabin Conference.
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